• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_2호
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• pp.519-529
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• 1998

The vegetation of alpine and subalpine zone from timber line, 2,000m altitude, to the upper area of Mt. Packtu were investigated by phytosociological method. The plant distribution along to the different altitudes shown as follows: Betula ermani community with Rhododendron redowskianum occupied dominantly at 2,000m area as patch forms, Rhododendron redowskianum community with Vaccinium uliginosum, at 2,180-2,200m area, both Vaccinium uliginosum and Rhododendron redowskianum community were compatible with each other at 2,243m area. Rhododendron redowskianum community at 2,250, Salix rotundifolia community, Erigeron thunbergii var. glabrata community, Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community and Carex atrata community were occurred frequently at 2,263m around Chonji Lake. Rhododendron aureum, Thunbergii coccinea and V accinium uliginosum showed higher cover degree than other species at 2,370m area, Phyllodoce coerulea-Rhododendron aureum community at 2,400m, Rhododendron redowskianum community at 2,470m, Rhododendron aureum community at 2,490m, Salix rotundifolia at 2,520m, Rhododendron redowskianum community at 2,580m, Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community, Salix rotundifolia, and bistorta achotensis etc. at 2,650 altitude area were settled as sparse, creeping shape on the surface soil and dwarf plants of about 15cm heights.

• 한국생물환경조절학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물환경조절학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표논문집
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• pp.41-42
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of the physical properties of wick on the water absorption of substrate. Physical properties of wick in this study were cotton composition, width and length. The water Infiltration rate through the wick was 0.24 ㎝/s at 90 -95% cotton content, which was faster than at 80-85% (0.13 cm/s) and 70-75% (0.08 cm/s). As the cotton content increased, the water absorption of substrate became greater : the amount of absorbed water was about 5-7g higher at 90-95% than at 80-85% and 70-75% at a wick width of 1 ㎝, the velocity of water absorption through the wick was fastest with 0.25 ㎝ㆍs/sup -1/. The amount of absorbed water was higher at 3 ㎝ than at 1 and 2 ㎝. However, the water absorption rate through the cross - sectional area of wick (g H₂O /㎠/hr) was higher at a wick width of 2 ㎝ than at those of 1 and 3 ㎝. The amount of absorbed water in the substrate was higher at 2 : 1 than at 1 : 1 (length in substrate : length out of substrate). Absorbed water amount was larger at 30-40% initial moisture content than any other treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2001

To investigate the mutual relationship between angiotensin II (Ang II) and nitric oxide (NO) in paraventricular nucleus (PVN), Ang II receptor type Ia $(AT_{1A}),$ type Ib $(AT_{1B}),$ endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS), and neuronal constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ncNOS) mRNA levels of rat PVN were measured after unilateral carotid artery ligation. $AT_{1A}$ and $AT_{1B}$ mRNA levels were markedly elevated 6 hrs after unilateral carotid artery ligation. Losartan injection $(10\;{\mu}g/0.3\;{\mu}l)$ into the PVN augmented of the increment of $AT_{1A}$ and $AT_{1B}$ mRNAs It also increased ecNOS gene expression. In addition, $AT_{1B}$ mRNA levels increased after N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) injection $(50\;{\mu}g/0.3\;{\mu}l)$ into the PVN. These results suggest that Ang II and NO in the rat PVN may interplay, at least in part, through regulation of gene expression of ecNOS and $AT_{1B},$ respectively.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.377-381
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• 1999

This study was designed to observe the effect of the amount of egg and the specific gravity on the quality of sponge cake. There was a little difference of the moisture content by the specific gravity when the amount of egg was same. However, as the amount of egg was increased at the same specific gravity, the moisture content and baking loss was significantly increased(p<0.05). At 100% of egg amount, the largest specific loaf volume was gained at 0.55 of specific gravity, in the same way 150% at 0.45, 200% at 0.35, 250% at 0.45, The hardness of sponge cake was increased as the specific gravity was increased at the same amount of egg(p<0.05). The specific gravity which the lowest hardness was gained was 0.55 with 100% of the amount of egg, in th same way 0.45 with 150%, 0.35 with 200%. As the period of storage was longer, the increase of hardness was increased as the specific gravity went up at the same amount of egg(p<0.05). Therefore, in the case of sugar content 166%, the specific gravity with maximum specific loaf volume and minimum hardness was gained 0.55 at the amount of egg 100%, 0.45 at 150%, 0.35 at 200% and 0.35 at 250%.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.480-490
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• 2003

