• Title/Summary/Keyword: ASTM method

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Investigation of the ASTM International frost heave testing method using a temperature-controllable cell

  • Hyunwoo, Jin;Jangguen, Lee;Byung-Hyun, Ryu
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp. 583-597
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    • 2022
  • Frost heave can cause uneven ground uplift that may damage geo-infrastructure. To assist damage-prevention strategies, standard frost heave testing methods and frost susceptibility criteria have been established and used in various countries. ASTM International standard testing method is potentially the most useful standard, as abundant experimental data have been acquired through its use. ASTM International provides detailed recommendations, but the method is expensive and laborious because of the complex testing procedure requiring a freezing chamber. A simple frost heave testing method using a temperature-controllable cell has been proposed to overcome these difficulties, but it has not yet been established whether a temperature-controllable cell can adequately replace the ASTM International recommended apparatus. This paper reviews the applicability of the ASTM International testing method using the temperature-controllable cell. Freezing tests are compared using various soil mixtures with and without delivering blow to depress the freezing point (as recommended by ASTM International), and it is established that delivering blow does not affect heave rate, which is the key parameter in successful characterization of frost susceptibility. As the freezing temperature decreases, the duration of supercooling of pore water shortens or is eliminated; i.e., thermal shock with a sufficiently low freezing temperature can minimize or possibly eliminate supercooling.

A Study of the Oxygen Plasma Treatment on the Serviceability of a Wool Fabric

  • Kan, C.W.;Chan, K.;Yuen, C.W.M.
    • Fibers and Polymers
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.213-218
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    • 2004
  • Low temperature plasma (LTP) treatment using oxygen gas was applied to a wool fabric. The LTP treated wool fabric was tested with several methods: ASTM D5035-1995, ASTM D1424-1996, AATCC Test Method 99-2000, AATCC Test Method 61-2001 lA, AATCC Test Method 15-2002 and AATCC Test Method 8-2001 and the results were compared with the industrial requirements (ASTM D3780-02 and ASTM D4155-0l). The results revealed that the LTP treated wool fabric could fulfil the industrial requirements. The results of the investigation were discussed thoroughly in this paper.

A Proposal of Hazard/Risk Assessment Criteria and an Asbestos Management Method for Asbestos-containing Building Materials

  • Park, Wha-Me;Kim, Yoon-Shin
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.66-72
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    • 2012
  • Objectives: The AHERA method by the US EPA, ASTM E2356-04, and HSG264 by the UK HSE, all of which are hazard/risk assessment methods for asbestos-containing building materials, were reviewed and compared based on 231 homogeneous areas. In addition, the current Act on Asbestos Safety Management (enforcement: April 29, 2012) was reviewed and analyzed. This trial provided fundamental data for improving the current asbestos hazard/risk assessment method. Methods: For the hazard/risk assessment of 77 asbestos-containing public buildings including schools, 231 homogeneous areas were selected, each of which was assessed using AHERA, ASTM E2356-04, and HSG264. Results: The matching rate of the hazard/risk assessment stood at 20.4 percent between AHERA and ASTM, at 71.4 percent between AHERA and HSG264 and at 17.8 percent between ASTM and HSG264. The AHERA method includes a seven-category rating scale. There were three categories, two of which have three subcategories. ASTM provides two decision-making charts consisting of ten rating scales for current condition estimation and for potential for disturbance estimation. In addition, the HSG264 method has a total of 20 scores with four items, and then provides four grades. This HSG264 method cannot clearly separate current condition and potential for disturbance. Conclusions: In the Korean Act on Asbestos Safety Management, the hazard/risk assessment method for asbestos-containing building materials should consider balance between current condition estimation and the potential for disturbance estimation.

