• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.207-210
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• 2008

In March of 2003, tumors (galls) were observed on ginseng seedling roots in ginseng seedbeds at Yeoju, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Symptoms were spherical or galls with about 0.5-1.0cm in diameter formed on the upper through middle parts of the primary roots. Bacterial isolates obtained from the root galls were Gram-negative, rod-shaped with peritrichous flagella, aerobic, not forming yellow or orange colonies on nutrient glucose agar, yeast extract-dextrose $CaCO_3$ agar and nutrient-broth yeast extract agar, non-fluorescent on King's B agar, and non-spore forming, which were identical to characteristics of the genus Agrobacterium. They were identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens with 0.732-0.993 similarities in 100% probability by the Biolog analyses. The 16S rRNA gene partial sequences of the six isolates tested (Genbank Accession EF486308-EF486313) were 100% homologous to those of other A. tumefaciens strains (GenBank accession AF501343, AY701900, AY701898, AY701899). The above results confirmed that this bacterium is A. tumefaciens. Pathogenicity of the bacteria was proved by the inoculation test on carrot root discs and tomato seedlings. This is the first description of A. tumefaciens causing root gall in ginseng seedling. The disease occurred locally and sparsely, but considering its appearances in seedbeds suggests that the ginseng root gall may become a threat to ginseng in Korea.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2008

Korean cultivated bramble, which is known as Bokbunja-ddal-gi is regarded to be originated from Korea native Rubus coreanus. However, little scientific evidence and significant morphological differences between Korean cultivated bramble(KCB) and R. coreanus throw doubt on the ancestry of KCB. This study was carried out to obtain phylogenetic information on KCB by comparing its nuclear genomic background with those of R. coreanus, black(R. occidentalis) and red(R. idaeus) raspberry, blackberry(R. lanciniatus) and R. crataegifolius. A total of 99 random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markers were generated and used for phylogenetic analysis of 76 Rubus accessions. Accessions of each species were grouped into each distinct subclade by the RAPD markers at a similarity coefficient of about 0.59. The KCB subclade formed a clade with R. occidentalis and R. crataegifolius subclades at a similarity coefficient of 0.47. The R. coreanus subclade formed a clade with R. idaeus, R. lanciniatus and R. crataegifolius subclades at a similar similarity coefficient. Only one KCB accession from Hoengsung was included in R. coreanus subclade. The accession shows leaf and flower characteristics different from the rest of the KCB accessions. The phylogenetic relationship inferred from the RAPD markers suggests that the nuclear genomic background of KCB accessions which show morphological similarity to black raspberry is more closely related to black raspberry than to R. coreanus. This brings about the need for close scientific evaluations on the ancestry of KCB at both morphological and molecular levels.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.23
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• pp.341-372
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• 2004

Since China was admitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001, China has sped up its active participation in the competition of the world economy by lifting its trade and investment restrictions and limits. Its trading system is getting more and more free and its huge market with a population of 1.3 billion has been getting more and more open. With Chinas WTO accession, China has been honoring its commitments to its WTO members by complying with international business practices and WTO rules. For example, it will cut down its import tariffs for automobiles from the present 80% to 25% by 2006. Its financial sector and service industries are open to foreign investors now. As Chinas biggest business partner, Japan has benefited tremendously from Chinas open policies and deepening economic reform. In order to reduce the costs of production, a large number of enterprises from Japan have set up production bases in China since a Chinese workers wages accounts for only one tenth of those of a Japanese worker on the average. Japan has become one of Chinas biggest investors on a par with the United States of America (USA). How are the Japanese enterprises in Japan and in China adjusting themselves to the rapid changes of the Chinese market? What characteristics do the Japanese enterprises in China have? What effects has Chinas WTO accession had on those Japanese enterprises that have invested in China? This paper finds answers to the above questions. It at first reviews the Sino-Japanese economic and trade relations since 1980s, then analyses the situation and characteristics of Japanese-invested enterprises in China, and explores their problems in China. Finally it puts forward some suggestions for the Japanese enterprises in China.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1106-1112
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• 2007