Effects of plasma-nitriding on the pitting corrosion of Fe-30at%Al-5at%Cr alloy containing Ti, Hf, and Zr were investigated using potentiostat in 0.1M HCl. The specimen was casted by the vacuum arc melting. The subsequent homogenization was carried out in Ar gas atmosphere at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 7days and phase stabilizing heat treatment was carried out in Ar gas atmosphere at $500^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The specimen was nitrided in the $N_2$, and $H_2$, (1:1) mixed gas of $10^{-4}$ torr at $480^{\circ}C$ for 10 hrs. After the corrosion tests, the surface of the tested specimens were observed by the optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). For Fe-30at%Al-5Cr alloy, the addition of Hf has equi-axied structure and addition of Zr showed dendritic structure. For Fe-30at%Al-5Cr alloy containing Ti, plasma nitriding proved beneficial to decrease the pitting corrosion attack by increasing pitting potential due to formation of TiN film. Addition of Hf and Zr resulted in a higher activation current density and also a lower pitting potential. These results indicated the role of dendritic structure in decreasing the pitting corrosion resistance of Fe-30Al-5Cr alloy. Ti addition to Fe-30Al-5Cr decreased the number and size of pits. In the case of Zr and Hf addition, the pits nucleated remarkably at dendritic branches.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.565-570
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• 1989

The influence of age at first calving on the milk production of crossbred dairy cows produced under major dairy cattle crossbreeding projects in Pakistan was studied from the year 1974 to 1980. These animals were bred and raised at the Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadarnagar (LPRI), Livestock Experiment Station, Karachi (LES) and the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF). Local Sahiwal (SWL) cattle were crossed with the European breeds, Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey (J) at LPRI and UAF. At LES, native Red Sindhi (RS) were crossed with the HF and J breeds. At LES and UAF, the crossbred progeny, thus, produced comprised of halfbreds only while at LPRI 3/4 HF, 3/4 J, 1/4 HF and 1/4 J groups were also available for this study. The average age at first calving was considerably higher among the native breeds. At LES, the RS calved for the first time at an age of approximately 56 months. Corresponding values for SWLs at LPRI and UAF were 44 and 64 months, respectively. The 1/2 HF and 1/2 J crossbreds calved first at the age of approximately 25, 26, 34, 36, 37 and 38 months at LPRI, LES and UAF respectively. For 3/4 HF, 3/4 K, 1/4 HF and 1/4 J groups of LPRI the average age at first calving was 29, 26, 34 and 33 months. Considerable differences in age at first calving between the crossbreds and native breeds were observed. Due to early maturity, the former attained the peak level of milk production in third lactation whereas the latter groups, because of late maturity, reached this level in their fourth lactation. This study suggested that early maturity in Zebu cattle (Box indicus) could be induced through crossbreeding with European cattle (Bos Taurus).

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2012

The purpose of This study's aim is to examine the difference in the changes of body segment movement, variables for ball quality, and carry at golf driver swing according to the ball quality using comparative analysis. Regarding the impact variables according to the ball quality using the track man and carry, club speed was the fastest at draw shot, ball speed was the fastest at straight shot, and smash factor was the lowest at draw shot. About the vertical launch angle, the fade shot showed the highest launch angle while the max height of the ground and ball was the highest at fade shot. And carry was the longest at draw shot. For the flight time, it was the longest at draw shot. The landing angle was the largest at fade shot. About the club head position change and trajectory, at the overall event point, the fade shot drew a more outer trajectory at the point of the follow through(E6) than the straight or draw shot. Regarding the angular speed of shoulder rotation, at the overall event point, the fade shot showed the greatest angular speed change in the follow through(E6). Also, about the angular speed of pelvic rotation, at the overall event point, the draw shot showed the greatest angular speed change at the point of down swing(E4). Concerning the stance angle change, both straight and fade shots were open as the concept of open stance whereas the draw shot was close as that of close stance. Regarding the previous study, the most important factor of deciding Ball Quality is the club face angle's open and close state at Impact. In short, the Ball Quality and carry were decided by this factor.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.106-116
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• 1990

