• Title/Summary/Keyword: Accumulation period

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Effect of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) Intake on the Female Reproductive Organs and Lipid Accumulation in Adult Rats

  • Ko, Eun-Ah;Kim, Hye-Ri;Kim, Yong-Bin;Kim, Hee-Su;Lee, Sung-Ho
    • Development and Reproduction
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.151-156
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    • 2017
  • High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is widely used as sweetener, and its overconsumption is become a major health problem. In the present study, we used adult female rats and applied a 28 days HFCS feeding model to monitor the estrous cycle and changes in tissue weights and histology. Adult female rats were divided into three groups. Animals were fed with ad libitum normal chow and (1) 24 hours tap water (Control group), (2) 12 hours HFCS access during dark period and 12 hours tap water (12H group), and (3) 24 hours HFCS only access (24H group). Total exposure period was 28 days. There is no significant change in body weight between control and HFCS-fed animals. Both absolute and relative weights of ovary in 24H animals were significantly heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The absolute and relative weights of the kidney and liver in 24H groups were significantly heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The estrous cycles of the 24H animals were significantly longer. Histological analyses revealed that 24H ovaries were relatively bigger and possessed more corpus lutea than control ovaries. Uterine sections of 12H and 24H animals showed a well-developed stratum vasculare between inner and outer myometrial layers. The number of endometrial glands were decreased in 12H uteri, and recovered in 24H uteri compared to control. Numbers of convoluted tubule in distal region increased in 12H and 24H kidney samples. Liver specimens of 12H and 24H showed the increased number of fat containing vacuoles. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HFCS treatment for 28 days could induce (1) changes in length of estrous cycle with extended estrous and diestrous stages, (2) altered ovarian and uterine histology, and (3) liver and renal lipid accumulation. These findings reveal the adverse effects of HFCS drinking on the reproductive function and lipid metabolism of female rats.

Inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Abeliophyllum distichum leaf on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation

  • Thomas, Shalom Sara;Eom, Ji;Sung, Nak-Yun;Kim, Dong-Sub;Cha, Youn-Soo;Kim, Kyung-Ah
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • v.15 no.5
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    • pp.555-567
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    • 2021
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Abeliophyllum distichum is a plant endemic to Korea, containing several beneficial natural compounds. This study investigated the effect of A. distichum leaf extract (ALE) on adipocyte differentiation. MATERIALS/METHODS: The cytotoxic effect of ALE was analyzed using cell viability assay. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated using induction media in the presence or absence of ALE. Lipid accumulation was confirmed using Oil Red O staining. The mRNA expression of adipogenic markers was measured using RT-PCR, and the protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR𝛾) were measured using western blot. Cell proliferation was measured by calculating the incorporation of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into DNA. RESULTS: ALE reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes, as indicated by Oil Red O staining and triglyceride assays. Treatment with ALE decreased the gene expression of adipogenic markers such as Ppar𝛾, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/ebp𝛼), lipoprotein lipase, adipocyte protein-2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. Also, the protein expression of PPAR𝛄 was reduced by ALE. Treating the cells with ALE at different time points revealed that the inhibitory effect of ALE on adipogenesis is higher in the early period treatment than in the terminal period. Furthermore, ALE inhibited adipocyte differentiation by reducing the early phase of adipogenesis and mitotic clonal expansion. This was indicated by the lower number of cells in the Synthesis phase of the cell cycle (labeled using BrdU assay) and a decrease in the expression of early adipogenic transcription factors such as C/ebp𝛽 and C/ebp𝛿. ALE suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPK, confirming that the effect of ALE was through the suppression of early phase of adipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, the results of the present study revealed that ALE inhibits lipid accumulation and may be a potential agent for managing obesity.

A Study on the Layout of the 2nd construction in Hwangnyongsa Buddhist Temple Site (황룡사 중건가람배치 연구)

  • Kim, Sookyung
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.81-90
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    • 2014
  • This paper aimed to identify the variation of layout in Hwangnyoungsa buddhist temple site based on studying published the excavation research paper and texts related to layout. According to earlier studies, in 1st construction period(553~569) of Hwangnyoungsa, there were trisection spaces with one main hall and two corridors in inner part and then in 2nd period(584~645), unified one. But actually trisection spaces had been maintained until the middle part of 8th century. And in each space there was the main hall with large yard. That is the 2nd period layout of Hwangnyoungsa. For the attainment this result, each building remains are judged under duplicated situation which one was the previous and next by consideration of the construction condition and special features of foundation. Although the meaning of trisection system of Hwangnyoungsa is similar with the layout of ancient palace, it could be said to derive from accumulation excavation research in Silla's archeological site and such studies.

