• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1400-1404
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• 2006

생물학적 질소, 인 제거 공정(이하 BNR)의 운전에 있어서 최적 유입수의 C/N(COD/TKN)비, SRT 및 온도의 범위 및 정량적 수치 등은 유기물 뿐 만아니라 질소, 인의 처리 효율에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 특히, 외국과 다른 저농도 유기물 특성을 보이는 국내 하수에 대해서는 BNR 공정의 선택과 설계 및 운전인자의 선별이 무엇보다도 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 IAWQ에서 제시한 ASM No.2d를 기초로 하여 만들어진 전산모형인 Envirosim사의 Biowin 프로그램을 시뮬레이션 도구로 활용하여, 국내 하수에 비교적 적용하기 용이한 A2/O 공정과 MUCT 공정에 대한 유기물, 질소 및 인처리 효율을 비교하고 유입수의 C/N와 SRT 및 온도에 따른 질소, 인 처리 특성과 유출수의 거동 등을 파악하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 국내 하수에서는 A2/O 보다는 MUCT 공정이 질소, 인 처리효율이 더 크게 나타났다. 온도와 SRT가 일정한 상태에서 C/N비는 7이상에서 TKN과 TP제거효율이 양호하게 나타났고, 온도와 C/N비를 일정한 조건에서는 SRT가 7일을 넘어서면 효율이 급격히 낮아지는 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 온도조건 실험에서는 $20^{\circ}C$이하, 특히 국내 하수처리장에 BNR 적용시 설게조건인 $13^{\circ}C$에 근접해서는 TKN의 제거효율은 급격히 떨어지는 반면에 인 제거효율이 상승하는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2010

The effect of Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and Rahnella aquatilis Ra39 against apple fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora were tested as a possible alternative to streptomycin. In vitro studies, no inhibition effect against the pathogen was found when ASM was tested. Under greenhouse conditions, application of R. aquatilis Ra39 with the highly susceptible M26 rootstock resulted in a marked disease suppression. Application of ASM and strain Ra39 caused a high decrease of the disease, 82% and 58% respectively; this was correlated with a reduction of the growth of the pathogen within host plants up to 64% and 49.5% respectively. Further studies in the field under artificial infection condition during full bloom revealed that application of ASM and R. aquatilis Ra39 with Gala variety resulted in a control effect up to 21 and 29% respectively. In physiological studies, enhanced activities of PR-proteins (chitinase and $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase) were detected, which are well known as biochemical markers for systemic acquired resistance. Application of ASM to apple shoots caused the highest chitinase activity followed by strain Ra39. The enzyme activity was increased after 2, 4 and 6 days from application. In addition, ASM-treatment caused the higher $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase activity than strain Ra39. Maximum enzyme activity was recorded after 6 days from application and then decreased after 8 and 10 days from application.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

Process analysis with ASM3 (Activated Sludge Model3) was performed to offer basic data for the optimization of aerated biofilter (ABF) process design and operation. This study was focused on the simulation of the nitrification reaction in ABF which was a part of the advanced nutrient treatment process using bio-adsorption. The ABF process has been developed for the removal of suspended solids and nitrification reaction in sewage. A GPS-X (General Purpose Simualtor-X) was used for the sensitivity analysis and operation assessment. Sensitivity of ASM3 parameters on ABF was analysed and 4 major parameters ($Y_A$, $k_{sto}$, ${\mu}_A$, $K_{A,HN}$) were determined by dynamic simulation using 70 days data from pilot plant operation. The optimized values were 0.14 for $Y_A$, 3.5/d for $k_{sto}$, 2.7/d for ${\mu}_A$ and 1.1 mg/L for $K_{A,HN}$, respectively. Simulation with optimized parameter values were conducted and TN, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $NO_3{^-}-N$ concentrations were estimated and compared with measured data at the range of 10 min to 4 hrs of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The simulated results showed that optimized parameter values could represent the characteristics of ABF process. Especially, the ABF showed relatively high nitrification rate (60%) under very short HRT of 10 min. As a consequence, the ABF was thought to be successfully used in the site which having high variation of influent loading rate.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2010

