• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.103-116
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• 2008

With increasing of communication technology in cyber-space, the space of consumer complain behavior moved from off-line to on-line, so called anti-site. No researches, however, really have done how the anti-sites worked for promoting consumer rights through consumer complain behaviors in cyber space. The purpose of this research was to give some suggestions for activating anti-site for promoting consumer rights. For this purpose, questionnaire on-line survey was conducted from April, 12 to 24, 2004. And 143 samples, who were visiting anti-site during survey period, were selected. Main findings were as following: First, visitors had rather positive confidence with informations in anti-sites. Second, visitors thought that anti-sites were working rather well in implementing consumer movement by sharing their experiences, and by supporting complaining space in cyber. Visitors, however, thought that anti-sites were not working well as a space for companies, not by giving their attentions on consumers' complains. Third, the satisfaction level of visitors was found to be rather high in terms of informations in anti-sites, and to be rather low in terms of companies' attentions on anti-sites and management of anti-sites. Based on results, some suggestions of activating anti-site for promoting consumer rights were as following: First, visitors should not only get information, but support new and useful informations for others. And also it was suggested that visitors should join consumer movement through anti-site actively. Second, companies should pay attentions on anti-sites for their sake because anti-sites could give very useful information improving customer satisfaction, and finally reducing cost and increasing profit.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.170-175
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• 2015

The present study aims to detect the rare flavonoids isolated from the leaves of Persicaria glabra. The known flavonoids: quercetin (1), isorhamnetin (2), avicularin (3) and new one isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-(6''-E-p-coumaroyl)-rhamnoside (4) were identified by HPLC, UV, IR and NMR. P. glabra has used traditionally for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic properties. To find out the ingredients responsible for the efficiency of this plant, we have used to study the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.46-53
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• 2008

Background and Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory ability of the Taglisodog-eum(SHE) extract on the RAW 264.7 and EL4 cells Materials and Methods : Three types of experiments were implemented for this study: first, the experiment to study the anti-oxidant effect of SHE using Riboflavin; second, in vitro experiment to investigate the inhibition of Th 2 cell differentiation by SHE using EL4 cells (IL-4 mRNA expression); third, the suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation using RAW 264.7 cells (iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression). Results : The anti-oxidant ability of SHE were dose-dependantly increased. From in vitro, the LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression were dose-dependantly decreased in the RAW264.7 cells treated with SHE and the PMA-induced IL-4 mRNA expression were also dose-dependantly decreased in EL4 cells. $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation was suppressed, and iNOS & COX-2 production were inhibited by SHE Conclusion : The results suggest that SHE has dose-dependant anti-oxidant ability, and has anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation and the inhibition of Th 2 cell differentiation.

• CELLMED
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.28.1-28.6
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• 2016

Oxidative rancidity in foods causes undesirable changes in nutritive value, aroma, flavor, and color. Salix Koreensis Andersson in DC. (SK) has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and is traditionally used to treat neuralgia, edema, pain, and inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory effects of SK on oxidative and inflammatory reactions have not been elucidated. In this context, we scientifically validated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of SK leaf (SKL). The methanol extract of SKL was evaluated for in vitro anti-oxidative activities. SKL showed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of SKL were also investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. LPS resulted in decreased SOD activities compared with the unstimulated cells, but SKL significantly increased SOD activities reduced by LPS. In addition, LPS-induced nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and interleukin-6 productions were significantly and dose-dependently reduced by SKL in RAW264.7 macrophages without inducing cytotoxicity. In conclusion, these results indicate that SKL will be able to be effectively used as a food additive with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.45-50
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of anti-stripping agent depending on its type and content to reduce pothole, an increasing pavement distress due to abnormal climate intensity. METHODS : In the past years, U.S and many countries in Europe use hydrated lime and liquid anti-stripping agent in asphalt mixtures. Hydrated lime or liquid anti-stripping agent is substituted for filler and binder, respectively, to improve the anti-stripping property of asphalt mixtures. To investigate this, indirect tensile strength test was performed and TSR values were compared for different content of hydrated lime and types of liquid anti-stripping agent in asphalt mixture. RESULTS : Test results indicate that hydrated lime remarkably increased the asphalt mixture performance on anti-stripping denoted by the increased in TSR values from 55% to 100%. Liquid anti-stripping agent also increased the value of TSR but not significant. In addition, depending on the types of aggregate, TSR values and effect of liquid anti-stripping were different. CONCLUSIONS : Using anti-stripping agents improve the anti-stripping property of asphalt mixture especially hydrated lime; however, more experiments should be conducted to improve the reliability about the effect of liquid anti-stripping agent.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.231-246
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• 2019

