• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1993

Vegetational data obtained from 15 quadrats of Mt. Daeam area were analysed by applying two multivariate methods : two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) for ordination. The dominant tree species were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Betula costata, and Acer mono in descending order. The pH ranges were 5.0 to 5.5 in the 15 sites near bog and 5.3 to 5.4 in the 3 sites within bog. The forest communities in Mt. Daeam were classified into Quercus mongolica-Acer mono, Quercus mongolica-Prunus sargentii, Quercus mongolica-Abies nephrolepis-Acer tschonoskii var, rubripes, and Quercus mongolica-Abies nephrolepis-Betula costata according to the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil in the forest of Mt. Daeam were investigated by analyzing soil nutrition gradient. Quercus mongolica-Prunus sargentii forests were distributed in the good sites in nutrition levels of total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, $Mg^{+{+}}$ and $Ca^{+{+}}$ but Quercus mongolica-Abies nephrolepis-Betula costata forests in the poor sites in the nutrition levels.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-129
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• 1999

The bryophyte communities on the forest floor of the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest and the evergreen coniferous forest of cool temperate and subalpine zones in Mts. Taebaek, Odae and Sulak of Tabaek Range were investigated from. the numerical and phytosociological viewpoints. As a result, four bryophyte communities were recognized there, considering the species composition of vascular vegetation; A. Thuja koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis/Taxus caespitosa-Pinus pumila/Hylocomium splendens-Pleurozium schreberi community, B: Sasamorpha borealis-Abies nephrolepis/Plagiomnium cuspidatum- Aulacomnium heterostichum community, C. Abies holophylla-Abies nephrolepis/Thuidium recognitum-Trachycystis immarginata cristatus community, D. Meehania urticifolia-Abies nephrolepis/Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Taxiphyllum aomoriense community. Among these, the community A was distributed in higher altitudes and characterized by the species group of the holarctic elements, e.g. Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum majus, etc. limited in subarctic; subalpine and arctic; alpine zones and was confirmed as synusies of the Thujo-Abietetum nephrolepidis Song 1991 and Taxo-Pinetum pumilae Song 1985 belonging the Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. 1939. In contrast the communities B, C and D were distributed in the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest of lower altitudes and characterized by the elements of the cool temperate; montane zone. They were confirmed as synusies belonging to the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae Song 1988. By the result of the numerical syntaxonomical analysis such as cluster analysis, interspecific association, PCA, the communities were largely divided into the two types. The two types coincided with the community units or the diagnostic species of the bryophyte communities of the subalpine zone and the montane zone, respectively. Also the analysis revealed that the division of the above two forest zones are justifiable. Up to date many investigator have described the coniferous forest distibuted above 1000m in Taebaek mountains as the forest vegetation of subalpine zone. However, from the results of the present study, the boundary of the mixed forest and the true subalpine coniferous forest was elucidated to be ca. 1,500 m phytosociologically. Species richness was the highest in the community A, and the other four communities showed a similar species richness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.565-569
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• 2008

Geographic variation of characteristics of cone, seed and bract morphology were examined in 8 populations of rare endemic Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim and A. koreana Wilson. Additionally we studied classification index to distinguish between the species by the method of discriminant analysis. Nested ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in all 13 morphological traits. In the seed length, seed index, bract width, and bract index of A. nephrolepis and the bract width and index of A. koreana, variance components among populations were larger than those among individuals within populations. In discriminant analysis, three traits (cone width, length of seed wing, and bract length) were found to be useful in discriminating A. nephrolepis from A. koreana. The optimal classification results of stepwise selection were discriminated length of seed wing and bract length.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2022

