• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to suggest the minimum distance needed between landscape trees and apartment buildings. in order for the trees to grow soundly and maintain constant growth. Therefore, this study investigated and analyzed the present conditions of the green-spaces contiguous to apartment buildings and the trees inside the apartment complex. The following general problems were identified : (1) the tree growth conditions, (2) the planting intervals, and (3) the planting methods in the apartment complexes. The method of this study was to survey areas, measure the trees and analyze the results. Ten apartment complexes located in Seoul were randomly selected for this study. To analyze the greens contiguous to the building of each apartment complex, the greens were divided into three types, including the front greens, the side greens, and the rear greens. The study surveyed the width of all contiguous greens and the distance from trees to my given building. Four representative sites were specifically investigated to measure the crown widths, heights, and diameters of the trees. These investigations were carried out over 3 months from August to December 2006. According to the results of the study, it was found that the greens are narrower in width and the more closer to a building. The study identified a correlation between the tree and the passage of time after the completion of construction of an apartment complex, showing that the malformation of the trees worsened as time passed. As a result of measuring the right crown and left crown width with the tree trunk as the center, a broad difference was found between coniform trees and trees that tend to branch out more. For example, the ratio of the width of the Acer palmatum is 1:6. However, the ratio of the Metasequoia glyptostroboide is 1:1.7. Based on the overall analysis, it was concluded that the maintained minimum width must be greater than one meter over the green space according to the 'Landscape Standard 2000'. However, that is only applicable to cases such as apartment buildings that present no obstacles. In conclusion having greens placed within one meter of width to a building is not an appropriate environment for the healthy growth of trees. To create sound green spaces, sustainable, long-term growth rate and size should be considered. It is necessary to prepare new standards for the computation of planting trees and the measurement of square landscapes. Wall greenery and shrubberies could be an alternative in the case of a narrow-width green space.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.49-67
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare and analyze forest vegetation distributed in Geumosanseong-inside in Geumosan Provincial Park from 2017.10 to 2019.6. The vegetation structure was classified by the phytosociological method and TWINSPAN and the correlation between the community structure and the environmental factors was analyzed using DCCA ordination analydsis. The vegetation structures are Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Q. acutissima, Larix leptolepis, Prunus padus and Morus alba community by the phytosociological method and 16 communities under TWINSPAN. The importance value of Q. mongolica(64.5) was the highest, and followed by F. mandshurica, L. leptolepis, Acer pseudosieboldianum, M. alba, P. padus, Q. acutissima, Sorbus alnifolia, P. serrulata var. pubescens, F. sieboldiana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Castanea crenata which is consistent with species having the dominance status by analysis of the vegetation structure. As the results of DBH analysis for taxon with high importance values, Q. mongolica and M. alba represented normal distribution, and