• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.125-168
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• 2015

Dynamic aeroelastic behavior of structurally nonlinear Joined Wings is presented. Three configurations, two characterized by a different location of the joint and one presenting a direct connection between the two wings (SensorCraft-like layout) are investigated. The snap-divergence is studied from a dynamic perspective in order to assess the real response of the configuration. The investigations also focus on the flutter occurrence (critical state) and postcritical phenomena. Limit Cycle Oscillations (LCOs) are observed, possibly followed by a loss of periodicity of the solution as speed is further increased. In some cases, it is also possible to ascertain the presence of period doubling (flip-) bifurcations. Differences between flutter (Hopf's bifurcation) speed evaluated with linear and nonlinear analyses are discussed in depth in order to understand if a linear (and thus computationally less intense) representation provides an acceptable estimate of the instability properties. Both frequency- and time-domain approaches are compared. Moreover, aerodynamic solvers based on the potential flow are critically examined. In particular, it is assessed in what measure more sophisticated aerodynamic and interface models impact the aeroelastic predictions. When the use of the tools gives different results, a physical interpretation of the leading mechanism generating the mismatch is provided. In particular, for PrandtlPlane-like configurations the aeroelastic response is very sensitive to the wake's shape. As a consequence, it is suggested that a more sophisticate modeling of the wake positively impacts the reliability of aerodynamic and aeroelastic analysis. For SensorCraft-like configurations some LCOs are characterized by a non-synchronous motion of the inner and outer portion of the lower wing: the wing's tip exhibits a small oscillation during the descending or ascending phase, whereas the mid-span station describes a sinusoidal-like trajectory in the time-domain.

• 에너지공학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.154-163
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• 2003

전력계통에 연계하기 위해서 풍력발전시스템은 계속해서 변하는 풍속에 응동하여 적정한 출력을 계통에 공급할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 연계되는 전력계통에서 허용될 수 있는 수준의 주파수와 전압크기를 갖는 출력을 제공할 수 있어야 하며, 이를 위해서는 풍력발전의 적절한 출력제어가 필수적으로 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 동기발전기가 전압원인버터로 구성된 AC-DC-AC 변환부를 거쳐 계통에 접속되는 계통연계형 풍력발전시스템의 출력제어 전략을 소개하며, 이를 전자기 과도현상 해석 프로그램인 PSCAD/EMTDC를 이용하여 모의하고 해석하였다. 블레이드를 통해 입력되는 풍속에 대하여 최대 에너지를 공급할 수 있도록 전압원인버터의 유효전력 출력제어가 이루어지며, 출력단 전압을 일정하게 유지하기 위한 무효전력 출력제어가 행해진다. 또한 60 Hz의 주파수 출력 및 고조파 저감을 위해 SPWM 스위칭 방식을 채택하였다. 풍속의 변동 및 부하의 변동에 대한 풍력발전시스템의 응동특성 및 출력변화를 모의하고 해석한다.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

This study on the bolt elongation and torque measuring method by ultrasonic nod-destructive method. In the past, The dial gage was used for the elongation measurement of gas turbine bolts. The purpose of this study is to improve the traditional bolt elongation measurement method. The old method using dial gage measures the elongation of the gas turbine bolt. If the length differences among the loading bolts are within the required range, The loading torques of bolts consider as acceptable. But this method can not give the information about torque differences among the loading bolts. It could bring out vibration of turbine due to loading torque differences among the bolts. So the elongation and torque must be measured simultaneously. The new technology using ultrasonic non-destructive method can give the information about bolt elongation and torque. The ultrasonic method basically measures the speed in the bolt material for the calculation the bolt elongation. But the ultrasonic speed varies according to temperature and loading torque of bolts. So the factors of temperature and loading power were investigated and reflected to the calculation of bolt elongation and torque. The results of this study shows the big difference among the bolts torque in the old method and the torque differences among the bolts can be adjusted by reflecting the result of this study. And this torque adjusting method can decrease gas turbine vibration problem due to torque difference among the bolts. So this paper shows ultrasonic method is better than old method for the measurement of bolt elongation and torque.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2011

The dissolution test method and an analytical procedure by HPLC were developed and validated for dobesilate calcium tablets and acepifylline tablets. These drugs were not yet characterized by the dissolution specifications in Korean Pharmaceutical Codex. So, with each reference and test drugs, we did the preliminary and standard experiments based on the Korean Pharmacopeia Guideline of dissolution testing for solid oral dosage forms. The dissolution test for dobesilate calcium tablets was carried out under sink conditions as following: dissolution medium water, paddle rotation speed 50 rpm and vessel volume 900 ml. More than 90% of its label amount was released within 30 min in this method. Also the dissolution test for acepifylline tablets was carried out under sink conditions as follows: dissolution medium water, paddle rotation speed 100 rpm and vessel volume 900 ml. More than 90% of its label amount was released within 45 min in this method. The dissolution samples were analyzed with a precise and accurate HPLC method. The developed dissolution test showed specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy within the acceptable range. The dissolution testing method described above was adequate for the purpose and may be proposed as a pharmacopeial standard to assess the performance of dobesilate calcium tablets and acepifylline tablets.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.513-520
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• 2004

