• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total : 234 ; male : 91 ; female : 143) In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL-Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish ＆ Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish ＆ High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22-25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of $\omega6/\omega3$ fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9-20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4-10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16 : 0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the $\omega6/\omega3$ ratio was lower. Dietary C18 : 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16 : 0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18 : $2\omega6(LA)\;,\;sum\;o;\omega6$ and sum of PUFA. Serum C18 : 1, C18 : $3\omega3\; and\; C20\;:\;4\omega6$ (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, sum of MUFA and C18 : 1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.308-314
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• 2001

본 연구는 가장 대중적인 가공식품이라 할 수 있는 통조림류, 청량음료류 등에 있어서의 중금속 함량을 분석하고 안전성과 오염 정도에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 2000년 3월에서 2001년 2월말까지 서울시내 대형 유통 매장에서 판매 중인 통조림, 청량음료 총 24종 120건을 채취하여 납(Pb), 크롬(Cr), 카드뮴(Cd), 주석(Sn)함량을 측정한 결과, 통조림에 있어서의 납의 평균 함량은 과일통조림이 0.041ppm으로 가장 높았고, 농산물통조림과 수산물통조림은 0.024ppm으로 나타났으며 청량음료류는 과일쥬스류가 0.043ppm으로 가장 높았으며 탄산음료(0.029ppm), 혼합음료 (0.017ppm)순으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 과일 원료인 제품에서 납 함량이 높게 나타난 것은 원료 자체에 의한 영향보다는 과일 유기산에 의한 산도의 증가에 의하여 중금속의 용출이 증가했다는 연구 결과와 일치하는 결과라 판단 되며, 또한 수산물 통조림의 납 함량이 과일, 채소류 통조림보다도 낮게 나타난 것은 시료로 사용된 참치, 꽁치, 고등어통조림의 경우 이미 가공과정에서 중금속 함량이 높은 내장과 껍질 부위의 많은 부위가 제거되었기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 크롬함량의 경우 납과 유사하게 과실 원료인 통조림과 과실쥬스류에서 높게 나타났으나 이것은 총 크롬 함량이므로 3가 크롬과 6가 크롬의 함량에 대한 구체적인 연구가 이어져야 할 것으로 생각되었다. 카드뮴 함량은 통조림과 청량음료의 경우 수산물 통조림을 제외하면 매우 낮은 수준을 나타냈는데 특히 청량음료의 경우 식품위생법상의 기준이 0.1ppm인 것에 비해 점반적으로 수ppb수준으로 나타나 기준으로서의 필요성에 대한 제고가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 통조림과 청량음료의 주석 함량은 과일 원료인 경우 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 농산물 통조림의 경우 특히 죽순 통조림의 주석 함량이 매우 높아 최고 61.760ppm을 나타내었는데 죽순 자체의 산도가 높지 않은데도 통조림의 주석 함량이 높은 것은 죽순 가공과정에서 갈변을 방지하기 위하여 처리한 아황산염의 영향으로 산도가 낮아진데 기인한 것으로 판단되었다. 우리나라의 경우 외식과 가공식품의 섭취량이 과거에 비해 점차 증가하고 있으며 식생활에 미치는 영양도 급격히 증가하고 있는 추세이므로 보다 현실적인 접근방식에 의한 가공식품 전반에 걸친 영양학적 위생학적 평가가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1522-1522
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• 2001

