• 한국동물학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 1987

The spontaneous bilateral asymmetry was analyzed in the hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus to obtain base line data on the developmental stability of this fish. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Eight kinds of countable anatomical characters except numbers of otolith and radii branchiostegi showed bilateral asymmetry at the frequency ranging from 9.8% to 64.7%. 2. Asymmetry index was not significantly different from that of gonochoristic fish species previously reported. Genetical implication of the results was discussed in relation to developmental stability and homozygosity of this species.

• 셀메드
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.19.1-19.2
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• 2015

This is a case report involving a novel setting of sonographic scan for thickness of superficial abdominal fat and a non-invasive approach for reduction of the fat thickness. A 38-year-old woman complained of her abdominal contour asymmetry after the laser-assisted liposuction performed two years ago. Compression-free sonographic scanning confirmed that her superficial abdominal fat was thicker in left side than that of right side. After 9 sessions of 40KHz therapeutic ultrasound, the contour asymmetry was reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2011

Introduction: To correct the facial asymmetry by mandibular jaw surgery, it is important to know the anatomy of the mandible including the mandibular canal positioning of patients with facial asymmetry. This study was performed to evaluate the differences in the cross-sectional surface in the body of the mandible between the deviated side and opposite side in patients with facial asymmetry. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 37 adult patients composed of 2 groups, the asymmetry group (n=20) and non-asymmetry group (n=17). Using the cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) images, the distance from the buccal aspect of the mandibular canal to the outer aspect of the buccal cortex, distance from the buccal aspect of the mandibular canal to the inner aspect of the buccal cortex, distance from the inferior aspect of the mandibular canal to the inferior border of the mandible, thickness of the mandible, and cross-sectional surface area of the mandible were measured in each side of the mandible Results: The cross-sectional area of the mandible including the mandibular canal positioning in the deviated side was not statistically different from the opposite side in the asymmetry group. Only the distance from the inferior aspect of the mandibular canal to the inferior border of the mandible in the ramus area of the deviated side was significantly longer than opposite side. On the other hand, the bucco-lingual width of the asymmetry group was thinner than the non-asymmetry group. Conclusion: The cross-sectional area including the mandibular canal of the mandible did not appear to be modified by the facial asymmetry.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.198-223
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean medicine treatment on facial asymmetric treatment in 5 cases of facial asymmetry correction by non - surgical treatment such as acupucture, chuna treatment, FCST (Functional cerebrospinal technique) and cranial osteopathy. Methods: We analyzed the initial charts of 5 patients who had undergone facial asymmetry in a Korean medicine clinic and measured the position and distance using the photograph, lateral cephalograms, and whole body radiograms. The results were as follows. Results: To quantify both soft and hard tissues to confirm the results of Korean medicine treatment of facial asymmetry, soft tissues quantitatively measure the displacement of the face, the slope of the left and right eyes, and the slope of the lip in order to grasp the positional displacement of the mandible. As a result, on the average, the correction effect as measured by the angle difference between A and C is $1.8{\pm}0.57$, the correction effect as measured by the angle difference between B and C is $1.4{\pm}0.89$, and the angle difference between D and the horizontal plane is $1.9{\pm}0.89$, and the angle difference between E and the horizontal plane is $1.9{\pm}0.89$. The result of reduced angle difference between A and C means that the head position shifted from the center of the body to the unilateral side was shifted to the center. The decrease in the angle difference between B and C means the restoration of the maxillary distortion relative to the mandible. In hard tissues, numerical values were measured based on the skull standard. The average distortion of the skull was $1.9{\pm}0.67$, and the distortion of the lower eye was $1.4{\pm}0.41$. Conclusion: General studies on facial asymmetric treatment are limited to treatments such as surgery and orthodontics. However, this study confirmed the possibility that facial asymmetry could be corrected by Korean medical treatment consisting of reversible non-surgical treatment rather than irreversible treatment such as surgery or orthodontic treatment. In particular, Korean medicine treatment is effective for muscular asymmetry, soft asymmetry, functional asymmetry, etc. The facial asymmetric treatment of Korean medicine is not limited to the face-centered correction, but the asymmetry of the whole body may be corrected as well.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2023