Total Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot Review of 100 consecutive patients (Fallot 사징증의 완전교정에 대한 임상 경험: 100례 보고)

  • 박국양
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.598-604
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    • 1985
  • One hundred consecutive patients with the Tetralogy of Fallot underwent total correction at National Medical Center during the period 1977 to 1984, Oct. During this study period, we adopted more active policy towards reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract across pulmonary valve. The mortality was 48% for patients less than 15 kg and 19% in patients above 15kg. Initially Bretschneider`s solution was used as cardioplegia, which was replaced by St. Thomas` solution since 1983, Jan. After then overall mortality dropped to 9% compared to 45% of initial learning period. Heart block occurred In 11 patients, 10 of whom died of combined low cardiac output syndrome. Pure low cardiac output syndrome was noted in 18 patients, most of whom responded to medical measures well except 4 patients. Recently sepsis of Serratia marcescence, which occurred explosively during several months to open heart surgery patients, attacked 3 tetralogy patients resulting in 2 hospital deaths. Our experience has shown that body weight, choice of cardioplegia and accumulation of experience as well as advance of operative and postoperative techniques are still important factors affecting survival rate at initial learning period.

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The Structural Lineage of Palsangjeon in Pubjoo Temple Analyzed through Gilt-bronze Pagoda in the Koryo Period (고려(高麗) 금동탑(金銅塔)을 통해 본 법주사(法主寺) 팔상전(捌相殿)의 구조형식계통(構造形式系統))

  • Kim, Kyeong-Pyo
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.14 no.1 s.41
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    • pp.89-105
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    • 2005
  • The central aim of this thesis is to see if the structure of Palsangjeon(捌相殿) in Pubjoo Temple(法住寺), a five sto wooden pagoda in Chosen(朝鮮) Dynasty, was handed down from the ancient and middle ages. This study was performed through an analysis of Gilt-Bronze Pagoda built in Koryo(高麗) period. In other words, it is aimed at analyzing which lineage the structure of Palsangjeonbelongs to as a wooden pagoda. In analyzing the structure of Palsangjeon, I attempted to find out its source from the remains of Koryo period prior to the Chosen Dynasty. Examples are the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda, built during the Koryo period. I have also examined its relationship with other existing wooden pagodas and remains. The analysis of Palsangjeon, a five story wooden pagoda in Chosen Dynasty, focuses on the following: First, I explored the possibilities of whether the structure of Palsangjeon was newly invented in Chosen Dynasty, or if it had been derived from the wooden pagodas in the Koryo period. Secondly, I tried to find out if the stable vertical planes, with a great successive diminution ratio, were derived from the middle age, i.e. Koryo period. The results of the study of Palsangjeon through Gilt-Bronze Pagoda analysis are as follows: 1. The structure of Gilt-Bronze Pagoda, a wooden pagoda from the Koryo period, is roughly classified into the accumulation type, using pipe pillars, and the one story type using whole pillars. In the accumulation type, stories are connected in either a flat format or an intervening format. The Gilt-Bronze Pagoda is mainly composed of pipe pillars, with some whole pillars. However, the central pillar was omitted in the building structure. Generally, the upper and lower stories are connected by pipe pillars in a crutch format. All the pillars, whether they are pipe pillars or whole pillars, used Naiten(內轉) technology. The Eave supporter has the Haang type(下昻) and the Muhaang type(無下昻). In most cases, high balustrades are furnished, but few tables of high balustrades have been found. The slanting roof formats have been handed down from Paekche(百濟), Silla(新羅), or Koryo(高麗). However, the structure of the octagon is assumed to be derived from Koguryo(高句麗). The structure of the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda from the Koryo period is mainly composed of accumulated flat squares, with some spire types. intervening format, the structure of Palsangjeon used whole pillars in a half story format in which upper level side pillars are installed on the lower level tie beam. From the Bronze Pagoda from the Koryo period, we can assume that the half story format of wooden pagodas that has stable vertical planes with a great successive diminution ratio was created during the mid-Koryo period at the latest and had been idly developed by the time of the Chosen Dynasty. 3. The whole pillars in Palsangjeon are also found in Gilt-Bronze Pagodas from the Koryo period. Hence, all of the pillars in Palsangjeon seem to have been handed down from the ancient construction technology. They were also used in the construction of wooden pagodas from the Koryo period. Therefore, it is assumed that Palsangjeon was constructed using the construction technology of the Chosen Dynasty that had been developed from the wooden pagoda construction technology of the Koryo period. The stable vertical planes with a great successive diminution ratio in Palsangjeon are derived from ancient Korean wooden pagodas, which have developed into indigenous Korean wooden pagodas with fairly stable vertical planes and a great design, in the half story format of Koryo and Chosen Dynasty. Therefore, it is assumed that the structure of Palsangjeon has a systematic relationship with traditional Korean wooden pagodas and is one of the indigenous Korean wooden pagoda structures. 4. In China, the intervening format has been mainly used between stories in multi-story architecture since the ancient days. At the same time, the flat format as also used in ancient and middle ages. However, the flat format was replaced by whole pillars during the Ming(明) and Manchu(淸) Dynasties, in favor of simple and compact construction. The half-story format, in which upper level side pillars are installed on tie beams, has been found in some cases, but it doesn't seem to have been the primary construction technology. Few traces of the half-story format have been found in multi-story architecture in Japan, and it has not been used as a general construction format. By contrast, the half-story format, which seems to have been derived from the Koryo period, was used as a general construction format in multi-story architecture of the Chosen Dynasty. The construction technology of multi-story architecture is related to that of multi-story wooden pagodas, but they have different production technologies. It seems that the structure of Palsangjeon did not just adopt the construction technology of multi-story architecture in the Chosen Dynasty, but it was developed from wooden pagodas in the Koryo period, including the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda. 5. Since the ancient days, most Chinese and Japanese wooden pagodas have adopted an accumulation type of structure using pipe pillars, with accumulated pointed towers. On the other hand, though most Korean wooden pagodas have also adopted an accumulation type of structure from the ancientdays, one story type using whole pillars was created in the Koryo and Chosen Dynasties. The wooden pagoda structure of Palsangjeon, with stable vertical planes in a half story format, is a unique Korean construction technology, different from the construction technologies of Chinese and Japanese wooden pagodas. This thesis clearly determined the structural characteristics of Palsangjeon. However, various remains have yet to be analyzed in depth, to establish an accurate construction technology system. In the beginning of this thesis, I had difficulty in precisely interpreting the internal structure of the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda from its appearance. However, in the process of study, the more serious problem was that there are few remains or ruins of multi-story architecture in ancient and the middle ages of Korea. Therefore, it is urgent to discover various remains in the future. This thesis succeeded in determining the structural characteristics of Palsangjeon. However, it fell short of clarifying the structural lineage of the stable vertical planes, although they show indigenous Korean architectural taste, representing the unique national emotion, and the construction format of multi-story wooden pagodas in Korea. I hope this is clarified in the future research.