This study was conducted to identify the vegetation structure of the Abies nephrolepis forests by analyzing species composition in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongok in the Gangwon region with the phytosociological method. In order to perform a field investigation, 18 survey areas with an area of about 400 m2 were set up for the stands where A. nephrolepis grow wild. Communities were classified through TWINSPAN and visualized using DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis). Species diversity analysis, importance value analysis, and DBH class analysis were employed to identify the characteristics of each community. As a result, the A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongok have been classified into 4 communities; GroupI, II, III and IV. GroupIis Quercus mongolica-A. nephrolepis competitive forest dominated by Q. mongolica and A. nephrolepis in the order. Group II is A. nephrolepis-Betula ermanii competitive forest dominated by A. nephrolepis, Sorbus commixta, and B. ermanii in the order. Group III is dominated by A. nephrolepis, but is expected to have competition between A. nephrolepis and Q. mongolica in the future due to the mass occurrence of Q. mongolica saplings. A. nephrolepis, S. commixta, and Q. mongolica are the dominant species in Group IV, and A. nephrolepis is the major dominant species in all layers. The species diversity of the A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongok is lower than other A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Seorak, Maruguem, and Mt. Odae. It is necessary to establish conservation measures and to continuously monitor the A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongokis due to the harsh environment and the competition that may occur between A. nephrolepis and deciduous trees such as Q. mongolica in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2024

This study investigated whether population dynamic analysis based on the height characteristics of Abies nephrolepis was feasible. It was necessary because existing population dynamic analyses based on age and diameter at breast height (DBH) made it difficult to reflect the slow growth characteristics of Abies nephrolepis in harsh environments of high altitudes. The limitations of population dynamics analysis based on the age and DBH distribution of Abies nephrolepis in Seoraksan, Odaesan, and Taebaeksan National Parks, where Abies nephrolepis populations are representative, were verified, and the characteristics of height growth were investigated to comprehensively analyze whether a vertical structure based on height could reveal the population dynamics. The result of this study showed some limitations in understanding the population dynamics of Abies nephrolepis based on age distribution due to practical difficulties in sampling all trees and variations in age distribution within the same community depending on factors such as light conditions. Moreover, it was challenging to differentiate the distribution of DBH classes at fine levels, making it difficult to reflect the rapid growth characteristics of Abies nephrolepis when light conditions become suitable after prolonged stays in smaller DBH classes under shade conditions. However, a comprehensive analysis of the height characteristics of Abies nephrolepis revealed that the density corresponding to the population dynamic characteristics of Abies was high and adequately reflected the predominant tree death at similar height stages, as well as the U-shaped population dynamics at the lower stratum. Moreover, it was possible to identify a transition point in height values under shaded conditions, where the annual growth of Abies nephrolepis individuals in the lower stratum increases significantly, indicating that Abies nephrolepis individuals can escape from competition with other shrubs and undergo vigorous growth only at this height level. Therefore, this study confirmed that a vertical structure based on height can be utilized to understand the population dynamics of Abies nephrolepis in high altitudes, and it is expected that future studies on height characteristics can intuitively reveal the maintenance status of Abies nephrolepis populations in the field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.83-95
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• 2013

To understand natural regeneration and stand development after fire in mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests of Sikhote-Alin Mountains, ten sample plots of $50m{\times}50m$ size were established in 1975 and 1983 at the stands burned by wildfires in 1973 and 1982, respectively. And, the number of naturally regenerated seedlings were monitored in two $50m{\times}4m$ subplots in each plot. The most fire-sensitive conifer species is Abies nephrolepis, while Betula costata is the most fire-sensitive broadleaved tree species. The most fire-resistant species were Q. mongolica, T. taquetii and A. mono. The results of 20 and 30 years after the fire showed that pioneer tree species, e.g. Populus, Salix, and Betula, were regenerated immediately at the early stage of stand development and grew where there is a mono canopy layer with high density. On the other hand, the densities of successors, e.g. Pinus koraiensis, Picea jezoensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono and Tilia taquetii, which were present in the study plots before the fire, increased gradually. Naturally regenerated tree species after forest fire by the growth rate were divided into three groups according to their annual height growth. The seral tree species (Betula costata, Betula platyphylla, Padus maackii, Populus tremula and Sarix caprea) belong to the first group and have the highest growth rate (from 40 to 96 cm per year). The late successional broad-leaved trees (Tilia taquetii, Acer mono and Quercus mongolica) belong to the second group and have intermediate annual height growth (from 3.7 to 13.5 cm per year). The late successional coniferous species (Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis) form the third group and have the least annual height growth (from 1.4 to 3.5 cm per year).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.405-416
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• 2023