Circumvention refers to the situation in which exporters try to circumvent import restrictions by setting up factories in third countries and assembling and producing parts locally. Circumvention dumping eliminates the impacts of existing anti-dumping measures, and major countries are introducing anti-circumvention dumping laws to address this problem. If the act of the exporting country is recognized as a circumvention dumping activity, anti-dumping duties are applied retroactively to the imported goods or components. Evasion is an act of importation that results in the reduction or non-application of cash deposits, securities, or anti-dumping or countervailing duties, in a manner that is substantive or false, substantive or omission. In this article, we reviewed the contents and examples of the anti-circumvention measures by the US Department of Commerce (DOC), the International Trade Commission (ITC), and the Anti-Evasion measures by the CBP. The CBP examples show how much inference can be made about which parts of the CBP's investigations, and in what ways. The enactment of the EAPA created an environment in which the role of the CBP was directly guaranteed, and it was possible to apply adverse inferences to those who did not respond to requests for information, resulting in stronger CBP's authority. Therefore, it is advisable for Korea to examine the introduction of domestic laws, such as the bypass anti-dumping system, in order to cope with unfair trade practices that undermine and neutralize the effects of anti-dumping measures.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.339-346
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• 1995

Assays for HBsAg, HBV DNA, anti-HBc and anti-HBs of 285 units of packed red blood cells supplied by Taegu Red Cross Blood Center were performed to evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of HBV DNA and the serologic markers for hepatitis B virus. None of 285 plasma samples was positive for HBsAg, however, HBV DNA were detected by polymerase chain reaction in 2 samples which both presented only with anti-HBc positivity. Of 204 samples tested for anti-HBs, 96 samples(47.1%) were positive and among 216 samples tested for anti-HBc, 80 samples(37.0%) were positive. Of 193 samples tested for both anti-HBs and anti-HBc, 80(41.1%) were all negative and 48(24.9%) were positive on both tests. Those samples which showed positivity only to anti-HBc were 25(13.0%). Considering the above results, transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection could be prevented by discarding anti-HBc positive blood, however, that may bring insufficient supply of donor bloods in the country like Korea where the prevalence of anti-HBc is high. Anti-HBc positive blood unequivocally positive for anti-HBs should be considered noninfectious for HBV and should be allowed to be transfused. It would reduce the amount of discarding donor blood as the routine blood donor screening tests presently used at Korea Red Cross Blood Center supplemented by anti-HBs and anti-HBc testing.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2003

Background: Disialoganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed on tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin, such as melanoma and neuroblastoma. Anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic GD2 may induce more effective immune responses than GD2 antigen itself, because they are protein antigens and are known to be able to break immune tolerance. In this study, to explore the potential of anti-idiotypic antibodies as tumor vaccines, the ability of anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) to induce anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) that bind to the original antigen GD2 was investigated. Methods: Six monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies (1A8, 1G5, 2B6, 3A4, 3D6, 3H9) to monoclonal antibody M2058, which is a monoclonal antibody to GD2, were produced in mice. Three (1A8, 3A4, 3H9) of them were selected based on their ability to inhibit the binding of Ab1 to D142.34 (murine melanoma cell expressing GD2). These 3 different Ab2 were injected into rabbits, and rabbit Ab3 induced by each of them were characterized. Results: Ab3-containing sera from two rabbits immunized with 1A8, 3A4, or 3H9 bound significantly (P<0.05) to D142.34 but not to B78.96 (GD2-negative cell), and bound significantly (P<0.05) to isolated GD2 but not to GD1a. Ab3-containing sera from two rabbits immunized with 3A4 or 3H9 inhibited significantly (P<0.05) the binding of Ab1 M2058 to D142.34, and inhibited significantly (P<0.05) the binding of Ab1 M2058 to the Ab2. Conclusion: These results suggest that anti-idiotypic antibodies 3A4 and 3H9 have a potential to be used as vaccines against tumors expressing GD2 by inducing GD2-specific antibodies (Ab3).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.170-174
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• 2005