thus, the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. L. leptolepis will maintain the dominance status due to high density of large individuals as compared with species above medium size. However, it will decrease because of high mortality after increase in age class. F. mandshurica and P. padus continue to show dominance status due to high density of young individuals as compared with species above medium size. Q. acutissima have high density of individuals above intermediate size and low density of young individuals, and thus, will maintain the dominance status. A. pseudosieboldianum, F. sieboldiana and R.schlippenbachii which are arborescent will present continuously high dominance status because of high density of young individuals. Soil analysis shows that whereas pH, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the research area were lower than the average values of overall forest soil and O.M, T-N, C.E.C and P₂O₅ were higher. We expected that these results were due to agricultures until 50 years ago in Geumosanseong-inside. As a result of DCCA ordination analysis using eleven environmental factors and communities classified by the phytosociological method analysis showed that Q. mongolica was distributed in the environment with higher elevation and O.M and steep slope, and lower P₂O₅, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. In contrast to F. mandshurica, Q. acutissima was distributed in higher K⁺ and lower pH. L. leptolepsis was distributed in various environment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7621-7628
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• 2013

Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) status is an important prognostic factor in breast cancer. There is no globally accepted method for determining its status, and which method is most precise is still a matter of debate. We here analyzed HER2 mRNA expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and HER2 DNA amplification using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). In parallel, we performed a routine evaluation of HER2 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC). To assess the accuracy of the RT-PCR and MLPA techniques, a combination of IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used, substituting FISH when the results of IHC were ambiguous (2+) and for those IHC results that disagreed with MLPA and qRT-PCR, this approach being termed IHC-FISH. The IHC results for four samples were not compatible with the MLPA and qRT-PCR results; the MLPA and qRT-PCR results for these samples were confirmed by FISH. The correlations between IHC-FISH and qRT-PCR or MLPA were 0.945 and 0.973, respectively. The ASCO/CAP guideline IHC/FISH correlation with MLPA was (0.827) and with RT-PCR was (0.854). The correlations between the IHC results (0, 1+ as negative, and 3+ as positive) and qRT-PCR and MLPA techniques were 0.743 and 0.831, respectively. Given the shortcomings of IHC analysis and greater correlations between MLPA, qRT-PCR, and FISH methods than IHC analysis alone with each of these three methods, we propose that MLPA and real-time PCR are good alternatives to IHC. However a suitable cut-off point for qRTPCR is a prerequisite for determining the exact status of HER2.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권5호통권112호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2005

