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  • Title/Summary/Keyword: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

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Extraction and Application of Bulk Enzymes and Antimicrobial Substance from Spent Mushroom Substrates

  • Lim, Seon-Hwa;Kwak, A Min;Min, Kyong-Jin;Kim, Sang Su;Kang, Hee Wan
    • 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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    • 2014.10a
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    • pp.19-19
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    • 2014
  • Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Flammulina velutipes are major edible mushrooms that account for over 89% of total mushroom production in Korea. Recently, Agrocybe cylindracea, Hypsizygus marmoreus, and Hericium erinaceu are increasingly being cultivated in mushroom farms. In Korea, the production of edible mushrooms was estimated to be 614,224 ton in 2013. Generally, about 5 kg of mushroom substrate is needed to produce 1 kg of mushroom, and consequently about 25 million tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is produced each year in Korea. Because this massive amount of SMC is unsuitable for reuse in mushroom production, it is either used as garden fertilizer or deposited in landfills, which pollutes the environment. It is reasonably assumed that SMS includes different secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes produced from mycelia on substrate. Three major groups of enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases, and lignin degrading enzymes are involved in breaking down mushroom substrates. Cellulase and xylanase have been used as the industrial enzymes involving the saccharification of biomass to produce biofuel. In addition, lignin degrading enzymes such as laccases have been used to decolorize the industrial synthetic dyes and remove environmental pollutions such as phenolic compounds. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of biologically active compounds that show antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic or hallucinogenic activities. However, most previous researches have focused on therapeutics and less on the control of plant diseases. SMS can be considered as an easily available source of active compounds to protect plants from fungal and bacterial infections, helping alleviate the waste disposal problem in the mushroom industry and creating an environmentally friendly method to reduce plant pathogens. We describe extraction of lignocellulytic enzymes and antimicrobial substance from SMSs of different edible mushrooms and their potential applications.

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In vitro antibacterial activity, postantibiotic effects of norfloxacin and its interaction effects in combination with other antibiotics (시험관내에서 norfloxacin의 항균력과 다른 항생제와 병용투여시 상호작용)

  • Park, Seung-chun;Yun, Hyo-in;Oh, Tae-kwang
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.147-154
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    • 1997
  • 국내에서 많이 사용되고 있는 제2세대 quinolone 항생제인 norfloxacin(NFX)에 대한 약역학적인 특성을 구명하기 위하여 국내에서 분리된 동물유래 병원성 세균에 대하여 시험관내에서 실험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 즉, E coli(n=89) 대한 NFX의 MIC50MIC90는 공히 0.02g/ml이었으며, Streptococcus spp.(n=36)에 대한 NFX의 MIC50는 2g/ml 그리고 MIC90는 4g/ml로 나타났다. Salmonella spp.(n=56)에 대한 NFX의 MIC50MIC90 모두 0.2g/ml로 강한 항균력을 보였으며, Streptococcus spp.(n=24)에 대한 NFX의 MIC50는 2g/ml 그리고 MIC90가 4g/ml로 나타났다. Bacillus spp.(n=34)는 NFX의 MIC50MIC90는 모두 0.4g/ml으로서 대부분의 병원성 세균에 대해서 MIC50MIC90치가 동일하든지 또는 매우 비슷한 수치를 보여주었다. 그러나 NFX는 혐기성세균인 Clostridium spp.(n=34)에 대해서는 항균력이 매우 낮았다. 현재 수의임상에서 항균제 병용요법이 많이 응용되고 있는 것을 고려하여 NFX와 다른 항생물질간의 분획억제농도 (FICs)를 E coli 88ac을 시험균주로 하여 실험한 결과, NFX와 colistin과 병용할 때 FIC 값이 0.38로서 상승작용을 그리고 gentamicin, trimethoprim, amikacin, penicillin 및 tylosin과의 병용시 FIC 값이 각각 0.52, 0.56, 0.63, 1.00 및 1.02로서 상가작용을 보여주었으며, tetracyclin과의 병용시의 FIC값은 1.49로서 길항작용을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 한편 실제 항균제의 임상적용시 매우 주요한 요소인 항균활성후 저농도유효성(PAE)을 알아보기 위하여 E coli AB1157을 시험균주로 측정한 결과 PAE은 0.90~1.02 시간 그리고 S aureus R-209에 대해서는 PAE가 1.58~1.99 시간으로서 그람음성균 및 그람양성균 모두에 대해서 긴 PAE를 갖고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