A steady-state/transient performance simulation model was newly developed for the propulsion system of the CRW (Canard Rotor Wing) type UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) during flight mode transition. The CRW type UAV has a new concept RPV (Remotely Piloted Vehicle) which can fly at two flight modes such as the take-off/landing and low speed forward flight mode using the rotary wing driven by engine bypass exhaust gas and the high speed forward flight mode using the stopped wing and main engine thrust. The propulsion system of the CRW type UAV consists of the main engine system and the duct system. The flight vehicle may generally select a proper type and specific engine with acceptable thrust level to meet the flight mission in the propulsion system design phase. In this study, a turbojet engine with one spool was selected by decision of the vehicle system designer, and the duct system is composed of main duct, rotor duct, master valve, rotor tip-jet nozzles, and variable area main nozzle. In order to establish the safe flight mode transition region of the propulsion system, steady-state and transient performance simulation should be needed. Using this simulation model, the optimal fuel flow schedules were obtained to keep the proper surge margin and the turbine inlet temperature limitation through steady-state and transient performance estimation. Furthermore, these analysis results will be used to the control optimization of the propulsion system, later. In the transient performance model, ICV (Inter-Component Volume) model was used. The performance analysis using the developed models was performed at various flight conditions and fuel flow schedules, and these results could set the safe flight mode transition region to satisfy the turbine inlet temperature overshoot limitation as well as the compressor surge margin. Because the engine performance simulation results without the duct system were well agreed with the engine manufacturer's data and the analysis results using a commercial program, it was confirmed that the validity of the proposed performance model was verified. However, the propulsion system performance model including the duct system will be compared with experimental measuring data, later.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2009

A method was proposed which employed control of the drop location of fertilizer particles on a spinner disc to optimize the spread pattern uniformity. The system contained an optical sensor as a feedback mechanism, which measured discharge velocity and location, as well as particle diameters to predict a spread pattern of a single disc. Simulations showed that the feed gate adaptation algorithm produced high quality patterns for any given application rate in the dual disc spreader. The performance of the feed gate control method was assessed using data collected from a Sulky spinner disc spreader. The results showed that it was always possible to find a spread pattern with an acceptable CV lower than 15%, even though the spread pattern was obtained from a rudimentary flat disc with straight radial vanes. A mathematical optimization method was used to find the initial parameter settings for a specially designed experimental spreading arrangement, which included the feed gate control system, for a given flow rate and swath width. Several experiments were carried out to investigate the relationship between the gate opening and flow rate, disc speed and particle velocity, as well as disc speed and predicted landing location of fertilizer particles. All relationships found were highly linear ($r^2$ > 0.96), which showed that the time-of-flight sensor was well suited as a feedback sensor in the rate and uniformity controlled spreading system.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

PURPOSE. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface grinding and polishing procedures using high speed zirconia diamond burs with different grit sizes on the phase transformation and flexural strength of zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty disc shape specimens ($15{\times}1.25mm$) with a cylindrical projection in the center of each disc ($1{\times}3mm$) were fabricated with 3Y-TZP (Prettau, Zirkonzahn, Italy). The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n=10) according to the grinding and polishing procedures: Control group - grinding (coarse-grit diamond bur), Group 1 - grinding (coarse-grit diamond bur) + polishing, Group 2 - grinding (fine-grit diamond bur) + polishing, and Group 3 - grinding (fine grit diamond bur). Each specimen was analyzed by 3D-OM, XRD analysis, and biaxial flexural strength test. RESULTS. Based on the surface morphology by 3D-OM images, polished specimens showed smoother surface and lower roughness value (Ra). In the result of XRD analysis, partial phase transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia occurred in all groups. Control group, ground with a coarse grit diamond bur, showed more $t{\rightarrow}m$ phase transformation and lower flexural strength than Groups 1 and 2 significantly. CONCLUSION. The flexural strength in all specimens after grinding and polishing showed over 500 MPa, and those were clinically acceptable. However, grinding with a coarse grit diamond bur without polishing induced the phase transformation and low strength. Therefore, surface polishing is required for the occlusal adjustment using a high speed zirconia diamond bur to reduce the phase transformation and to prevent the decrease of flexural strength of zirconia.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.102-114
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• 2018