This report provides the complete nucleotide sequences of the full-length cDNA encoding squalene synthase (SQS) and its genomic DNA sequence from a triterpene-producing fungus, Ganoderma lucidum. The cDNA of the squalene synthase (SQS) (GenBank Accession Number: DQ494674) was found to contain an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,404 bp encoding a 468-amino-acid polypeptide, whereas the SQS genomic DNA sequence (GenBank Accession Number: DQ494675) consisted of 1,984 bp and contained four exons and three introns. Only one gene copy was present in the G. lucidum genome. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ganoderma lucidum squalene synthase (GI-SQS) exhibited a high homology with other fungal squalene synthase genes and contained six conserved domains. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. lucidum SQS belonged to the fungi SQS group, and was more closely related to the SQS of U. maydis than to those of other fungi. A gene expression analysis showed that the expression level was relatively low in mycelia incubated for 12 days, increased after 14 to 20 days of incubation, and reached a relatively high level in the mushroom primordia. Functional complementation of GI-SQS in a SQS-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that the cloned cDNA encoded a squalene synthase.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2006

Degenerate primers corresponding to the sequences of the N-terminal regions of Mn-peroxidase isozymes were used to isolate the genomic fragments encoding the isozymes of Mn-peroxidase, CVMP1, CVMP2, CVMP3 and CVMP5 from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor KN9522. Three isozymes except one gave the expected PCR products (cmp1, cmp2 and cmp5) of about 900 base pairs, respectively. DNA sequence data obtained from each PCR products were used to analyze the BLAST program search on the National Center for Biotechnology Information. cmp1, cmp2 and cmp5 were similar to MPG-I (GenBank accession number Z30668) and PGV-II (GenBank accession number, Z54279) gene T. versicolor PRL572. PCR products of cmp1 and cmp2 showed 77%, 95% base sequence similarities to MPG-I gene and cmp5 showed about 88% similarity to PGV-II gene from T. versicolor PRL572. From this experiment, we could isolate genomic DNA fragments with degenerate primers designed from the N-terminal amino acid sequences of Mn-peroxidase isozyme family.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2011

The medicinal herb Oldenlandia diffusa is known as a folk medicine for the treatment of hepatitis, sore throat, appendicitis, malignant tumors and urethral infection in Southern China and Korea. Another species O. corymbosa, is also used for the therapy of the similar conditions, however, only O. diffusa is referred to the medicinal herb by Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to their similar morphology, O. diffusa and O. corymbosa are often misidentified. To easily identify O. diffusa from O. corymbosa, the phylogenetic utility of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were investigated among different O. diffusa and O. corymbosa populations in Korea. The nrDNA ITS sequence of O. diffusa contained 791 bp, with GenBank accession number of JF837601-JF837602. The nrDNA ITS sequence of O. corymbosa was 785-786 bp, with GenBank accession number of JF837603-JF837611. The results showed that there are some certain divergences in the ITS region sequence between both species, even among different populations of the same species. Particularly, O. corymbosa ST-4 population showed the highest dissimilarity of the ITS region sequence with other nine populations of O. corymbosa and two populations of O. diffusa. This consequence makes us further understand the molecular diversification between O. corymbosa and O. diffusa, and help to promote the correct use and safety.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.85-85
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• 2017

Potato is important carbohydrate source over the world in that revealing high productivity per the unit area, and their cultivation area is estimated to be increased to cope with a scarcity of food according to the population increase. Major cultivated species of potato is Solanum tuberosum (2n = 4x = 48) and regarded as being originated in Andes region of South America. The diverse potato genetic resources has been collected and perserved in Highland Agricultural Research Institute (NICS, RDA), and the genetic materials as DNA stock is conserved in National Agrobiodiversity Center(NAS, RDA). The understanding of genetic constitution of conserved diversity is the basis for the germplam management and further utilization. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of potato germplasm(479 accessions) using 24 microsatellite markers which have been internationally used for fingerprinting of potato accession. The allele number and polymorphic information content (PIC) of total accessions per locus was ranged from 2 to 18 (mean = 8.2) and from 0.214 to 0.771 (mean = 0.595), respectively. Especially, the accession originated from Korea revealed average allele number of 6.0 (2 - 11) and average PIC value of 0.58 (0.193 - 0.763). Three groups were deduced by phylogenic analysis (Group-1, -2, -3); Korean accessions showed close genetic similarity to Japanese and USA accessions, and Korean landraces were mainly included in Group-3. We try to elaborate the genetic diversity analysis of conserved potato germplasm by acquiring more genotypes using applicable molecular markers.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.110-113
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• 2014