Objectives: The aim of the study was to quantify and compare craniofacial asymmetry in subjects with and without symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). Materials and Methods: A total of 126 adult subjects were categorized into two groups (63 with a TMDs and 63 without a TMDs), based on detection of symptoms using the Temporomandibular Joint Disorder-Diagnostic Index (TMD-DI) questionnaire. Posteroanterior cephalograms of each subject were traced manually and 17 linear and angular measurements were analyzed. Craniofacial asymmetry was quantified by calculating the asymmetry index (AI) of bilateral parameters for both groups. Results: Intra- and intergroup comparisons were analyzed using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively, with a P<0.05 considered statistically significant. An AI for each linear and angular bilateral parameter was calculated; higher asymmetry was found in TMD-positive patients compared with TMD-negative patients. An intergroup comparison of AIs found highly significant differences for the parameters of antegonial notch to horizontal plane distance, jugular point to horizontal plane distance, antegonial notch to menton distance, antegonial notch to vertical plane distance, condylion to vertical plane distance, and angle formed by vertical plane, O point and antegonial notch. Significant deviation of the menton distance from the facial midline was also evident. Conclusion: Greater facial asymmetry was seen in the TMD-positive group compared with the TMD-negative group. The mandibular region was characterized by asymmetries of greater magnitude compared with the maxilla. Patients with facial asymmetry often require management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology to achieve a stable, functional, and esthetic result. Ignoring the TMJ during treatment or failing to provide proper management of the TMJ and performing only orthognathic surgery may result in worsening of TMJ-associated symptoms (jaw dysfunction and pain) and re-occurrence of asymmetry and malocclusion. Assessments of facial asymmetry should take into account TMJ disorders to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

The function of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles was assessed by electromyography in 30 patients with mandibular prognathism (20 patients with facial asymmetry and 10 patients without facial asymmetry) before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Electromyogram(EMG) recordings were made during resting, clenching and swallowing. We compared with right-left difference of this recording and asymmetry index before and after orthognathic surgery. The result of this study was as follows. 1. There was no significant right-left difference in muscle activities of masticatory muscles both asymmetric groups and controls and many variable change after orthognathic surgery.(P>0.05) 2. The mean electric activity of the masticatory muscles was found to have decreased during more clenching than resting, but there was no statistically significant difference because of individual difference of measuring values.(P>0.05) 3. The asymmetry index of masticatory muscles in asymmetric groups was significantly greater during clenching compared with controls.(P<0.05) In conclusion, no right-left difference of muscle activities was found in patients with facial asymmetry before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Not only muscular functioning but also many other factors, such as occlusion, temporomandibular joint disorder and trauma, probably affect facial asymmetry and will be analyzed in future studies. And we will need long term follow-up after orthognathic surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between 2-dimensional (2D) cephalometric measurement and 3-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) measurement, and to evaluate the availability of 3D analysis for asymmetry patients. Materials and Methods: A total of Twenty-seven patients were evaluated for facial asymmetry by photograph and cephalometric radiograph, and CBCT. The 14 measurements values were evaluated and those for 2D and 3D were compared. The patients were classified into two groups. Patients in group 1 were evaluated for symmetry in the middle 1/3 of the face and asymmetry in the lower 1/3 of the face, and those in group 2 for asymmetry of both the middle and lower 1/3 of the face. Results: In group 1, significant differences were observed in nine values out of 14 values. Values included three from anteroposterior cephalometric radiograph measurement values (cant and both body height) and six from lateral cephalometric radiographs (both ramus length, both lateral ramal inclination, and both gonial angles). In group 2, comparison between 2D and 3D showed significant difference in 10 factors. Values included four from anteroposterior cephalometric radiograph measurement values (both maxillary height, both body height) and six from lateral cephalometric radiographs (both ramus length, both lateral ramal inclination, and both gonial angles). Conclusion: Information from 2D analysis was inaccurate in several measurements. Therefore, in asymmetry patients, 3D analysis is useful in diagnosis of asymmetry.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2018