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A Study on Antibacterial Activity and Seroprevalence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Isolated from the Domestic Chickens (국내 사육 닭에서 분리된 Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (OR)균의 약제 감수성 및 항체보유율에 대한 연구)

  • 전우진;권용국;윤여성;김재홍
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.161-165
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    • 2003
  • Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (OR) is a recently described gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium associated with respiratory tract infection in poultry. In order to investigate current occurrence of OR infection and to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility, the prevalence of OR antibody in domestic chickens were examined and the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of 8 antibiotics for 11 OR isolates was determined. All isolates tested were mostly susceptible to three antibiotics, ampicillin (MICs ranging from 0.38 μg/ml to 2 μg/ml), tetracycline (MICs 0.094~3 μg/ml) and doxycycline (MICs 0.047~4 μg/ml) but resistant to genatmicin. Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ofloxacin gave most isolates inhibition only in case of a higher concentration (MICs ranged in most cases from 3 μg/ml to 48 μg/ml). Out of 188 chicken flocks including broilers, broiler breeders, and layers, seropositive flock to OR were detected in 5 broilers (4%), 17 broiler breeders (50%), and 16 layers (55.2%), using commercial OR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kits. It suggested that OR infection was widespreaded in poultry farms in Korea.

Effects of In Vrtro Synergism of Eunkyo-san and Ciprofloxacin against 9 Strains of Aerobic Gram(+) Bacteria (은교산과 Ciprofloxacin 병용이 호기성 Gram(+) 세균주에 대한 시험관내 항균력에 미치는 영향)

  • Sin Chang-Ho;Song Kwang-Kyu;Park Mee-Yeon;Choi Hae-Yun;Kim Jong-Dae
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.26 no.1 s.61
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    • pp.195-205
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    • 2005
  • Objective & Methods: To evaluate the in vitro synergic effect of Eunkyo-san, a traditional poly-herbal formula used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in oriental medicine with quinolone antibiotics, represented by ciprofloxacin (CPFX), which was used in the minimal concentration (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90. of single use of quinolones in concomitant treatment with Eunkyo-san against 9 strain$ of gram positive bacteria. Results: In. the case of aerobic gram positive bacteria, the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus smith, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae Type I, Type II and Type III were significantly decreased in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san compared to those of single treated groups of CPFX, respectively. However, no significant changes were demonstrated against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion: The in vitro antibacterial activity of CPFX were increased against some strains of gram positive strains, especially, pneumococcus such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san.

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Hydrogel Dressing with a Nano-Formula against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Diabetic Foot Bacteria

  • El-Naggar, Moustafa Y.;Gohar, Yousry M.;Sorour, Magdy A.;Waheeb, Marian G.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.408-420
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    • 2016
  • This study proposes an alternative approach for the use of chitosan silver-based dressing for the control of foot infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Sixty-five bacterial isolates were isolated from 40 diabetic patients. Staphylococcus aureus (37%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.5%) were the predominant isolates in the ulcer samples. Ten antibiotics were in vitro tested against diabetic foot clinical bacterial isolates. The most resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolates were then selected for further study. Three chitosan sources were tested individually for chelating silver nanoparticles. Squilla chitosan silver nanoparticles (Sq. Cs-Ag0) showed the maximum activity against the resistant bacteria when mixed with amikacin that showed the maximum synergetic index. This, in turn, resulted in the reduction of the amikacin MIC value by 95%. For evaluation of the effectiveness of the prepared dressing using Artemia salina as the toxicity biomarker, the LC50 was found to be 549.5, 18,000, and 10,000 μg/ml for amikacin, Sq. Cs-Ag0, and dressing matrix, respectively. Loading the formula onto chitosan hydrogel dressing showed promising antibacterial activities, with responsive healing properties for the wounds in normal rats of those diabetic rats (polymicrobial infection). It is quite interesting to note that no emergence of any side effect on either kidney or liver biomedical functions was noticed.