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to a hepatitis B vaccination, and investigate the HBV DNA in subjects with isolated anti-HBc. Methods: 34 subjects with persistent isolated anti-HBc were included in the study. 32 subjects negative for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were included as a control group. They were all vaccinated with Hepaccine at 0, 1 and 2 months, and anti-HBs titers were measured 1 month after the 1st and 3rd vaccinations (1 and 3 months). The HBV-DNA was tested by polymerase chain reaction in subjects with isolated anti-HBc. Results: After the 1st & 3rd vaccinations, the anti-HBs titers$\geq$10mIU/ml were 70.6 & 70.6% in isolated anti-HBc group, and 34.4 & 81.2% in the control group, respectively. There were statistically significant differences after the 1st vaccination, but none after the 3rd, between the two groups. In the isolated anti-HBc and control groups, the primary, amnestic and no responses were 0 vs. 46.9%, 55.9 vs. 6.3% and 29.4 vs. 18.8%, respectively. The HBV DNA was not detected in all subjects with isolated anti-HBc. Conclusion: None of the subjects with isolated anti-HBc had a false positive result (primary response); therefore, they should be excluded from vaccination programs in Korea. To differentiate between immunity and occult infections, a single dose of vaccine, with a follow-up anti-HBs test, is preferable for subjects with isolated anti-HBc. An amnestic response indicates late immunity, and no response a suspect occult infection.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2007

Background: Anti-IgE mAb which binds circulating but not receptor-bound IgE has been shown to be effective in treatment for asthma and other allergic diseases. However, the mechanisms by which anti-IgE mAb influences the pathophysiological responses are remained to be illustrated. This study was undertaken to examine the therapeutic efficacy of non-anaphylactogenic anti-mouse IgE mAb using murine models of IgE-induced systemic fatal anaphylaxis. Methods: Active systemic anaphylaxis was induced by either penicillin V(Pen V) or OVA and passive systemic anaphylaxis was induced by either anaphylactogenic anti-mouse IgE or a mixture of anti-chicken gamma globulin (CGG) IgG1 mAb and CGG. The binding of the Fc portion of anti-IgE to CHO-stable cell line expressing mouse Fc ${\gamma}$ RIIb was examined using flow cytometry. Fc fragments of anti-IgE mAb were prepared using papain digestion. The expression of phosphatases in lungs were assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: Anti-IgE mAb prevented IgE- and IgG-induced active and passive systemic fatal reactions. In both types of anaphylaxis, anti-IgE mAb suppressed antigen-specific IgE responses, but not those of IgG. Anti-IgE mAb neither prevented anaphylaxis nor suppressed the IgE response in Fc ${\gamma}$ RIIb-deficient mice. The Fc portion of anti-IgE mAb was bound to murine Fc ${\gamma}$ RIIb gene-transfected CHO cells and inhibited systemic anaphylaxis. Anti-IgE mAb blocked the anaphylaxis-induced downregulation of Fc ${\gamma}$ RIIb-associated phosphatases such as src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP) and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN). Conclusion: Anti-IgE mAb prevented anaphylaxis by delivering nonspecific inhibitory signals through the inhibitory IgG receptor, Fc ${\gamma}$ RIIb, rather than targeting IgE.