• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 1994

This is a clinical study on 235 inpatients who sustained a total of 350 mandibular fractures and who were treated in our department during the period of Oug., 1989 through Dec., 1993. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The mumber of patients has not been increased year after year. In respect of incidence, there were the highest frequency as 67 patients(28.5%) in 1991 and the least frequency as 16 patients(6.8%) in 1989 and the highest frequency as 28 patients(11.9%) in October and the least frequncy as 12 patients(5.2%) in February. 2. The age frequency was the highest in the second decade(30.6%). The youngest patient was 8 months and the eldest patient was 80 years and mean age was 27.8 years. The ratio of men to Wemen was 4 : 1. 3. The most frequent cause was fall down as 86 patients(36.6%) and the next was fist blow 4 as 75 patients(31.9%), traffic accident as 56 patients(23.9%) in order. 4. The most common location was symphysis as 141 numbers(40.3%) and the next was condyle as 96 numbers(27.4%), angle as 94 numbers(26.8%), body as 14 numbers(4.0%) in order. The sum of fracture sites were 350 and there were 1.49 fracture sites per one patient and multiple fractures occured in 100 patients(40.5%) of the 235 patients. The ratio of Left to Right except for symphysis was 1.71 : 1. 5. Among the 333 associated injuries, facial laceration was 136(57.9%) and tooth injury was 58(24.7%) and extremity was 31(13.2%). 6. Among the 350 mandibular fractures, complications after treatment occured in 51(14.6%) and infection as 20(5.7%) was the most frequent complication. 7. In respect of treatment of mandibular fracture, close reduction was 64 patients(27.2%) and open reduction was 164 patients(69.8%) and other were 7 patients(3.0%) of all and so open reduction was the most common in type of treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the characteristics of patients with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Methods: We retrospectively surveyed data from the Emergency Department based Injury In-depth Surveillance of 20 hospitals (2011-2014). We included patients whose mechanism of injury was acute CO poisoning caused by inhalation of gases from charcoal or briquettes. We surveyed the annual frequency, gender, age, result of emergency treatment, rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, result of admission, association with alcohol, and place of accident. We also surveyed the cause and experience of past suicide attempts by intentional poisoning. Results: A total of 3,405 patients were included (2,015 (59.2%) and 1,390 (40.8%) males and females, respectively) with a mean age of $39.83{\pm}18.51$ year old. The results revealed that the annual frequency of CO poisoning had increased and the frequency of unintentional CO poisoning was higher than that of intentional CO poisoning in January, February and December. The mean age of intentional CO poisoning was younger than that of unintentional CO poisoning ($38.41{\pm}13.03$ vs $40.95{\pm}21.83$) (p<0.001). The rates of discharge against medical advice (DAMA), ICU care and alcohol association for intentional CO poisoning were higher than for unintentional CO poisoning (36.4% vs 14.0%, 17.8% vs 4.7%, 45.2% vs 5.6%) (p<0.001). The most common place of CO poisoning was in one's residence. Conclusion: The annual frequency of total CO poisoning has increased, and unintentional CO poisoning showed seasonal variation. DAMA, ICU care, and alcohol association of intentional CO poisoning were higher than those of unintentional CO poisoning.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.27-32
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• 2014

A doppler shift is generated by moving a transmitter or receiver operated in communication systems. The doppler frequency shift between a transmitter and a receiver or the frequency offset present in transceivers must be removed to get the wanted system performance. FTS is used for preventing an accident from operating abnormally and for guaranteeing public protection. A launching vehicle's initial velocity is very fast in order to escape the earth and the amount of doppler shift is large. Recently many studies to adopt the next generation FTS are ongoing. To introduce new FTS, the effects of doppler shift on the performance of the new FTS must be studied. In this paper the doppler effect caused by launching vehicle's velocity affecting the performance of FTS receiver is investigated into two cases, one is for EFTS as a digital FTS and the other is for FTS using a tone signal. Noncoherent DPSK and noncoherent CPFSK are considered as the modulation methods of EFTS. In the cases of the doppler frequency shift of 200Hz present in EFTS using noncoherent DPSK and noncoherent CPFSK are simulated. Simulation results show that $E_b/N_o$ of 0.5dB deteriorates in the region of near BER of about $10^{-5}$ in RS coding. And there is no performance variation in $E_b/N_o$ or $E_b/N_o$ is worsened about 0.1dB in the same BER region for the case of using convolutional and BCH coding. Quadrature detector used in FTS using tone signals is not influenced by the doppler frequency shift.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.35-53
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• 1996