Diversity and Chemical Defense Role of Culturable Non-Actinobacterial Bacteria Isolated from the South China Sea Gorgonians

  • Jiang, Peng;Zhang, Xiaoyong;Xu, Xinya;He, Fei;Qi, Shuhua
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.437-443
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    • 2013
  • The diversity of culturable non-actinobacterial (NA) bacteria associated with four species of South China Sea gorgonians was investigated using culture-dependent methods followed by analysis of the bacterial 16S rDNA sequence. A total of 76 bacterial isolates were recovered and identified, which belonged to 21 species of 7 genera, and Bacillus was the most diverse genus. Fifty-one percent of the 76 isolates displayed antibacterial activities, and most of them belonged to the Bacillus genus. From the culture broth of gorgonian-associated Bacillus methylotrophicus SCSGAB0092 isolated from gorgonian Melitodes squamata, 11 antimicrobial lipopeptides including seven surfactins and four iturins were obtained. These results imply that Bacillus strains associated with gorgonians play roles in coral defense mechanisms through producing antimicrobial substances. This study, for the first time, compares the diversity of culturable NA bacterial communities among four species of South China Sea gorgonians and investigates the secondary metabolites of gorgonian-associated B. methylotrophicus SCSGAB0092.

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Exposed in Somite Stage on Zebrafish Development (Somite stage에 노출된 은나노 입자가 zebrafish 발생에 미치는 영향)

  • Hong, Suk-Ho;Song, Hyung-Gwi;Jeong, Kyeong-Jun;Ko, Kwang-Il;Yeo, Min-Kyeong
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.17-23
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    • 2009
  • Nanotechnology, one of the technologies that forms the core of the recent scientific innovation, is used much in our real lives. Especially products that use nano silver are being sold, with its positive characteristics resulting from the antibacterial effects of both nano materials and silver. But critiques have pointed out that nano silver diffused into everyday life too quickly as we do not have done any comprehensive research about the material, and worry that nano silver will affect the ecology adversely. Therefore, this research focuses on investigating the toxicity of silver nanoparticles first. To compare the effects of exposure to silver nanoparticles at pre-somite stage and somite stage(10 hours after fertilization), we exposed zebrafish embryos to silver nanoparticles(15, 30 ppt) during embryogenesis, and then checked the details of catalase enzyme activity. The hatch rate decreased in the silver nanoparticles exposed groups(15 and 30 ppt); furthermore, the hatched fishes had an abnormal notochord, damaged eyes and curved tail. The catalase activities of the 15 ppt exposed group at somite stage increased relative to those in the control group. Therefore, the silver nanoparticles could seriously damage the development of zebrafish embryos. Especially, exposure to silver nanoparticles at somite stage did severer damage than exposure since pre-somite stage did.

Quality Improvement of Chokochujang by the Addition of Green Tea Extract (녹차추출물을 첨가한 초고추장의 품질향상)

  • Kim, Eun-Lyang;Kang, Sun-Chul
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.516-525
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    • 2007
  • The effect on quality improvement of Chokochujang by the addition of green tea extract (GT) was evaluated on the basis of total cell numbers, pH, acidity, sugar content and sensory evaluation during its storage at 25C and 37C for 3 weeks. A dorminant strain was isolated from the Chokochujang and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ER282 based on the 16S rDNA sequence. The ethanol extract from GT was investigated for its antibacterial activity aid showed good activities enough to use for Chokochujang as a natural preservative. Growth of microorganisms was significantly inhibited by adding GT extract to Chokochujang but pH, acidity, sugar content and color was not much changed. Sensory evaluation and overall preference, however, was continuously declined as storage period increased, whereas the addtion of 3% GT extract could delay the quality loss of Chokochujang during storage at 25C and 37C for 3 weeks.