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Effect of Trehalose Accumulation on the Intrinsic and Acquired Thermotolerance in a Natural Isolate, Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377

  • PAIK, SANG-KYOO;HAE-SUN YUN;HO-YONG SOHN;INGNYOL JIN
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.85-89
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    • 2003
  • The difference in the thermotolerance between Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377 and ATCC24858 was compared by assaying the amounts of trehalose accumulated under growth and heat shock conditions. Both strains exhibited similar trehalose accumulation during the growth period, but an intrinsic thermotolerance was much higher in KNU5377 than in the control strain. This result implied that some strain-specific characteristics of KNU5377, other than trehalose accumulation, primarily were responsible fur its higher intrinsic thermotolerance. Heat shock at $43^{\circ}C$ for 90 min to the exponentially growing cells resulted in the maximum level of trehalose In both strains. Trehalose accumulated at least twice more in KNU5377 by the heat shock than in the control, due to the maintenance of its neutral trehalase activity even after the heat shock. Consequently, the Increase of acquired thermotolerance in both strains correlated with an increase in the trehalose content in each strain. In conclusion, KNU5377 exhibited a well-modulated trehalose-related mechanism to accumulate more trehalose by means of maintaining neutral trehalase activity after heat shock than the control strain, thereby contributing to its acquired thermotolerance.

Relationship Between Heat Unit Requirement and Growth and Yield of Mulberry, Morns indica L.