Beverages based on fruit juices are among the most popular commercially available drinks. There is an ever-increasing demand for these juices in the market. Orange juice is one of the most common as well as most favorite flavor. The fruit processing industries have a tremendous responsibility of quality control. For quality evaluation estimation of various components of the juice is necessary. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, citric acid and malic acid are the prime components of orange juice. Little information is available on analysis of orange juice. However, conventional and general wet chemistry procedures are currently being used which are no longer desired by the industry owing to the time involved, labor input and harmful chemicals required for each analysis. Need to replace these techniques with new, highly specific and automated sophisticated techniques viz. HPLC and spectroscopy has been realized since long time. Potential of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in quantitative analysis of different components of food samples has also been well established. A rapid, non-destructive and accurate technique based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy for determination of sugars and organic acids in orange juice will be highly useful. The current study is an investigation into the potential of Near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for rapid quantitative analysis of sucrose, glucose, fructose citric acid and malic acid in orange juice. All the Near Infrared measurements were peformed on a dispersive NIR spectrophotometer (ELICO 153) in diffuse reflectance mode. The spectral region from 1100 to 2500nm has been explored. The calibration has been performed on synthetic samples that are mixtures of sucrose, glucose, fructose, citric acid and malic acid in different concentration ranges typically encountered real orange juice. These synthetic samples are therefore considered to be representatives of natural juices. All the Near Infrared spectra of synthetic samples were subjected to mathematical analysis using Partial Least Square (PLS) algorithm. After the validation, calibration was applied to commercially available real samples and freshly squeezed natural juice samples. The actual concentrations were compared with those predicted from calibration curve. A good correlation is obtained between actual and predicted values as indicated by correlation coefficient ($R^2$) value, which is close to unity, showing the feasibility of the technique.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.1314-1322
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• 2020

Sports drinks help optimize and improve performance by delaying and eliminating the buildup of fatigue-causing substances in the body during exercise. Saengmaeg-san is a nature-friendly traditional beverage that has no side effects on the human body and can quench thirst. However, studies on the relationship between exercise ability and Saengmaeg-san are insufficient. The purpose of this study was to prescribe Saengmaeg-san during the summer training period of 4 weeks and to analyze the effect on body composition and exercise performance. Seventeen male participants were divided into 3 groups (Saengmaeg-san acid intake group [n=9], placebo group [n=8]), and body composition (height, weight, muscle mass, fat mass, BMI) and conducted exercise performance (total exercise time and HRmax). In our study, Saengmaeg-san intake had a positive effect on exercise performance, such as decreased body fat percentage, increased exercise time, and decreased HRmax. Therefore, Saengmaeg-san showed the potential as a sports drink. In the future, additional studies on fatigue-related substances, immune function-markers, and blood lipids are needed in order to clearly explain the change in exercise performance due to consumption of Saengmaeg-san.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.320-331
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• 2013

Omija, the major material of omigalsu, has liver protective and antioxidant effects, while mung bean has detoxification effects. A series of studies were conducted to standardize the traditional recipe for omigalsu to develop traditional functional drinks made from Omija extract and mung bean juice. Study 1 was designed to determine the optimal conditions for Omija extraction and mung bean juice. A higher water temperature and longer immersion time was associated with higher, free sugar and organic acid contents of omija extract; however, sensory evaluation revealed that the optimal extraction conditions for the highest acceptability, proper taste and red tone were $23^{\circ}C$ and 18 hrs of immersion. Conversely, the pH of the mung bean juice produced by varying the immersion time (5 hr, 11 hr, 17 hr) was found to be neutral, containing small levels of organic acid and free sugar, and showing a yellow tone. The results of the sensory evaluation also showed that the optimal conditions for taste, flavor and yellowness of mung bean juice was 5-hour-long immersion. Study 2 was designed to determine the optimum mixing ratio of omigalsu concentrate. Sensory evaluation revealed that the contents of sugar and total free sugar were highest when the mixing ratio among omija extract, mung bean juice and sugar was 1:1:20%, indicating that these conditions produced the most attractive color and highest overall acceptability. Study 3 was designed to determine the optimum dilution magnification for omigalsu. Sensory evaluation during summer revealed that the omigalsu produced by mixing 54 g of omigalsu concentrate into 200 cc water of $4^{\circ}C$ or $80^{\circ}C$ was most preferred, while during winter. Overall, the optimum dilution magnification for omigalsu was 4.7~5.4.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.191-202
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• 2023

