• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.216-225
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• 2023

Background: Tuberculosis (TB)-related stigma has been well-documented. Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), different organizations have been alerted to the fact that stigma could arise again. Due to stigma's negative effects, this qualitative study aimed to explore the stigma felt by patients by evaluating the following: COVID-19 stigma and its temporal progression through the pandemic; stigma perceived by different patients with TB before and during COVID-19 pandemic; and difference perceived by individuals who contracted both diseases. Methods: A semi-structured interview was developed according to the available literature on the theme. It was performed individually in 2022 upon receiving signed informed consent. Participants were recruited with a purposive sampling approach by searching medical records. Those who currently or previously had pulmonary TB and/or COVID-19 were included. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Nine patients were interviewed, including six (66.7%) females. The median age of patients was 51±14.7 years. Four participants (44.4%) had completed high school and four (44.4%) were never smokers. Three had both TB and COVID-19. Four only had TB and two only had COVID-19. Interviews identified eight main themes: knowledge and beliefs, with several misconceptions identified; attitudes towards the disease, varying from social support to exclusion; knowledge and education, assumed as of extreme importance; internalized stigma, with self-rejection; experienced stigma, with discrimination episodes; anticipated stigma, modifying actions for avoiding stigma; perceived stigma, with judgment by others prevailed; and temporal evolution of stigma. Conclusion: Individuals expressed strong stigma for both diseases. De-stigmatization of respiratory infectious diseases is crucial for limiting stigma's negative impact.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.29.1-29.8
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• 2023

Objectives: This study tested the hypothesis that cryotherapy duration influences lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in a rat model. Materials and Methods: Six Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were used. Five sites were selected per animal and divided into 5 groups: a negative control group (NC), 2 positive control groups (PC1 and PC2), and 2 experimental groups (E1 and E2). Cryotherapy was applied for 1 minute (E1) or 5 minutes (E2). An acute inflammatory response was induced in the PC and E groups via subcutaneous administration of 0.5 mL/kg. In the PC2 group, a catheter was inserted without additional treatment. For the E1 and E2 groups, 2.5℃ saline solution was administered through the implanted catheters for 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The rats were sacrificed, and samples were obtained and processed for histological analysis, specifically examining the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and hemorrhage. The χ² test was used to compare the presence of acute inflammation across groups. Dependent variables were compared using the linear-by-linear association test. Results: Inflammation and hemorrhage varied significantly among the groups (p = 0.001). A significantly higher degree of acute inflammation was detected (p = 0.0002) in the PC and E1 samples than in the E2 group, in which cryotherapy was administered for 5 minutes. The PC and E1 groups also exhibited significantly greater numbers of neutrophils (p = 0.007), which were essentially absent in both the NC and E2 groups. Conclusions: Cryotherapy administration for 5 minutes reduced the acute inflammation associated with LPS and catheter implantation.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.102-106
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• 2023

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for most of the hepatic neoplasms and can also occur in ectopic liver tissue. We present a case of a 55-year-old male complaining of weight loss. The imaging studies reported a 2.9 cm nodule in the pancreatic body, with a neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis by cytology. A corpo-caudal pancreatectomy was performed. Pathology showed a well-differentiated HCC developed in ectopic liver tissue with free margins and no lymph node metastases. HCC presenting in ectopic liver tissue is rare. In this case, the preoperative study did not establish the diagnosis, warranting the need for suspicion of this neoplasm.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.117-149
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• 2015