This study surveyed planting areas along streets in Gangwon-do to find out how to improve the planting and use of street trees and herbaceous plants. There were 301,491 trees of 41 species on the streets of Gangwon-do in 2004. The predominant species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba ($40\%$), Prunus spp. (Prunus yedoensis and Prunus sargentii) ($25\%$), Platanus occidentalis ($5\%$), followed by Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Acer palmatum, and Pinus thunbergii. Eighty-four herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngseo district (the southern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 51:33. The predominant species were Cosmos bipinnatus, Petunia hybrida, Tagetes spp., Aster koraiensis, and Fagopyrum esculentum. Eighty-nine herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngdong district (the eastern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 55:33. The predominant herbaceous plants were Aster koraiensis, Tagetes spp., Petunia hybrida, Rudbeckia bicolor, Cosmos bipinnatus, Salvia splendens, Brassica oleraceae var. acephala, Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala, Coreopsis drummondii, Viola tricolor, and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic value of trees and prolongs their useful life; it also maintains good health and thereby reduces the need to control insects and diseases. Street trees had not been properly pruned due to the presence of power lines and a shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Company, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company in order to maintain good shape, such as that which is done for bonsai. In order to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscape plants in Gangwon-do, the following recommendations are made: street tree species should be diversified, suitable street trees should be selected for each space, native species should generally be used, trees should be appropriately pruned and properly fertilized, pests and diseases should be controlled, plantings should be done in multiple layers, spatial arrangements should be improved, larger trees should be planted, and drainage and underground electric wires should be considered when planting.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2007

Rural areas dominate country landscape, where the population is rich in traditional and natural heritage. Dangsan forests and Rural community forests (RCF) have been maintained by local residents for hundreds of years. However, many of these forests have been disturbed, and only small amount of Dangsan forests and the RCF remain due to the efforts of local residents. Recently, the remnants of Dangsan forests and RCF have been regarded as living traditional landscapes representing the cultural and rural background of Korea. But the value of Dangsan forests and the RCFs has not been recognized by many. This study aims to understand the characteristics and management status of Dangsan forests in Sungnam-ri, Wonju. Sungnam-ri has four villages, each of which is bordered by a Dangsan forest at the riparian buffer. Sungnam-ri has been selsected as a site for a rural village development project by the Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry of Korea. Sunghwanglim (the Upper Dangsan forest) is designated as Natural Monument No.93 and entrance is limited in this area. The size of Sunghwanglim is $21,133m^2$, and the major tree species are Kalopanax pictus (Dangsan tree, Divine tree), Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Acer triflorum, Ulmus davidiana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Quercus serrata. In total, 124 trees with more than 40 cm in DBH are at this site. As for cultural activities, the Dangsan festival is held on April 8th and September 9th of the lunar calendar at shrines in the forests. Although other Dangsan forests are smaller than Sunghwanglim, they also have similar cultural activities. The landscape of the Dangsan forests have been managed for several hundred years by the local people, and they intend to continue maintaining the Dangsan forests for the purpose of festivals and other cultural activities. The findings in this study suggest that Dangsan forests have the potential for the development of rural villages and for the improvement of cultural and natural landscapes in Korea.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제2권