This study was conducted to investigate of water qualities in the upper and middle reaches of the Han River. For this purpose, water was sampled at Kwangjin and 1st Han-River Bridges of the Han River in Seoul and analysed from August, 1988 to September, 1989. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Water quality at 1st Han-River Bridge was more polluted than that at Kwangjin Bridge. 2. Except biological oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, suspended solid (SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), DO saturation (DOS), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$), nitrite nitrogen ($NO_2-N$) and chloride ion ($Cl^-$) at Kwangjin and 1st Han-River Bridges were lower as compared with the previous data before redevelopment of the Han River. 3. SS, DO and pH at Kwangjin and 1st Han-River Bridges could be classified to the 1st grade in environmental water quality standard. DOS at Kwangjin Bridge was over 100% and that at 1st Han-River Bridge was below 100% in the Han River. BOD at Kwangjin Bridge could be classified to End grade and that at 1st Han-River Bridge to 3rd grade in environmental water quality standard. 4. The higher the level of water was, the lower the levels of turbidity and SS, and $NH_3-N$ was decreased with increasing water level at 1st Han-River Bridge. DO was decreased as water temperature went up but DOS was increased with DO. BOD was positively correlated with nitrite-nitrogens. 5. Turbidity and SS at the both sites and Chloride ion ($Cl^-$) at Kwangjin Bridge were increased in July and August. And DO at the both sites and $NH_3-N$ at 1st Han-River Bridge were decreased in at July and August.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.5-12
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• 1971

For the measurement of the fat contents and nutritional status of urban High School girls, an intensive examination was conducted on a total of 2,085 students from 13 to 19 years of age groups. Total body fat cotents were measured by Skin-fold thickness with a Skin-fold Caliper manufactured by Cambridge Scientific Industrial Inc. at four sites of the body and it was calculated by Kim's regression equation. And Heights, Weights, and Chest circumferences were measured with Martin's Anthropometer. As the results of this study, the following conclusions were obtained: 1. The averages of heights, weights and chest girths were 153.1 cm, 46.2 kg and 76.6 cm. respectively. 2. The mean Skin-fold thicknesses of each site measured with a Lange skin-fold Caliper were: Sub-scapular: $13.44\;mm{\pm}4.41\;mm$. Abdominal : $10.55\;mm{\pm}4.02\;mm$. Lumbar: $10.56\;mm{\pm}4.06\;mm$. Upper arm: $15.35\;mm{\pm}4.37\;mm$. Total Average: $12.46\;mm{\pm}4.48\;mm$. 3. The average Skin-fold thicknesaes by age were as follow: ·9.02 mm at 13 years of age. 10.04 at 14, 11.82 at 15, 14.43 at 16, 15.12 at 17, 16.48 at 18, and 16.61 at 19 respectively. 4. The mean of fat contents calculated according to regression equation was 11.04kg. (9.14 at 13, 9.98 at 14, 11.12 at 15, 11.74 at 16, 12.21 at 17, 12.96 at 18, 13.29 at 19 respectively.)

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.369-382
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was finding the pain inhibitory effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$. The pain at dentes incisivi was evoked by noxious electric stimulation and EMG changes based on the interval were measured. To do this, the opioid antagonist was administered intraperitoneally. Following are some of results. 1. The pain inhibitory effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ was 94.35%, 84.56%, 57.62%, 54.40%, at 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes respectively. All the data were calculated based on 100% at 0 minute. The effect was very significant at 40 minutes. 2. The continuous effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ after taking out the needle was 58.58%, 57.62%, 66.22%, 73.18%, 83.70%, 92.68%, at 50, 50, 70, 80, 90 and 100 minutes respectively. The overall continuous effect was shown its maximum 20 minutes after taking out the needle and reached to the initial value at 60 minutes. 3. The pain inhibitory effect following the naloxone administration and acupuncture application at $LI_4$ was 95.96%, 96.04%, 94.86%, 94.92% at 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes respectively. All values showed similar tendency to the initial data. 4. The continuous effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ after taking out the needle which was preceded by the naloxone administration was 94.48%, 96.02%, 96.02%, 98.00%, 98.46%, 97.18% at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 minutes respectively. This trend was not a significant fluctuation. It was concluded that effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ was shown in conjunction with secretion of analgesic substance. Therefore it is implied that the acupuncture application will play a major role in treating many diseases with more revelation of scientific acupuncture mechanism. Further studies of acupuncture manipulation are needed in the future based on our study.