Elevated serum cholesterol is a main risk factor for heart disorders. Most probiotic products administered to lower cholesterol are dairy products which are not suitable for lactose-intolerant individuals. In this study, we assessed the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of LAB isolated from traditionally fermented drinks in diet-induced rats and determine their efficacy in the production of non-dairy, probiotic formulations using papaya juice. LAB were isolated from palm wine and corn beer on MRS agar using a pour-plate technique. Identification was carried out using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A hypercholesterolemia model in which diet-induced Wistar albino rats were assigned into four groups was established. Oral gavage was carried out for 30 days. On the 31^st day, the rats were dissected and the serum lipid profile was analyzed using biochemical kits. A 10⁶ cfu/ml of a 24-h-old culture of selected lactobacilli was used to inoculate papaya juice and incubated at 37℃. Microbial and chemical changes were assessed during papaya fermentation and after four weeks of cold storage. Two selected isolates (Pw1 and Cb4) had in vitro cholesterol reduction of > 80%. These two isolates lowered lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-c) significantly, and increased HDL-c levels (p < 0.5) in the rat sera. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Pw1 was 98.86% similar to Limosilactobacillus fermentum, while Cb4 was 99.54% similar to Enteroccocus faecium. Both strains fermented papaya juice with cell viability reaching 8.92 × 10⁸ cfu/ml and 25.3 × 10⁸ cfu/ml respectively, and were still viable after 4 weeks of cold storage.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권9호
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• pp.1122-1127
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• 2017

바나나 껍질과 파인애플 껍질에서 식품의 향에 가장 많이 사용되는 ethyl butyrate를 합성할 수 있는 ester synthetase의 최적 조건을 확립하고자 반응표면분석(response surface methodology, RSM)을 사용하였다. RSM 분석 결과 바나나 껍질에서 회수한 ester synthetase의 ethyl butyrate 합성 최적 조건은 ethanol의 농도가 38.7050 mM, butyric acid의 농도가 50.9019 mM, 반응시간이 4.3662시간일 때 최대 예측값은 45.8199 mM이었다. 파인애플 껍질에서 회수한 ester synthetase의 ethyl butyrate 합성 최적 조건은 ethanol의 농도가 54.6502 mM, butyric acid의 농도가 58.7638 mM, 반응시간이 4.7436시간일 때 최대 예측 값은 65.1087 mM임을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 ethyl butyrate 합성을 위해서는 바나나 껍질에서 회수한 ester synthetase보다는 파인애플 껍질에서 회수한 ester synthetase가 더 효율이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 앞으로 이들의 연속 대량 생산을 위해서 효소의 고정화 방법과 연속적인 기질 투입을 위한 기술 등의 개발이 더 이루어진다면 천연향 원료의 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.514-525
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• 2023

본 연구는 매실식초 및 홍삼농축액 혼합 음료의 증진된 피로회복 효과를 확인하고자 유기산 함량과 고강도 운동 쥐모델에서 항피로 관련 인자를 측정하였다. 홍삼농축액 및 매실식초 혼합 음료 내 유기산 함량은 acetic acid가 1,654.17 ppm으로 가장 높은 함량을 보였고, malic acid와 citric acid가 각각 617.28, 600.12 ppm으로 확인되었다. 항피로 관련 인자 중 지구력을 측정한 결과, 홍삼매실식초 혼합음료(RPV)를 섭취한 군에서 138.83 min으로 가장 높은 지구력을 보였으며, 혈중 무기인산과 암모니아 및 젖산 함량은 0.67 mM, 24.28 mmol/L 및 1.75 mM으로 유의적으로 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 또한, 간 및 근육 내 글리코겐 함량에서 RPV는 각각 288.4, 22.84 ㎍/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. RPV의 혈청 및 근육조직 내 creatine kinase 함량은 465.42와 33.05 U/L로 유의적으로 가장 낮은 값으로 확인되었으며, 근육 내 lactate dehydrogenase 함량은 RPV에서 가장 높은 값인 140.13 U/L로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해 풍부한 유기산을 가진 매실식초 및 홍삼농축액 혼합 음료의 섭취는 매실식초 또는 홍삼농축액의 단일 섭취에 비해 증진된 항피로 효과를 나타낸다는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 피로회복 기능성식품 소재로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권10호
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• pp.1409-1416
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• 2012