On May 16, 2014 the Supreme Court of Korea rendered its decision with respect to litigation filed by All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. ("ANA") for revocation of an order of correction and payment of a penalty imposed by the Korea Fair Trade Commission ("KFTC"). On or around September 2002, ANA and various airlines operating air cargo service from Japan to Korea were allegedly to have agree to introduce of fuel surcharge into their rates on cargo fares in an attempt to recoup falling profits from rising of oil price. As this hard core cartel was per se prohibited under Korean competition law (The Monopoly Regulation And Fair Trade Act), KFTC began an investigation and consequently with fruitful results imposed an amount of penalty and issued an order of prohibition. ANA protested against this imposition by filing suit against KFTC under the reasons that (1) their agreement was simply pursuant to the relevant laws and regulations including Air Transport Agreement between Korea and Japan, (2) there was an administrative guidance from Japanese government to allow this agreement, (3) extraterritorial application of Korean competition law to the agreement in this matter was improper as it was made within Japan and targeted only for the shipment from Japan to Korea: accordingly there is not a direct and serious effect between the agreement and any result of anti-competitive. This article aims to review ANA's allegation and the judgement delivered by Korean court under some issues respectively; (1) whether there is an effectively actual anti-competitive cartel between airlines including plaintiff, (2) whether filed rate doctrine is reasonable and applicable in this case for precluding wrongfulness, (3) what is the reasonable limitation of boundaries in extraterritorial application of Korean competition law. Additionally, this article also suggests to concern particular features of air transport business as an regulated industry in judging the unfair restrain on competition.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2001

The effect of topical application 100,300 and 500 $\mu$g/ ml with Mineral Salts of magnesium sulphate and potassium nitrate on economic parameters was ana- lyzed following treatment of last larval stadium. The treated larvae showed significantly decreased larval weight and silk gland weight in all the treated groups along with other decreased Iarval, cocoon and adult parameters. The female cocoon weight was significantly decreased in all the treated groups with decreased female cocoon shell weight and male cocoon weight at 300 and 500$\mu$g/ml respectively. The length and weight of filament was significantly decreased at 300 and 500 $\mu$g/ml respectively and denier at 500 $\mu$g/ ml. The fecundity decreased significantly in 300 and 500 $\mu$g/ml treated groups when compared with the corresponding parameters of the carrier control.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.131-133
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• 2000

A Styrene-derived polymer having pendent phenoxyanthraquinones for photochromism was prepared by AIBN-initiated radical polymerization. Syntgesus of the monomers was straightforward and the polymer was obtained in 65% yield. Photoinduced rearrangement from the “trans” quinone forms to the “ana” quinone forms readily occurred both in solution and in film when the polymer was irradiated with UV light.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.12 no.1 s.26
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• pp.53-68
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clothing buying behaviorial pattern and the differences of clothing buying behaviors by the demographic variables. For the measurement of clothing buying behavior, the researcher developed a questionnaire. This questionnaire was adjusted by preliminary test. Data were collected from 494 women dwelling in Seoul, Busan, Daegu. For statistical analysis, frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, paired t-test, $X^2-test$, one way analysis of variance, Duncan's multiple range test were used. The results were as follows: 1. The $57\%$ of the subject group planned their clothing purchase in advance, ana their friends affected clothing buying behaviors more than other fashion information sources. The store in which the subject group purchased clothing most frequently was a department store. In clothing selection, hygienic factor and aesthetic factor were shown as important factors. 2, There were significant differences in clothing buying behaviors according to demographic variables.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.632-638
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of Mo and Cu contents on tensile strength of cold drawn stainless steel 304H wires, metallographical and mechanical tests were performed for the wire specimens drawn to different drawing strains at room temperature. It was confirmed that the contents of Mo ana Cu have little influence on the tensile strength of drawn specimens, even though the strain induced martensite transformation decreased with increasing the contents of Mo and Cu. These results were explained by the strengthening of the formed martensite itself due to the solid solution effect of interstitial solutes, carbon and nitrogen. The contents of these elements were slightly higher in the specimens containing additionally added Mo and Cu.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.652-656
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• 2005

The samples were prepared with hydroxyapatite(HAp) powder and Polycaboxylate (P.C/HAp=10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 $wt\%$). The hydroxyapatite green body with Polycaboxylate were obtained by compaction and drying at room temperature for 3hrs. The higher mechanical properties were observed in HAp sample with $35 wt\%$ Polycaboxylate. The average compressive ana bending strength in HAp with $35 wt\%$ Polycaboxylate are $302 kgf/cm^2$ and $213 kgf/cm^2$ respectively. This strength is higher compare to that of the cortical bone.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07c
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• pp.1045-1047
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• 1995

The effects of temperature ana additive on the streaming electrification of insulating oil have been investigated. The streaming current increases below the temperature of $45{\sim}50[^{\circ}C]$ and decreases above that. The inverse phenomenon of steaming current is exhibited as the concentration of anti-static agent increases.