Development of Appropriate Acid Digestion Method used for the Determination of Total Uranium in Soil by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) (유도결합플라즈마-질량분석기(ICP-MS)를 이용한 토양의 총 우라늄 정량에 요구되는 적정 산분해 전처리 방법 개발)

  • Shin, Gunhwan;Lee, Goontaek;Kang, Jiyoung;Yoon, Jungki;Kim, Hyunkoo;Noh, Hoejung;Kim, Jiin;Kim, Kyehoon
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.73-81
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    • 2018
  • Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), one of the most commonly used instruments for metal analysis, was used to determine total uranium in soil. The method was named as "Modified ASTM C1345-96". When comparing with ASTM C1345-96, digestion time (2~3 days) was shorten to 7 hours and the treatment in furnace was eliminated. In analyses of 26 field soil samples, there was a significant difference in the average concentration of total uranium between modified ASTM C1345-96 and ASTM C1345-96 (F : 6.22 > Fc : 4.03, significance level : 0.05, n=26). The average concentration of modified ASTM C1345-96 was 1.8 times larger than that of ASTM C1345-96. In addition, modified ASTM C1345-96 was compared with other acid digestion methods for soil including ISO 11466, Modified ISO 11466, US EPA-3051, US EPA-3051A and US EPA-3052 using a certificated reference material (SRM 2711a, NIST) and field soil samples with different level of organic matter content (1.6%, 5.8%, 10.6%). Modified ASTM C1345-96 showed the best accuracy of 93.01% for SRM 2711a. Also, modified ASTM C1345-96 showed the higher extraction rates than other digestion methods by 11~45%.

Comparison of Alkali-Silica Reactivity for Mortar Bar and Concrete Prism Specimens Using Crushed Aggregates in Korea (국내 쇄석골재를 사용한 모르타르 봉 및 콘크리트 각주 시험편의 알칼리-실리카 반응성 비교)

  • Kim, Seong-Kwon;Yun, Kyong-Ku;Hur, In
    • International Journal of Highway Engineering
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.93-99
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    • 2012
  • PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to compare the alkali-silica reactivity for mortar bar and concrete prism specimens using crushed aggregates of 5 types in Korea. And the alkali-silica reactivity for those aggregates are measured by chemical test method. METHODS: The alkali-silica reactivity for those aggregates was measured by chemical test method of KS F 2545, mortar-bar test of KS F 2546, accelerated mortar-bar test method of ASTM C 1260 and concrete prism test method of ASTM C 1293, relatively. RESULTS: The alkali-silica reactivity for those aggregates was verified by chemical test of KS F 2546 and accelerated mortar-bar test of ASTM C 1260. However, it was not by mortar-bar test of KS F 2546 and concrete prism test of ASTM C 1293. CONCLUSIONS: The above results showed that relationship among the four test methods were very low. The results from 3 types of test methods using cement-aggregate combinations appeared to be different. Because the environmental conditions of test methods for measuring the alkali-silica reactivity such as equivalent alkali content(external source), humidity, temperature, and times were different though the aggregates were same. Moreover, alkali-silica reactivity showed the biggest impact when alkalis were supplied form outside and exposed to environmental conditions. The accelerated mortar-bar test method seems to be most appropriate test method for concrete structures exposed to alkali environment.

Alkali- Aggregate Reaction of the Crushed Stones Depending on the ASTM C 227 and C 1260 Test Method (ASTM C 227과 ASTM C 1260에 따른 쇄석 골재의 알칼리-골재 반응성)

  • 전쌍순;이효민;진치섭;황진연;이진성
    • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.13-18
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    • 2003
  • The concrete structure can be easily damaged due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The alkali-aggregate reaction is a reaction between the alkalies(K or Na) in cement and an unstable mineral of the aggregates. There are several test methods to identify alkali reactivity of aggregates. In general, crushed stones are tested by petrographic examination, chemical method and 모르타르 바 method. This study tested alkali-aggregate reactivity of crushed stones that has different rock types such as granitic, volcanic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Samples are collected from 12 local aggregate production companies. Alkali-reactivity of various rock types was evaluated by using ASTM C 227 and C 1260, and compared the test results of two test methods.