  • Sarkar A.;Rekha M.;Keshavacharyulu K.
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.65-68
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    • 2005
  • Growth and development of a plant over a growing season is closely related to the daily accumulation of heat. Heat unit measured by accumulated growing degree days (GDD) is becoming increasingly popular to estimate the growth of a plant or even in insect. GDD or heat accumulation per day is measured by calculating average daily temperature and then subtracting the base temperature below which growth does not occur. Heat accumulation per day is added for the desired period and accumulated GDD is determined. The present study was conducted in five seasons in an established garden with K-2, S-36 and V-1 mulberry varieties belonging to Morus indica L. grown under completely irrigated condition at the farm of CSRTI, Mysore during 2001 - 2002. Plants were pruned in each season and the growth of the plant measured by total shoot length and fresh leaf yield was recorded at an interval of 5 days starting from 30 days of pruning (DAP) to 70 days when all the plants were pruned. The accumulated GDD for the corresponding days were recorded and used for analysis. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) have been found to be perfectly correlated with both growth and yield in all the seasons in all the varieties studied. The high $R^2$ values indicated a strong relationship between the accumulated GDD and, growth and yield of mulberry.

A Study on the Temporal Behavior of the Wall Voltage in a surface-type AC panel

  • Kim, Jung-Hun;Lee, Jun-Hak;Choi, Young-Wook;Whang, Ki-Woong
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2000.01a
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    • pp.175-176
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    • 2000
  • Electric fields and the wall voltages in a surface-type AC PDP cell were measured using a Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. For the condition of He 100Torr, 200V sustain voltage and 50kHz sustain frequency, the wall voltage dropped from about 50V to about -75V within $1{\mu}sec$ after the main discharge. And the wall voltage decreased with the rate of $10.8V/{\mu}sec$ due to the accumulation of the space charges after $1{\mu}sec$. But when the operating pressure was 40Torr, it increased with the rate of $4.5V/{\mu}sec$ because the diffusion effect of the wall charge on MgO surface was more dominant than the accumulation effect of the space charges. During the pulse-off period, the wall voltage decreased slightly due to the diffusion of the wall charge. When the sustain voltage was 250V, the self-erasing discharge occurred, and the absolute value of the wall voltage decreased rapidly just after the pulses were off, which was caused by the accumulation of the charges generated by the self-erasing discharge.

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Evaluating the contribution of calculation components to the uncertainty of standardized precipitation index using a linear mixed model (선형혼합모형을 활용한 표준강수지수 계산 인자들의 불확실성에 대한 기여도 평가)

  • Shin, Ji Yae;Lee, Baesung;Yoon, Hyeon-Cheol;Kwon, Hyun-Han;Kim, Tae-Woong
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.56 no.8
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    • pp.509-520
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    • 2023
  • Various drought indices are widely used for assessing drought conditions which are affected by many factors such as precipitation, soil moisture, and runoff. The values of drought indices varies depending on hydro-meteorological data and calculation formulas, and the judgment of the drought condition may also vary. This study selected four calculation components such as precipitation data length, accumulation period, probability distribution function, and parameter estimation method as the sources of uncertainty in the calculation of standardized precipitation index (SPI), and evaluated their contributions to the uncertainty using root mean square error (RMSE) and linear mixed model (LMM). The RMSE estimated the overall errors in the SPI calculation, and the LMM was used to quantify the uncertainty contribution of each factor. The results showed that as the accumulation period increased and the data period extended, the RMSEs decreased. The comparison of relative uncertainty using LMM indicated that the sample size had the greatest impact on the SPI calculation. In addition, as sample size increased, the relative uncertainty related to the sample size used for SPI calculation decreased and the relative uncertainty associated with accumulation period and parameter estimation increased. In conclusion, to reduce the uncertainty in the SPI calculation, it is essential to collect long-term data first, followed by the appropriate selection of probability distribution models and parameter estimation methods that represent well the data characteristics.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Red Radish Coral Sprout Extract by Inhibited Triglyceride Accumulation in a Microbial Evaluation System and in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

  • Lee, Nam Keun;Cheon, Chun Jin;Rhee, Jin-Kyu
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.397-400
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    • 2018
  • Rhodosporidium toruloides, an oleaginous yeast, can be used as a fast and reliable evaluation tool to screen new natural lipid-lowering agents. Herein, we showed that triglyceride (TG) accumulation was inhibited by 42.6% in 0.1% red radish coral sprout extract (RRSE)-treated R. toruloides. We also evaluated the anti-obesity effect of the RRSE in a mouse model. The body weight gain of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with 0.1% RRSE (HFD-RRSE) was significantly decreased by 60% compared with that mice fed the HFD alone after the 8-week experimental period. Body fat of the HFD-RRSE-fed group was dramatically reduced by 38.3% compared with that of the HFD-fed group.