네덜란드 브리젠빈 하폐수처리장 최종방류수의 $NH_4$-N 및 TN(Total Nitrogen)농도를 방류수 수질기준인 각각 4 mg/L와 10 mg/L에 맞추기 위한 최적의 운전조건을 도출하기 위해 다양한 제어시스템이 시뮬레이션 되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 모델은 IWA(International Water Association) 활성슬러지 모델 No.1 (ASM No.1)이었고, GPS-X가 시뮬레이터로 사용되었다. 모델링을 위한 매개변수 민감도 분석결과 ASM No.1의 총 19개 매개변수 중 8개 변수 ($Y_H$, ksh, koh, $b_H$, ${\mu}_a$, $k_{NA}$, kh, ka)가 방류수 수질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었고 이들 매개변수에 대해 보정을 수행하여 사용하였다. SRT, 호기/무산소기간, 외부탄소원 주입시간 변화에 따른 방류수질 변화를 시뮬레이션하였는데, 호기/무산소 11h/1h인 조건에서 SRT가 20일에서 25일로 증가되면 $NH_4$-N가 5.0 mg/L에서 2.9 mg/L로 감소되었고 호기/무산소 2h/1h의 조건에서는 SRT증가에 따라 $NH_4$-N은 큰 감소를 보이지만, 바이패스되는 유입수량의 감소로 탈질율이 낮아 방류수 TN이 11.1~11.5 mg/L로 예측되는 결과가 도출되었다. 탈질율을 높이기 위한 아세트산 주입은 동일한 양의 아세트산을 무산소 전기간 (1h)동안 균일 주입하는 것 보다는 무산소 초기 15분내에 주입하는 것이 효율적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.593-594
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• 2015

We present our analysis results for an updated orbital ephemeris for the dipping low mass X-ray binary 4U 1624-49, using the light curve collected by the All Sky Monitor (ASM) on board the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and the Monitor of All-Sky X-ray Image (MAXI). To make clear dip profiles, the light curve from the ASM and the MAXI were divided into ten 500d segments and four 400d segments for ASM and MAXI light curves, respectively, and folded with the linear ephemeris proposed by Smale et al. (2001). The phases of dip centers were determined by the method adopted from Hu et al. (2008). The phase drift was then fitted with a linear function. We obtained an updated orbital period of 0.869896(1) d and a phase zero epoch of JD 2450088.6618(57). No clear orbital period derivative is detected with a 2-sigma upper limit of $1.4{\times}10^{-6}(yr)^{-1}$ from a quadratic curve fitting of the dip phase evolution.

• 한국노년학
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.703-714
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of combined exercise on body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in sarcopenic obesity elderly women. The subjects for the study were 21 obesity elderly women over 65 years old . They were divided into two groups, the sarcopenic obesity group(n=9) and non-sarcopenic obesity group(n=12). The variables of body composition and cardiovascular fitness were measured in all the subjects before and after 16-week combined exercise. All data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and paired t-test by using SPSS 18.0. The findings of this study were as follows; 1. Effects on body composition The relationship between sarcopenia and body composition were only significant for the group ${\times}$ time interaction in FFM. In the sarcopenic obesity elderly women, % body fat significantly decreased and sarcopenia reduced by 30%, but there were no significant changes in the FFM and ASM. On the other hand, the non-sarcopenic obesity elderly women significantly decreased % body fat and significantly increased FFM and ASM. 2. Effects on cardiovascular fitness Both groups significantly increased V˙ O2peak. The most important finding in this study was that sarcopenic obesity elderly women showed delayed effects of a 16-week combined exercise on FFM and ASM compared to the non-sarcopenic obesity elderly women. However, the further studies might need to confirm these results with both genders, different age groups, and various exercise types.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The body composition changes in aging increased the risk of metabolic disorder. Recent dietary studies have increasingly focused on the correlations between dietary patterns and chronic diseases to overcome the limitations of traditional single-nutrient studies because nutrients in food have complex relations that interact. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study was conducted to classify a dietary pattern among Korean elderly using cluster analysis and to explore the relationships between dietary patterns and body composition changes in Korean elderly aged 65 years or older. The study subjects (n=1,435) were individuals who participated in the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) in 2011. RESULTS: There were three dietary patterns derived by cluster analysis in this study: 'Traditional Korean' (37.49% of total population), 'Meat and Alcohol' (19.65%) and 'Westernized Korean' (42.86%). The (1) 'Traditional Korean' pattern was characterized by high consumptions of white rice and low protein, low fat, and low milk products, while (2) 'Westernized Korean' pattern ate a Korean-style diet base with various foods such as noodles, bread, eggs and milk, (3) 'Meat and Alcohol' pattern had high consumptions of meat and alcohol. In body composition changes, compared with the 'Traditional Korean' pattern, the 'Meat & alcohol' pattern was associated with a 50% increased risk of having elevated BMI ($kg/m^2$), 'Westernized Korean' pattern was associated with a 74% increased abnormality of ASM/Wt (kg) by logistics analysis. Most of the Korean adult population continues to follow ether a traditional Korean having beneficial effects for successful aging. However, the 'Traditional Korean' pattern showed low protein intake (0.7 g/kg), calcium intake, and vitamin D intake as well as low of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM (kg)) among 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the low ASM, consumption of protein, calcium and vitamin D should be increased for Korean elderly health body composition.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2022