The objective of the health promotion program was to strengthen the ability and willingness of individuals in the course of each stage of their lives to take action in support of their health and that of their families and communities in the home, the place of work and the school, and during recreation. The purpose of this study was to assess the need of school health promotion through health care behavior survey about diet, accident prevention, cigarette smoking experience, personal hygiene, visual impairment prevention, exercise, and environment protection. The subjects of this study were 914 students composed of Samrye, Bongdong, Samrye-Dong, Iseo, and Songkwang elementary school in Wanju area. The data were collected by questionaire corrected for the purpose of this study which had been developed by WHO, ‘Health behavior in school children’. These were carried out from March 20 to April 20, 1996. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, χ²-test with SPSS-PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1. Diet related behavior 1) Girl students eat less breakfast than male students. 2) Girl students eat less 3 times a day than male students. 3) The rate of eating nutritious medicine was high in order of 4th, 6th, and 5th graders. 4) Girl students drink less milk than male students. 5) The intake frequency of eating between meals was high in order of 6th, 5th, and 4th grader. 2. Cigarette smoking behavior 1) The rate of cigarette smoking rarely was high in 5th grader. 2) Male students smoke cigarette more than girl students. 3. Personal hygiene related behavior 1) The rate of washing hands after using toilet room was low in order of 4th, 5th, and 6th graders. 2) The rate of washing hands after using toilet room was low in male students. 3) The rate of washing hands when entering home from outdoor was low in male students. 4) The tooth brushing frequency before going to bed was low in male students. 5) The tooth brushing frequency was low in male students. 6) The rate of bathing was most low in 4th grader. 7) The rate of bathing was low in male students. 4. Visual impairment preventive behavior 1) The distance between eyes and book was near in order of 6th, 5th, and 4th graders. 5. Exercise 1) The exercise time in school was less in 4th grader. 2) The exercise time in school was less in girl students. 3) The exercise time out of school was less in 4th grader. 4) The exercise time out of school was less in girl students. 5) The self evaluation score about exercise ability was low in girl students. 6. Environment related behavior D The rate of collecting waste separately in school was most low in 4th grader.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.549-559
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the knowledge and educational needs related to recurrent in coronary artery bypass graft patients as a basis to provide an individual nursing education for the population. The subjects consisted of 110 patients who had coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) at Asan Medical Center in Seoul and Sechong hospital in Buchon. Data was obtained from a knowledge questionnaire and a learning needs questionnaire between November 1998 and February 1999. Data were analyzed using SAS program for Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearman correlation coefficient. The results were as follows : 1. With regard to the 18 items to measure knowledge, the mean (median) of items 'don't know' was 4.9(4) items. The mean (median) of items answered wrong was 3.2(3) items. The number of items answered 'don't know' tend to show higher in those who had less education, blue color jobs and myocardiac infarction history than in their counter parts. There were higher frequency of items answered 'don't know' in those who had no hypertension 2. With regard to the level of knowledge by questionnaire about CABG, The most "I dont know" (59.1%) highly response was 'He has to be treated with anticoagulant drug to prevent revasculized vessel from obstructing.' The seond highest response (56.4%) was 'If you were hypotensive, the coronary attack would collapse. 'During the hospitalized day, the patient has complete bedrest.' The highest error probability was cholesterol has not to intake.', 'After surgery, the sexual life is need controlled for 1 year. 3. The mean of educational needs was 3.38. With regard to the level of learning needs by sentence about CABG, 'Food that benefit heart disease', 'Recurrence possibility of heart disease', 'Management method of operation site', 'Risk symptom that visit hospital or report immediately' were higher than other sentenses. With regard to the level of learning needs by factor 'food(5 items)', 'disease(9 items)' and 'exercise(3 items)' showed the highest than other factors. The educational needs by patients characteristics tend to show higher in males, under the age of 49, middle or high school degree, previous experience of admission with coronary artery disease, history of myocardial infarction, expierience of PTCA, history of cerebro-vascular accident, previous expierience of smoking than in their counter parts. 4. The number of items answered 'don't know', wrong and correct weren't correlated with the level educational needs. As the results, the number of items answered 'don't know' tend to show higher in those who had less educated, blue color jobs and myocardiac infarction history than in their counter parts. There were higher frequency of items answered 'don't know' in those who had no hypertension .There were higher frequency of items answered 'don't know' on anti-thrombolitic theraphy, hypotension and pain relief. Also there were higher frequency of items answered wrong on bed rest period, cholesterol intake, and sexual life. Educational needs were higher in young age group, had previous experience of procesure and history of other disease. And when we educate CABG patients, education for diet, recurrence possibility of disease, management methods of operation site and risk symptom should be emphasized.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.918-927
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of collisions by examining 668 cases of merchant ship collision accidents that occurred during the past 12 years (2010-2021) and analyzed them statistically. Further, the analysis results were applied to propose a human error prevention collision avoidance (HEPCA) model. The statistical annual report of the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal (KMST) and the collision investigation report were investigated to collect data on the causes of collisions of merchant ships, and frequency analysis was performed using the statistical analysis tool, SPSS Statistics. In the first-stage analysis, the causes of collisions were analyzed targeting 668 merchant ship collision accidents, and in the second-stage analysis, the identified maximum frequency cause factors were analyzed in detail. The analysis results identified that 98 % of the cause of the collision was the human error of the navigator, and the highest frequency was in the order of neglect of look-out > violation of navigation regulations > improper maneuvering. The cause of the neglect of look-out was mainly neglecting continuous monitoring after the first recognition of the target ship. The HEPCA model for human error prevention was proposed by applying the analysis results to the collision case of the investigation report. The results of this study are expected to be used as educational materials at marine navigator educational institutions and in practice for avoiding collisions caused by human errors of navigators.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.1 s.29
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• pp.98-105
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• 1990