The continuous use of acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors has led to the selection of herbicide resistant barnyardgrass populations in direct-seeded rice fields of Korea. This study was conducted to identify herbicide resistant barnyardgrass biotypes and to determine the cross- and multiple-resistance of them. 25% of the population collected from Taeahn was partially resistant to ACCase inhibitors and 22% collected from Kimjae were partially resistant to ALS inhibitors. However, 8.2% of the population from both sites was resistant to ALS and ACCase inhibitors. Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicide, flazasulfuron was identified from two barnyardgrass accessions collected from both Taeahn and Kimjae. One barnyardgrass accession from both sites was resistant to ACCase inhibitor, sethoxydim. The cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors was identified at one barnyardgrass accession from Taeahn and at two accessions from Kimjae. Further, crossresistance to ACCase inhibitors was also identified at barnyardgrass accessions from Taeahn and Kimjae. Multiple-resistance to flazasulfuron and sethoxydim was determined at four barnyardgrass accessions from Taeahn and at six accessions from Kimjae. Therefore, the herbicide mixture and sequences within a growing season or the herbicide rotation with different modes of actions across growing seasons are recommended to control herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass in infested fields.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.216-221
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• 2018

Background: The number of immigrants with tuberculosis (TB) increases each year in South Korea. Determining the transmission dynamics based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) to cluster the strains has been challenging. Methods: WGS, annotation refinement, and orthology assignment for the GenBank accession number acquisition were performed on two clinical isolates from Chinese immigrants. In addition, the genomes of the two isolates were compared with the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, from two native Korean and five native Chinese individuals using a phylogenetic topology tree based on the Multiple Alignment of Conserved Genomic Sequence with Rearrangements (Mauve) package. Results: The newly assigned accession numbers for two clinical isolates were CP020381.2 (a Korean-Chinese from Yanbian Province) and CP022014.1 (a Chinese from Shandong Province), respectively. Mauve alignment classified all nine TB isolates into a discriminative collinear set with matched regions. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a rooted phylogenetic tree grouping the nine strains into two lineages: strains from Chinese individuals and strains from Korean individuals. Conclusion: Phylogenetic trees based on the Mauve alignments were supposed to be useful in revealing the dynamics of TB transmission from immigrants in South Korea, which can provide valuable information for scaling up the TB screening policy for immigrants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.737-741
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• 2007

Typical phytoplasma witches' broom symptoms were observed in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Korea. The symptoms of the disease were showing abnormally small leaves, shortened intemodes and proliferation of shoots. The phytoplasmas were detected consistently in all the symptomatic samples by the amplification with phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R2, and the expected size was 1.8 kb and 1.2 kb. However, the phytoplasma DNA was not detected in healthy seedling. Based on sequence analysis of amplified region, this phytoplasma has close homologies with aster yellow, mulberry dwarf, maize bushy stunt, ash witches' broom and sumac witches' broom phytoplasmas, more than 99.2% but showed homologies with black locust witches' broom (GeneBank Accession No. AF 244363), and jujube witches' broom, 88.6% and 87.7%, respectively. This phylogetic analysis indicates that the black locust witches' broom phytoplasma founded in korea should be classified in the Candidatus phytoplasma asteris (16Sr I) group and clearly distinct from the black locust witches' broom group 16Sr III (peach X-disease phytoplasma group).