본 연구는 한방소재인 가시오가피와 맥문동을 단일음료형태 또는 매실을 첨가한 혼합음료 형태로 음용하였을 때 이들 한방스포츠음료가 운동 시의 지구력 및 체지방 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대조군(C)과 가시오가피(A), 맥문동(L) 추출물 음료 급여군, 매실과 가시오가피 추출물 혼합음료(PA), 매실과 맥문동 추출물 혼합음료(PL) 급여군으로 나누어 6주간 점증부하 운동을 실시한 후, 실험 마지막 날 최대 운동수행시간을 측정하였다. 한방스포츠음료의 음용은 식이효율뿐만 아니라 체중증가량과 신주위 백색지방 무게를 낮추는 경향을 나타내었으며 부고환 지방과 견갑골 백색지방 무게도 유의적으로 감소시켰다(p<0.05). 특히 매실 혼합추출물인 PA와 PL군의 식이섭취량 및 체중증가량이 대조군에 비해 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 반면 비복근의 무게는 대조군에 비해 모든 한방스포츠음료 음용군에서 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 그중 A군에서 유의적인 차이가 났다(p<0.05). 또한 A의 음용으로 가자미근의 무게가 대조군에 비해 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 혈장 유리지방산과 당 농도는 한방스포츠음료 음용군과 대조군 간의 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 음료군 중 A군이 혈장 유리지방산 농도를 대조군에 비해 증가시킨 반면, 혈장 당 농도를 낮추는 경향을 보였다. 또한 혈장 중성지질 농도가 C군에 비해 A군에서 유의적으로 감소하여 가시오가피 추출물을 함유한 음료군은 지방을 주에너지원으로 이용하고 탄수화물을 절약시키는 것으로 사료된다(p<0.05). 운동수행시간이 맥문동을 제외한 3종 한방스포츠음료 음용군에서 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 경향은 가시오가피와 맥문동을 매실과 혼합하여 공급한 혼합음료군에서 가장 두드러지게 나타났다. 한편, 혈장 피로물질인 암모니아, 젖산, 무기인산 농도와 혈장 근육효소 활성도는 군간 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 비복근조직의 LDH 효소 활성도는 PA군과 PL군이 C군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 이러한 경향은 최대 운동수행시간과도 일치하였다. 이상의 실험결과에서 지구력운동과 함께 급여한 4종 한방스포츠음료는 체지방과 체중 감소 및 혈장 중성지질개선에 전반적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 한방스포츠음료섭취에 의한 식이효율 감소와도 연관이 있을 것으로 사료된다. 가시오가피 추출물은 맥문동 추출물에 비해 근육량, 운동수행시간, 혈장 유리지방산 농도를 증가시키고 혈장 중성지질과 당 농도를 낮추는 경향을 보였으며, 매실 추출물 첨가에 의해 이러한 변화가 증가(운동수행시간)하거나 감소(근육량, 혈장 중성지질, 유리지방산 및 당 농도)하였다. 본 연구에서 확인된 매실, 가시오가피, 맥문동 혼합음료의 지구력 증강 효능이 피로물질 변화, 체내에너지기질 이용도 증가 및 비복근 LDH 활성도 증가와 관련이 있는 것으로 추정되나 추후 더 구체적이고 체계적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.282-296
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• 2013

The study classified 83 obese adults by constitution and had them follow a strict diet according to their constitution in order to see if the Yin-Yang method would be effective on the metabolic syndrome, which is one of the main causes of death in Korea. Overall, the application of both Yin and Yang methods improved the following factors: weight, body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, neutral fats and total cholesterol. In particular, the Yin constitution group of men showed more improvements than the Yang constitution group. Furthermore, waist circumference and the prevalence rate of systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, total cholesterol and metabolic syndrome were decreased noticeably. Total energy intake was increased in both men and women after the constitutional diet, along with the increase of nutrient intake, such as dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, among others. Among various nutrients, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, vitamin B6, folic acid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and iron intake were increased noticeably after the constitutional diet. In addition, subjects' intake of all nutrients, except for magnesium, satisfied the nutrition intake standards. Further, the nutrients adequacy ratio (NAR) and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) improved for both men and women. The intake of potatoes, starch, greens and mushrooms increased noticeably, whereas the intake of meat, dairy, drinks and alcohol decreased after the constitutional diet. For the Yin constitution, the intake of Yin foods noticeably decreased, where as the intake of Yang foods decreased for the Yang constitution. In conclusion, the constitutional diet effectively improves the metabolic syndrome. Among many nutrients, the intake of dietary fiber, vitamins A, C and E, potassium and magnesium is positively associated with the improvement of metabolic syndrome biomarkers.