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Discussion on the Current Mortar-bar Method (ASTM 0227-90) by Experimental Study (실험적 연구에 의한 현행 모르타르봉 시험법(ASTM C227-90)의 검토)

  • 정지곤;이동영;유신애;황형중
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.155-163
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    • 1996
  • The current ASTM C227-90 is a prescription on the mortar-bar method. This recornrnends that mortar-bars should be made using a mixing ratio by weight of 675 grams aggregate to 300 grams cement, and their initial lengths should be measured in $24{\pm}2$ hours. This method emphasizes that the prepare sample mortar-bars and calculate expansion rates of them. This method requires constant G values (effective gauge lengths) of denominator in the calculation formula, which are fixed either at 10 inches or 250mm. This study, based on experimental approaches, reexamines the suggestions made by those two prescriptions above and important results are summarized in the following. 1. Not only alkali-aggregate reaction but also interaction of interstitial and gel water are responsible for expansion of mortar-bars. This requires partial modification of the current ASTM C227-90. 2. A mixing ratio by volume rather than by weight of aggregate to cement is recommendable for measuring the amount of expansion resulting from alkali-aggregate reaction and from interstitial water. 3. The method of when to measure initial lengths and how to calculate expansion rate suggested by ASThI C227-90 and Cl90-93a should partly be modified for more accurate results.

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A Study on the Effect of Temperature on the Elastic-Plastic Fracture Toughness $J_{IC}$ of Materials (I) - A Comparative Study of $J_{IC}$ Test Methods Recommended by ASTM and JSME - (재료의 탄소성 파괴인성치 $J_{IC}$의 온도 의존성에 관한 연구 I - AST과 JSME의 $J_{IC}$ 시험법에 관한 비교연구 -)

  • 석창성;최용식;양원호;김영진
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.653-659
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    • 1989
  • Elastic-plastic fracture toughness J$_{IC}$ can be used as an effective design criterion in elastic plastic fracture mechanics. In the J$_{IC}$ test methods approved by ASTM and JSME, there are discrepancies such as the definition of J$_{IC}$, the slope of the blunting line, curve fitting method and the measurement of crack extension etc. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of these discrepancies on the determination of J$_{IC}$ values. Fracture toughness tests were performed on A516, SA508 and SCM415 steels, and test results were analyzed according to ASTM E 813-81, ASTM E 813-87 and JSME S 001-1981. Results showed significant differences depending on the analysis methods. Therefore, a conversion equation between two ASTM methods was proposed, and the conversion error was within acceptable range(less then 8.5%)en 8.5%)

A Study on the Prediction of the Octane Number of Gasolines from the Carbon Type Structural Compositions by 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C-NMR에 의해 결정된 탄소 유형별 구조적 조성으로부터 가솔린 옥탄가의 예측에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Ju-Hwan;Chun, Yong-Jin;Choi, Ung-Su;Choi, Young-Sang;Kwon, Oh-Kwan
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.4 no.4
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    • pp.753-759
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    • 1993
  • The research and motor octane numbers (RON & MON, respectively) of a gasoline are dynamic measures of its quality of performance as a fuel. ASTM standard engine test methods (RON:ASTM D-2699, MON:ASTM D-2700) have been used for determining the octane numbers (RON,MON)of gasolines. But these methods have been widely criticized because their repeatability and reproducibility of the test method are very poor. In addition to these objections, the cost and operation time involved in measuring by the standard method led to searches for "non -engine" methods (Gas Chromatographic method, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic method). In this study, we determined the carbon type structural compositions of the gasolines by $^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopy and predicted the octane number (RON & MON) with good accuracy. we presented an assessment of the effects of molecular structural composition on octane numbers.

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Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete from Maewhacheon A, B area (ASTM C 295) (콘크리트를 위한 매화천 A, B 지역 골재의 암석기재학적 시험 (ASTM C 295))

  • 정지곤
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.85-98
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    • 2001
  • This study deals with the petrographic examination of aggregates(ASTM C 295) which is one of the methods to diagnose the quality of aggregates for concrete artifacts. A number of examinations including size and sieve analysis, test on the coating material, description of the weathering and contamination condition, petrographic description, and qualitative and quantitative analyses on the rocks and minerals potential to alkali-aggregates reactivity are carried out to examine the quality of aggregates. Petrographic description method examined on the fluvial aggregates from Maewhacheon A, B area, Uljin-gun, Kyungnam province shows that weathering grade ranges from F(fresh) to WS(slightly weathered) and coating material and contamination are not in a harmful condition. The weight percentage of the alkali-aggregates reactive minerals or structurally unstable rocks of the aggregates from study area covers 26% and 19% of all aggregates, respectively. So it is necessary to further identify their quality through the chemical(ASTM C 289) and mortar-bar method (ASTM C 227).

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