The Railway Safety Management System is based on risk management and the basic purpose of risk management is safety management activities to prevent railway accidents and operational obstacles in advance. In order to manage risk, an acceptable risk standard must be established. This risk criterion is used to evaluate the railway risk with both frequency and severity. In the case of overseas railway or other industrial sectors, various factors are reflected in the main variables that constitute the occurrence frequency, but this is no the case in the domestic railway sector. In particular, the current risk assessment criteria in the railway sector remain at a level that exploits the incidents that have occurred in the past and the severity of the property damage and it dose not properly reflect complex and diverse environmental and situational changes in railway operations. Therefore, in this study, it is possible to calculate the potential occurrence of future events instead of occurrence frequency as a component of the risk assessment criteria, focusing on the High-Speed Railway. In addition to the property damage to the consequence, we suggest a rational methodology, development direction, and theoretical implications for constructing accurate and reasonable risk criteria including actual damage such as human injury and time loss.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.32-42
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• 2019

Background: There have been much efforts to develop the proper and realistic machine Quality Assurance (QA) reflecting on real Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) plan. In this work we propose and test a special VMAT plan of plan-class specific (pcsr) QA, as a machine QA so that it might be a good solution to supplement weak point of present machine QA to make it more realistic for VMAT treatment. Materials and Methods: We divided human body into 5 treatment sites: brain, head and neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. One plan for each treatment site was selected from real VMAT cases and contours were mapped into the computational human phantom where the same plan as real VMAT plan was created and called plan-class specific reference (pcsr) QA plan. We delivered this pcsr QA plan on a daily basis over the full research period and tracked how much MLC movement and dosimetric error occurred in regular delivery. Several real patients under treatments were also tracked to test the usefulness of pcsr QA through comparisons between them. We used dynalog file viewer (DFV) and Dynalog file to analyze position and speed of individual MLC leaf. The gamma pass rate from portal dosimetry for different gamma criteria was analyzed to evaluate analyze dosimetric accuracy. Results and Discussion: The maxRMS of MLC position error for all plans were all within the tolerance limit of < 0.35 cm and the positional variation of maxPEs for both pcsr and real plans were observed very stable over the research session. Daily variations of maxRMS of MLC speed error and gamma pass rate for real VMAT plans were observed very comparable to those in their pcsr plans in good acceptable fluctuation. Conclusion: We believe that the newly proposed pcsr QA would be useful and helpful to predict the mid-term quality of real VMAT treatment delivery.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2009

전신 영상 검사는 일반적인 핵의학 검사에 적용되고 있는 가장 기본적인 촬영 방법 중 하나이다. 이 때 각 검사마다 규정화된 테이블 이동 속도는 다양하다. 본 연구에서는 감마카메라의 사용 기간에 따른 노후 상태와 감마카메라 테이블 위의 무게 변화에 따른 테이블 이동 속도를 측정하여 그 정확성을 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 2008년 12월부터 2009년 2월까지 서울아산병원 핵의학과내에서 전신 영상 검사를 주로 시행하는 SIEMENS 장비 중 가장 사용기간이 긴 ECAM plus와 가장 최근에 설치된 SYMBIA T2를 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다. 각 장비별로 테이블 이동속도를 10, 15, 30 cm/min으로 나누어 매 10 cm씩 마다 총 100 cm의 구간을 타이머를 이용해 테이블 이동 시간을 측정하였다. 또한 표준 체중을 60~70 kg으로 감안하여 0, 66, 110 kg으로 나누어 체중에 따른 테이블의 이동 속도를 동일한 방법으로 측정하여 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 10 cm/min, 15 cm/min, 30 cm/min의 변동계수가 ECAM plus에서 1.23, 1.42, 2.02이었고, SYMBIA T2에서 1.23, 1.83, 2.28이었으며 테이블 이동속도가 증가될수록 변동은 많았다. 또한 무게 변화에 따른 각각의 변동계수는 0 kg에서 0.96, 1.45, 2.08이었고, 66 kg에서 1.32, 1.72, 2.27이며, 110 kg에서 1.37, 1.73, 2.14로 무게에 따른 큰 차이는 없었다. 95% 신뢰수준에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 있지 않아(p>0.05) 두 장비 모두 허용할 수 있는 범위안에 있었지만, ECAM plus에 비해 SYMBIA T2의 변동계수가 비교적 크게 측정되었다. 이러한 결과를 미루어 볼 때 Onco. Flash와 같은 Half-time 검사법을 실시하기 전에는 테이블의 이동과 테이블 이동 속도, 감마카메라의 상태를 점검하고, 좀 더 관심을 기울여야 하며 정기적인 점검을 일반화시키는 것이 유용할 것이라고 생각된다.