In order to fine out the relationship between traffic accidents and atmospheric phenomena, we have analyzed 2,562 cases, one tenth of the total traffic accidents occurred in Taegu city for a year in 1988. The meteorological elements observed by Taegu Weather Bureau were used. It was divided into two largy categories : the patterns of accident as human injuries and destructions of car. When the accidents were overlapped in each other, it was considered as human injury. Human injuries were subdivided into three parts : death, severe wound and slight in, when more then two cases were overlapped, we choiced severe damage. The average number of daily traffic accidents including human injuries were lowest in winter of four seasons. The accident patterns in accordance with the seasons showed statistically significant difference. The frequency was the highest as 3.3 cases in an hour at $25.1-30.0^{\circ}C$ of atmospheric temperature, the rate of human injury showed the increase by the increased temperature. But there were not significant. Also it was the highest as 3.7 cases in less than 31% of humidity and the rate of human injury as the highest at 41-50%, but not significant. And it was the increasing tendency as wind speed increase, and the rate of human injury was the highest at 6.1-7.0 m/sec, but it was not significant. In relation to precipitation, and visibility, were the highest as 5.4 cases at 5.1-10.0 mm of rainfall, the rate of human injury was increased by the increased precipitation and showed statistically significant. And it was highest within 6 Km of visibility, but the rate of the human injury was the lowest within same distance, and also showed significance. The accidents were higher with snow on the road, but the rate of human injury was comparatively lower, but no significance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.295-305
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• 2002