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• pp.19-25
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• 2000

광주 신창동 저습지 유적에서 출토된 수침목재유물에 적합한 보존처리 방법을 설정하고자 동일유적에서 출토된 2종의 자연목재를 PEG(Poly-Ethylene Glycol), Sucrose, Lactitol로 처리하고 약제별 치수안정성 및 처리목재의 습윤↔건조 특성을 상호 비교하였다. 그 결과 상수리나무류는 저분자의 PEG#200(MW:200)과 고분자량의 PEG#4000(MW:3,350)을 이용한 2단계 PEG처리(PEG-2Step)에서, 단풍나무류는 PEG#4000만을 단독으로 적용한 처리에서 가장 높은 치수안정성을 나타내었다. 또한 처리 후 습윤↔건조 실험에서는 2단계 PEG처리한 시험재의 치수변화가 가장 작게 나타났다. 반면 Sucrose와 Lactitol의 경우 약제 확산속도가 빠르지만 Sucrose처리재는 84%의 높은 습도조건에서 흡습량이 급격히 증가하면서 약제가 다량 용출되었고, Lactitol은 습윤↔건조 후 미세한 할렬과 함께 처리재가 팽창되는 현상이 발생되었다. 또한 습윤↔건조 실험에서 2단계 PEG처리를 제외한 모든 시험재에서 갈라짐이 발생하였다. 이번 실험결과 신창동 저습지 출토수침목재는 2단계 PEG처리법을 적용한 경우에 치수안정성이 가장 높고 습도변화에 대한 적응성도 양호한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.196-208
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• 1994

1992년 7월과 9월 2차례에 걸쳐 채집한 84점의 주름버섯류 표본을 최근의 분류체계에 따라 정리한 결과 이들 표본의 약 3/4이 최종적으로 동정되어 주름버섯목의 11과, 21속, 35종, 1아종으로 확인되었다. 그중 3종과 1아종은 국내 미기록종으로 판명되어 우리나라의 균류목록에 새로이 추가되었으며, 이들 미기록종 균류는 송이과의 Mycena luteopallens(신칭(新稱), 너도애주름버섯), Mycena macrocystidiata(신칭(新稱),소녀애주름버섯), 광대버섯과의 Amanita hemibapha ssp. similis(신칭(新稱), 회색달걀버섯), 및 난버섯과의 Pluteus petasatus(신칭(新稱), 흰난버섯)이었다. ‘울릉도의 균류상’ 제 4보에서 보고한 균류중 가장 흔한 종류는 느타리(Pleurotus ostreatus), 졸각버섯(Laccaria laccata), 뽕나무버섯 (Armillariella mellea), 긴대애주름버섯(Mycena elegans), 그리고 갈색먹물버섯(Coprinus micaceus)등 5종이었으며, 본 연구를 통하여 새로이 애기버섯 (Collybia dryophila)과 족제비 눈물버섯(Psathyrella candolleana)이 울릉도 주름버섯류의 우점종으로 추가로 확인되었다. 많은 종류의 주름버섯류들이 활엽수와 침엽수 아래의 부식토에서 자라고 있었으며 일부는 활엽수의 둥치, 밑동, 기부, 노출 뜨는 매몰 뿌리, 매몰 가지, 솔방울이나 너도밤나무 열매, 또는 이끼낀 수피에 서식하고 있었다. 목재서식 주름버섯류에는 느타리속(Pleurotus), 귀버섯속(Crepidotus), 애주름버섯속(Mycena), 난버섯속(Pluteus), 눈물버섯속(Psathyrella), 개암버섯속(Naematoloma), 및 비늘버섯속(Pholiota)의 균류들이 있으며, 주로 너도밤나무(Fagus crenata var. multinervis), 마가목(Sorbus commixta), 및 섬피나무(Tilia insularis)가 이들의 가장 좋은 숙주였다. 반면에 우산고로쇠 (Acer okamotoanum)와 소나무(Pinus densiflora) 는 깔대기버섯속(Clitocybe), 애기버섯속(Collybia), 꽃버섯속(Hygrocybe), 끈적버섯속(Cor tinarius), 자갈버섯속(Hebeloma), 땀버섯속(Inocybe), 젖버섯속 (Lactarius), 및 무당버섯속 (Russula)과 같은 토양서식 주름버섯류의 생장에 좋은 환경을 제공하고 있었다. 육지의 주름버섯류 균류상에 비하여 울릉도의 균류 다양성은 매우 제한되어 있었으며 육지에서 가장 흔히 볼 수 있는 낙엽버섯속(Marasmius), 벚꽃버섯속(Hygrophorus), 광대버섯속(Amanita), 갓버섯속(Lepiota), 주름버섯속(Agaricus), 먹물버섯속(Coprinus), 볏짚버섯속(Agrocybe), 비늘버섯속(Pholiota), 끈적버섯속(Cortinarius), 땀버섯속(Inocybe), 외대버섯속(Entoloma), 무당버섯속(Russula), 젖버섯속(Lactarius), 그물버섯속(Boletus), 쓴맛그물버섯속(Tylopilus), 및 껄껄이그물버섯속(Leccinum)의 균류 분포는 매우 빈약하거나 전혀 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 울릉도에서는 일부 우점종들이 섬전역을 통하여 광범위하게 분포하는 반면에 미기록종을 포함한 일부 고유종들이 울릉도 균류상의 특징을 규정짓고 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.3-15
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• 1975

How to stabilize wood against shrinking and swelling in variable atmospheric moisture conditions is important to the wood-using industry and a challenge to research. Polyethylene glycol stabilize wood by bulking the fiber. PEG also serve as a chemical seasoning agent, suppress decay in high concentrations, and have slight effect on physical properties, gluing or finishing. The study designed to determine the effect of PEG-400 on the dimensional stabilization of local hardwoods for wood carvings that could supply a greatly expanding tourist trade and making curved furniture parts, lamp stands and other decorative objects, and possible gunstock. The species examined were 6 species, Seo-Namoo (Carpinus laxiflora), Cheungcheung-Namoo (Cornus controversa), Gorosae-Namoo (Acer mono), Karae-Namoo (Juglans mandshurica), Jolcham-Namoo (Quercusserrata) and