Objective: This retrospective study compared the three-dimensional (3D) structure of mandibular condyles between adults with and without facial asymmetry, and whether it influences menton deviation. Methods: Sixty adult patients were classified into symmetry and asymmetry groups based on the menton deviation on postero-anterior radiographs. The right/left differences of 3D measurements were compared between the two groups, and measurements were compared separately on the right and left sides. The correlations between menton deviation and the right/left differences were analyzed. Results: The mediolateral dimension, neck length, condylar angles to the anteroposterior reference (PO) and midsagittal reference planes, and neck and head volumes showed significantly larger right/left differences in the asymmetry group compared to the symmetry group. Separate comparisons of the right and left sides between the two groups showed that the neck was significantly shorter and neck and head volumes were significantly smaller on the left side, which was deviated side in the asymmetry group. Pearson's correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations of menton deviation with right/left differences in neck length, condylar angle to the PO plane, and neck and head volumes in the asymmetry group. Conclusions: In individuals with facial asymmetry, menton deviation is associated with the right/left differences caused by a smaller condyle on the deviated side, particularly in neck length and neck and head volumes.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.108-116
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• 2008

Background : When surgeons plan mandible ortho surgery for patients with skeletal class III facial asymmetry, they must be consider the exact method of surgery for correction of the facial asymmetry. Three-dimensional (3D) CT imaging is efficient in depicting specific structures in the craniofacial area. It reproduces actual measurements by minimizing errors from patient movement and allows for image magnification. Due to the rapid development of digital image technology and the expansion of treatment range, rapid progress has been made in the study of three-dimensional facial skeleton analysis. The purpose of this study was to conduct 3D CT image comparisons of mandible changes after mandibular surgery in facial asymmetry patients. Materials & methods : This study included 7 patients who underwent 3D CT before and after correction of facial asymmetry in the oral and maxillofacial surgery department of Yeungnam University Hospital between August 2002 and November 2005. Patients included 2 males and 5 females, with ages ranging from 16 years to 30 years (average 21.4 years). Frontal CT images were obtained before and after surgery, and changes in mandible angle and length were measured. Results : When we compared the measurements obtained before and after mandibular surgery in facial asymmetry patients, correction of facial asymmetry was identified on the "after" images. The mean difference between the right and left mandibular angles before mandibular surgery was $7^{\circ}$, whereas after mandibular surgery it was $1.5^{\circ}$. The right and left mandibular length ratios subtracted from 1 was 0.114 before mandibular surgery, while it was 0.036 after mandibular surgery. The differences were analyzed using the nonparametric test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test (p<0.05). Conclusion: The system that has been developed produces an accurate three-dimensional representation of the skull, upon which individualized surgery of the skull and jaws is easily performed. The system also permits accurate measurement and monitoring of postsurgical changes to the face and jaws through reproducible and noninvasive means.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.266-273
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• 2005

Purpose: To assess the relationship between soft tissue reference line and hard tissue reference line using the standardized photographs and the posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs(P-A)in facial asymmetric patients and to compare the differences of angular measurement between normal group and asymmetry group. Methods: Normal group consisted of 44 persons with normal occlusion and normal facial morphology. Asymmetry group consisted of 90 patients with facial asymmetry. Standardized facial photographs and P-A were taken in all subjects. The horizontal reference lines were bipupillary line in photographs and latero-orbitale line in P-A respectively. The vertical reference line were the line from the midpoint of horizontal reference line perpendicularly. Angular measurement of otobasion canting, lip canting, nose deviation, chin deviation, and maxillary deviation were compared and analyzed in photographs. And angular measurement of mastoid canting, mandibular canting, nose deviation, chin deviation, and maxillary deviation were compared and analyzed in P-A. Results: 1. The variables of photographs and P-A were significantly related in the asymmetry group. 2. Significant differences between all variables except for PT2 and PA2 were shown in the asymmetry group and between PT1 and PA1, PT3 and PA3 in the normal group respectively. 3. Comparison measurement scores of angular difference between control group and experimental group concerning each variable showed significant difference except for PA1. Conclusions: Soft tissue components may not compensate for underlying skeletal imbalance in nose deviation and chin deviation. The horizontal reference lines in photographs were significant related with the P-A, but angular variables between the two studies show significant differences. Therefore, we do not recommend use photography in the assessment the facial asymmetry as complemented in the P-A.