IN VITRO STUDY ON THE CYTOTOXICITY OF THE DIFFERENTLY STERILIZED DEMINERALIZED BONE POWDER (멸균방법에 따른 탈회동종골의 세포독성 여부에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Woo, Ki-Sun;Yim, Chang-Joon;Kim, Se-Won;Kim, Jong-Yeo
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.287-299
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    • 1997
  • Procurement, cutting, cleansing, freezing, freeze-drying, and demineralization of the allogeneic bone must be made under the germ-free stable condition without bacterial and/or viral contamination. Even thought the bone is procured under the germ free condition, we must have confidence on disinfection of all the solutions that come in contact with tissue during the whole procedure. Lots of antibacterial agents have been introduced for chemical sterilization. Recently ethylene oxide gas sterilization or radiation sterilization is frequently selected as a secendary sterilization procedure. The biological and biochemical response of the graft material differs with the type and concentration of the sterilizing agents, and various toxic reactions have been reported due to the graft material itself and the substance released by the chemicals. The authors conducted the Millipore filter test to observe the toxic effect on L929 fibroblasts according to the effect on activity of succinate dehydrogenase, during the secondary sterilization of the demineralized allogeneic bone powder with irradiation or ethylene oxide gas. The result were as follows : 1. Around the copper disk, positive control group, 10mm diameter discoloration was observed. 2. As same as the negative control group, the disk showed no discoloration. 3. The demineralized allogeneic bone which was sterilized with ethylene oxide gas or irradiation showed no cytotoxicity. 4. From this results, it is suggested that treatment with ethylene oxide gas or irradiation should be effective to sterilize the deminineralized allogeneic bone.

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Physicochemical Properties, Stabilities and Pharmacokinetics of Cephalosporin 3'-Quinolone Dithiocarbamate (세팔로스포린 3'-퀴놀론의 물리화학적 성질, 안정성 및 체내약물동태)

  • 나성범;공재양;김완주;지웅길
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.638-646
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    • 1993
  • A cepfialosporin with an aminothiazoiylmethoxyimino-type side chain at the 7 position and bicyclic quinolone dithicarbamate at the 3' position was synthesized. It has broad and potent antivacterial activity in vitro. The antibacterial spectrum reflects contributions of both the cephalosporin moiety and the quinolone moiety. Thus, this compound was named DACD implying a dualaction cephalosporin derivative. In this paper, the physicochemical proper-ties (lipid-water partition, pKa), stability and pharmacokinetics of DACD were determined and compared with cefotaxime 3'-norfloxacin dithiocarbamate (CENO). Stability tests were studied in pH 1.20, 6.80 and 8.00 buffers and in the presence of AB type human plasma, rat liver homogenate and its .betha.-lactamase. The pharmacokinetic parameters of DACD were evaluated in mice after a single intravenous dose of 40 mg/kg. The results are as follows. The lipid-water partition coefficient of DACD was higher than that of CENO. The calculated pKa values of CENO and DACD, were 6.82±0.03, 7.53±0.21, respectively. In the hydrolysis test, half-lives (t1/2) of CENO and DACD was 66.0 hr and 80.0 hr in pH 6.80 buffer, 190 hr and 91.4 hr in pH 8.00 buffer. CENO and DACD were rapidly hydrolyzed in human plasma and in rat liver hornogenate. Half-lives (t1/2 of CENO and DACD were 1.29 hr and 1.15 hr in hyman plasma, 0.62 hr and 0.71 hr rat liver homogenate. In β-lactamase stability test, CENO and DACD were very stable to the .betha.-lactamases obtained from three different strains. Half-life (t1/2) and areas under the curve (AUC) in mice were 2.33 hr and 15.97 (mg.h/1), respectively.

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