Sanbud-Namoo (Prunus sargentii), used as block of 5cm thick radially to the grain, 7cm wide tangentially, and 70cm long parallel to the wood grain. All these test piecies were conditioned above the fiber saturation point before impregnation. The stabilization effects were determined for PEG-400 treated woods in a 50 percent solution for 20 days. The following conclusions were obtained. PEG retentions increased with treating time. It was more effective to treat at 60$^{\circ}C$ than at room temperature. In degree of PEG-400 impregnation on species, Cheungcheung-Namoo havinglow specific gravity had the highest retentions, 68.77% but the lowest, 56.33% was shown in Jolcham-Namoo with high specific gravity. Specific gravity of treated wood increased considerably with effectiveness of polymer loading. The increases in specific gravity were 5.36 to 13.16 percent. The highest was Jolcham-Namoo, the lowest Karae-Namoo. On the dimensional stability, a 40 percent of effectiveness of polymer loading was just as effective as 60 percent in reduction in water absorptivity (RWA), antishrinkage efficiency (ASE) and antiswelling efficiency (AE), and from over 60 percent they increased more rapidly. Also species response varied considerably. ASE was 30.12 to 69.97 percent tangentially and 27.86 to 56.37 percent radially, AE 34.06 to 73.76 percent tangentially and 30.11 to 70.12 percent radially, and RWA 42.31 to 65.32 percent. No differences in volume swelling among the 6 species were observed. Its values were ranged from 14.98 to 19.55 percent and also increased with PEG retentions. On the mechanical properties, the strengths very much decreased with PEG-400 loadings as shown in Figure 12; that were 11.41 to 22.90 percent in compression, 21.61 to 34.35 percent in bending and 22.83 to 36.83 percent in tensile strength. PEG retention in cell wall was less than 1 percent and the most of PEG were immersed in cell lumen. Except for Korae-Namoo, effectivenesses of polymer loading were as much high as 61.58 to 75.02 percent. This is believed to be due to the effect of PEG-400 on excellant dimensional stability of treated woods.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2007

본 연구는 군산시 월명공원일대의 자원식물을 특성별로 분류함으로써, 식물자원의 보전과 활용에 대한 자료를 구축하고자 수행한바 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 군산시 월명공원일대의 관속식물상은 105과 317속 417종 1아종 55변종 6품종으로 총 479종류가 확인되었다. 자원식물을 용도별로 구분하면, 식용식물에는 291종류(60.8%), 약용식물에는 335종류(69.9%), 관상용식물에는 234종류(48.9%), 기타용 식물에는 243종류(50.7%)로 분석되었다. 관속식물 중 희귀식물에는 쥐방울덩굴(보존우선순위; 151번), 목련(187번), 왕벚나무(110번), 청사조(67번)가 확인되었으며, 특산식물에는 개비자나무, 지리대사초, 은사시나무(식재종), 왕벚나무(식재종), 개나리(식재종), 갈퀴아재비, 병꽃나무, 털잔대, 벌개미취(식재종)까지 9종류가 확인되었다. 또한, 식물구계학적 특정식물종은 V등급에 왕벚나무(식재종)와 청사조, IV등급에 목련(식재종)과 등나무, III등급에는 꽝꽝나무(식재종), 단풍나무, 차나무, 갈퀴아재비까지 4종류, II등급에는층꽃나무, I등급에는 개비자나무, 왕버들, 물오리나무, 굴참나무, 참느릅나무, 쥐방울덩굴, 큰꽃으아리, 개구리발톱, 상산, 대극, 사철나무, 말오줌때, 거지덩굴, 피나무, 장구밥나무, 동백나무(식재종), 정금나무, 조개나물 등의 22종류가 확인되어 총 31종류(6.5%)로 분석되었다. 귀화식물에는 14과 35속 44종 2변종으로 총 46종류가 확인되었으며, 귀화율은 전체 479종류의 관속식물 중 9.6%로 분석되었다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.35-48
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• 1993

본 연구는 과중한 이용압력과 대기오염 및 산성우에 의한 만성적 피해로 날로 훼손되어 가는 북한산국립공원을 대상으로 기왕에 조사된 기초자료(박 등, 1987)와 비교하여 천이의 발달상태를 알아보고자 하였다. 북한산국립공원 26군데의 조사구를 선정하여 식물군집구조조사를 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 식물군집구조분석을 위해 TWINSPAN에 의한classification 및 ordination기법중 RA, DCA, CCA를 적용하여 분석한 결과 북한산 국립공원은 해발고에 따라 4개의 군집으로 분리되었다. 분리된 각각의 군집은 아까시나무-참나무류군집, 혼효림군집, 졸참나무군집, 신갈나무군집이었다. 추정되는 천이계열은 해발고 500m이상의 교목상층에서 소나무$\longrightarrow$신갈나무, 해발고 500m이하 교목상층에서 아까시나무$\longrightarrow$상수리나무, 신갈나무, 산벚나무, 팥배나무$\longrightarrow$졸참나무 순이었으며, 교목하층과 관목층에서는 산초나무, 참싸리나무$\longrightarrow$개옻나무, 진달래, 철쭉$\longrightarrow$당단풍 순이었다. 2. 1987년도의 식물군집구조조사와 비교하여 천이가 진행된 자료는 얻을 수 없었고, 인간의 간섭과 대기오염 등에 의해 천이가 진행되지 못하는 것으로 추측되었다.