Background: Texture analysis has been used as a method for quantifying image properties based on textural features. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) texture analysis for the evaluation of viable ovarian tissue on the perfusion map of ovarian endometriosis. Methods: To generate a normalized perfusion map, subtracted T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T1WI and contrast-enhanced T1W1 with sequences were performed using the same parameters in 25 patients with surgically confirmed ovarian endometriosis. Integrated density is defined as the sum of the values of the pixels in the image or selection. We investigated the parameters for texture analysis in ovarian endometriosis, including angular second moment (ASM), contrast, correlation, inverse difference moment (IDM), and entropy, which is equivalent to the product of area and mean gray value. Results: The perfusion ratio and integrated density of normal ovary were 0.52±0.05 and 238.72±136.21, respectively. Compared with the normal ovary, the affected ovary showed significant differences in total size (p<0.001), fractional area ratio (p<0.001), and perfusion ratio (p=0.010) but no significant differences in perfused tissue area (p=0.158) and integrated density (p=0.112). In comparison of parameters for texture analysis between the ovary with endometriosis and the contralateral normal ovary, ASM (p=0.004), contrast (p=0.002), IDM (p<0.001), and entropy (p=0.028) showed significant differences. A linear regression analysis revealed that fractional area had significant correlations with ASM (r²=0.211), IDM (r²=0.332), and entropy (r²=0.289). Conclusion: MRI texture analysis could be useful for the evaluation of viable ovarian tissues in patients with ovarian endometriosis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.585-597
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• 2019

A disease forecast model for Marssonina blotch of apple was developed based on field observations on airborne spore catches, weather conditions, and disease incidence in 2013 and 2015. The model consisted of the airborne spore model (ASM) and the daily infection rate model (IRM). It was found that more than 80% of airborne spore catches for the experiment period was made during the spore liberation period (SLP), which is the period of days of a rain event plus the following 2 days. Of 13 rain-related weather variables, number of rainy days with rainfall ≥ 0.5 mm per day (L_day), maximum hourly rainfall (P_max) and average daily maximum wind speed (W_avg) during a rain event were most appropriate in describing variations in airborne spore catches during SLP (S_i) in 2013. The ASM, Ŝ_i = 30.280+5.860×L_day×P_max-2.123×L_day×P_max×W_avg was statistically significant and capable of predicting the amount of airborne spore catches during SLP in 2015. Assuming that airborne conidia liberated during SLP cause leaf infections resulting in symptom appearance after 21 days of incubation period, there was highly significant correlation between the estimated amount of airborne spore catches (Ŝ_i) and the daily infection rate (R_i). The IRM, ${\hat{R}}_i$ = 0.039+0.041×Ŝ_i, was statistically significant but was not able to predict the daily infection rate in 2015. No weather variables showed statistical significance in explaining variations of the daily infection rate in 2013.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.538-548
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to identify the possibility of effective tuning works, understand the characteristics of tuning engine, and analyse the basic data of engine tuning inspection corresponding to the safe operation and environment of a driving gasoline car. The effects of tuning on the characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions under a wide range of engine speeds are experimentally investigated by the actual driving car with a four-cycle, four-cylinder DOHC, turbo-intercooler, water-cooled gasoline engine operating at four types of non-tuning, tuning 1, 2 and 3. The tuning parts in the gasoline engine are the intake manifold, intake pipe and air filter. In the experiment, the output, torque and air-fuel ratio of the five-speed automatic transmission vehicles were measured at the chassis dynamometer(Dynojet 224xLC) with one person on board. The exhaust emissions of $NO_X$, THC, CO, $O_2$ and $CO_2$, and excess air ratio(${\lambda}$) at the other chassis dynamometer(DASAN-MD-ASM-97-KR-HD) were also measured by the idle/constant-speed mode(ASM2525 mode) test method. It is found that the actual air-fuel ratios of non-tuning and tuning engines were shown to be lower than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio with increasing engine speed, and the actual air-fuel ratio of non-tuning engine was slightly higher than those of tuning engines when the engine speed is more than 4000 rpm. The output was significantly increased by the tuning whereby the maximum output of tuning engine was more increased to approximately 117.64% than that of non-tuning engine. In addition, CO, THC and $NO_X$ emissions of non-tuning and tuning engines measured by the constant-speed test mode were all satisfied with the inspection standards. CO emission was increased, while THC and $NO_X$ emissions were reduced by tuning.