In this study, the sustainability of Abies nephrolepis in the presence of Tripterygium regelii was analyzed. To accomplish this, a field survey of140 stands was conducted. Based on the presence or absence of T. regelii, as well as the layer in which it was present (where appropriate), the type of T. regelii presence wasclassified as follows: TP type, indicating the presence of T. regelii in the tree and sub-tree layers; SP type, indicating its presence in the shrub layer; and A type, indicatingits absence from all layers. The indicator species analysis revealed T. regelii to be an indicator species of the TP type and SP type. The MRPP test was used to examine the differences among the types. Moreover, the seedling and DBH class analysis indicated there to be a difficulty in terms of the status competition, as the number of young trees generated by A. nephrolepis was the lowest in the TP type. The findings of this study enhanced our understanding of the vegetation structure of A. nephrolepis, thereby contributing to efforts concerningits conservation and management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2021

This study carried out the plant sociological survey of Abies nephrolepis forest in Mt. Seorak, which is in danger of deterioration due to the accelerated climate change. We examined seventy quadrats obtained from the survey and used the TWINSPAN technique to classify communities. We then performed the DCA method for the sequence analysis and analyzed the characteristics of each community. A. nephrolepis forest of Mt. Seorak is composed of four communities (A. nephrolepis-Lonicera caerulea var. edulis community, A. nephrolepis-Acer komarovii community, A. nephrolepis-Ac. pseudosieboldianum community, and A. nephrolepis-Betula costata community). Each community showed a different distribution according to location because different microenvironments are formed depending on location such as altitude and slope direction, resulting in different species composition. Each community showed differences in environmental characteristics such as altitude, rock ratio, soil characteristics, and litter layer thickness. As a result, there were significant differences between communities in the number of species and individuals, coverage, tree size, and species diversity, as well as differences in species composition. The A. nephrolepis-L. caerulea var. edulis and A. nephrolepis-Ac. komarovii communities were located in high altitude with high rock ratios and had little development of tree layer. On the other hand, the A. nephrolepis-Ac. pseudosieboldianum and A. nephrolepis-B. costata communities were relatively in low altitude with high soil ratio and had the development of tree layer with high species diversity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.387-392
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• 2007

Characteristics of needle morphology and anatomy were examined in 14 populations of Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim. and A. koreana Wilson. Additionally we studied the classification index to distinguish between the species by the method of discriminant analysis. Characteristics of needle for A. nephrolepis could be distinguished from those for A. koreana by flatten arrangement, thin and long length for needle form, many stomata row, and marginal position of resin duct Nested ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in all 9 needle traits. For the needle indices such as needle thickness, number of stomata row, and the distance between resin duct and vascular for both species, variance components among populations were larger than those among individuals within populations. The characteristics that contributed most to the separation of A. nephrolepis and A. koreana according to the discriminant analysis using stepdisc procedures were needle index and thickness of needle, needle arrangement index, distance between resin duct and vascular, and number of stomata row.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.254-261
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• 2015

Genetic variations of Abies koreana and Abies nephrolepis were assessed using two mitochondrial DNA regions (nad5 intron 4 and nad5 intron 1) for 16 natural populations to understand their phylogeographical history. Seven polymorphic sites of the two combined regions resulted in the resolution of four haplotypes (M1-M4). The average gene diversity within the population ($H_S$) was 0.098, the total gene diversity ($H_T$) was 0.620, and the interpopulation differentiation was $G_{ST}=0.841$, $N_{ST}=0.849$. The populations were divided into three groups (northern area, central area, southern area) according to their geographic locations. The populations of the northern and southern areas were mostly fixed for M1 and M2, respectively. The populations of the central area showed the highest levels of gene diversity ($H_T=0.654$) due to introgression from the northern area and southern area. The presence of a single mtDNA haplotype in the southern area suggests that current widespread populations have expanded to the central area from a specific refugium population after the last glacial period.