This paper, in which whose subjects were 43 cerebrovascular accident patients analysed the effects of flood habits and attitudes on the nutrient intake. In respect to energy intake, the subjects took 106% of RDA. The protein intake was on the average of 119.1 g, which was 187% of RDA. The fat intake by the subjects on the whole was 60.5 g. The fiber intake of the subjects was 9.6 g. Those who like sweets took in significantly less energy and carbohydrate and more fat than those who didn't like sweets. Those who liked salty flood took in 7890 mg of sodium while those who didn't like salty food took in 5579 mg of sodium. The former took in significantly more sodium than the latter (p < 0.05). The examination of the amount of nutrient intake in terms of meal pattern, showed that those who had two meals a day were significantly higher in the level of weight and BMI was significantly higher (p<0.05) and the level of energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C and cholesterol was significantly higher. Those who thought they had heavy meals took significantly more energy, protein, calcium iron, vitamin A vitamin B$_1$and vitamin C than those who thought they had light meals. Rapid eaters took more nutrients than slow eaters. The multiple regression analysis has shown that the effect of the independent variables on the energy intake are in the order of eating speed, eating volume and eating frequency. They can explain 24.6% of the energy intake. As a result, the faster is eating speed, the heavier is eating volume, and the lower is eating frequency, the higher is the energy intake (p <0.01).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.583-595
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• 2014

Currently, Korean transportation policies are aiming for increase of safety and environment-friendly and efficient operation, by avoiding construction and expansion of roads, and upgrading road alignments and facilities. This is revealed by that there have been 22 road expansion projects (30%) and 50 road improvement projects (70%) under the 3rd Five-Year Plan for National Highways ('11~'15), while there were 53 road expansion projects (71%) and 22 road improvement projects (29%) under the 2nd Five-Year Plan for National Highways. For more effective road improvement projects, there is a need of choosing projects after an objective and scientific safety assessment of each road, and assessing safety improvement depending on projects. This study is intended to develop a model for this road safety analysis and assessment. The major objective of this study is creating a road safety analysis and assessment model appropriate for Korean society, based on the HSM (Highway Safety Manual) of the U.S. In order to build up data for model development, the sections thought to have identical geometrical structure factors in 5 lines, Cheonbuk province, were divided as homogeneous sections, and representative values of geometric structures, facilities, traffic volume, climate conditions and land usage were collected from the 1,452 sections divided. In order to build up data for model development, the sections thought to have identical geometrical structure factors in 5 lines, Cheonbuk province, were divided as homogeneous sections, and representative values of geometric structures, facilities, traffic volume, climate conditions and land usage were collected from the 1,452 sections divided. The collected data was processed correlation analysis of each road element was implemented to see which factor had a big effect on traffic accidents. On the basis of these results, then, an accident model was established as a negative binomial regression model.Using the developed model, an Crash Modification Factor (CMF) which determines accident frequency changes depending on safety performance function (SPF) predicting the number of accident occurrence through traffic volume and road section expansion, road geometric structure and traffic properties, was extracted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 2007

To find how much radiation was exposed the patients who visit emergency room, a measurement study was made for radiation amount toward 200 patients selected randomly among visitors to an emergency room in a university hospital from March 16 to 31st, 2006. The results are as follows ; 1. Among the subjects 50 person(25.0%) were transferred from other hospitals, 24 persons(8.3) come after traffic accident, 50 persons for other accident and 76 persons for general medical care. 2. The average frequency of X-ray taking was calculated as 6.4 time per person among transferred patients, 14.5 times per person among patients with traffic accident and 2.6 times per person among general medical care. 3. The radiation exposure amount by kind of X-ray showed 28.9mGyfor general X-ray diagnosis, 84.2mGy for CT scanning and 1.02mGy for other special radiation study. 4. Average radiation exposure amount was calculated as 24.6mGy by transferred patients, 55.2mGy by patients with traffic accident, 17.1mGy by patients with other accidents and 17.0mGy by general patients. 5. Through the comparison of radiation exposure amount among to subject with maximum allowance threshold by International Commission on X-ray Radium Protection, transferred patients exceeded 6 times than allowance in whole body except extremities and joints, blood forming organ, reproductive system, vitreous body of eye, bone, thyroid gland, skin and etc, Patient suffered from traffic accidents were exposed 10 times more than allowance. In conclusion, the radiation exposure amount during X-rat diagnosis re too much and exceeded allowance standard by International Commission on X-ray Radium Protection. So further study and preventive measure to decrease radiation exposure by patients who visit emergency room.