• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.113-160
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• 1996

Cancer is one of the most important cause of death. So recently, investigation of cancer progress prosperously all over the world. Cancer in the present medicine correspond to You-Am, Sin-Am, Young-Soon, Sel-Gyun, Sil-Young, Young-Lyoo, Seg-Je, Seg-Young, Seg-Ha, Jerk-Chui(積聚), Jing-Ha, Oel-Gyek, Ban-Oui, Bi-Gi, Bok-Lyang, Jang-Dan, Hyen-Bek in the oriental medicine. Among these, generally Jerk-Chui(積聚) is expressed to cancer. So to develop of new drugs of cancer in the present medicine, bibliographic investigation of mass-prescriptions was studied in the oriental medicine-books. According to the bibliographic study of Jerk-Chui-prescriptions, the results run as follows. 1. According to the analyses of three hundred sixty eight Jerk-Chui-prescriptions in the twenty-seven kinds of literature, the frequency number of the used drugs were Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride 140 times, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae 135 times, Rhizoma Scirpi 124 times, Radix Aucklandie 115 times, Rhizoma Zedoariae 114 times, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis 111 times, Radix Glycyrrhizae 106 times, Rhizoma Zingiberis 100 times, Rhizoma Coptidis 94 times, Radix Ginseng 93 times, Poria 86 times, Rhizoma Pinelliae 85 times, Semen Arecae 83 times, Rhizoma Cyperi 82 times, Radix Angelicae Sinensis 80 times, Rhizoma Atractylodis 74 times, Massa Fermentata Medisinalis 67 times, Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei 66 times, Fructus Aurantii 62 times, Fructus Hordei Genninatus 55 times, Conex Cinnamomi 54 times, Fructus Evodiae 51 times, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus 49 times, Fructus Crataegi 49 times, Rhizoma Cnidii 46 times, Radix Platycodi 44 times, Semen Tiglii 44 times, Radix Aconiti 43 times, Fructus Amoni 38 times, Semen Raphani 37 times, Radix Aconiti Praeparata 36 times, Radix Scutellariae 35 times, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli 35 times, Rhizoma Corydalis 33 times, Rhizoma Acori Graminei 31 times, Carapax Amydae 31 times, Fructus Foeniculi 31 times, Semen Persicae 30 times, Radix Bupleuri 30 times. 2. The frequency number of the most imponant used drugs in the Jerk-Chui-prescriptions were Rhizoma Coplidis 41 times, Rhizoma Scirpi 35 times, Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei 31 times, Pericarpium Citri Reticuiatae 30 times, Rhizoma Zedoariae 27 times, Rhizoma Cyperi 22 times, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis 22 times, Rhizoma Atraclylodis 22 times, Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride 21 times, Rhizoma Pinelliae 20 times, Semen Arecae 20 times, Fructus Crataegi 18 times, Rhizoma Zingiberis 17 times, Carapax Amydae 16 times, Semen Pharbitidis 13 times, Poria 12 times, Radix Angelicae Sinensis 10 times, Semen Persicae 10 times, Fructus Evodiae 10 times, Radix Aeoniti 10 times, Radix Glycyrrhizae 9 times, Massa Fennenlata Medisinalis 9 times, Fructus Aurantii 9 times, Fructus Hordei Genninatus 8 times, Radix Aueklandie 8 times, Rhizoma Atractylodis 8 times, Radix Bupleuri 8 times, Radix Ginseng 7 times, Semen Raphani 7 times, Radix Astragali 7 times, Cortex Cinnamomi 6 times, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus 6 times, Rhizoma Cnidii 6 times, Radix Aconiti Praeparata 5 times, Fructus Foeniculi 5 times, Lacca Sinica Exsiccata 5 times, Radix Aconiti 5 times, Rhizoma Zingiberis 5 times. 3. The clinical-botanic classifications of the used drugs in the Jerk-Chui-prescriptions were regulating the flow of Qi drugs, warm-heating drugs, promoting blood circulation drugs, killing mass drugs, resolving drugs, purgative drugs, Qi and blood tonics drugs, heat clearing drugs, removing dampness by promoting diures is drugs, phlegm eliminating drugs, allaying pain drugs. 4. According to the nature and taste in the drugs, warm and heating recipes were used most, heatclearing recipes were used a few times assistantly. 5. The Jerk-Chui-prescription used frequently was Bun-Don-Tang, which was used 13 times ; Bok-Oyang-Hoan 12 times, Bi-Gi-Hoan(肥氣丸) 12 times, Sik-Boon-Hoan 12 times, A-Uie-Hoan 12 times, Bi-Gi-Hoan 12 times, Dai-Cil-Gi-Tang 8 times, San-Cuie-Tang 8 times, Guye-Gyen-Tang 6 times, On-Baig-Won 5 times, So-Jek-Jeng-Ouen-San 5 times, Jin-In-Hoa-Cel-Tang 5 times, Byel-Gab-San 5 times, Sng-Hong-Hoan 5 times, Ji-Sil-San 4 times, So-A-Oie-Hoan 4 times, Hyang-Rng-Hoan 4 times.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2002

The objective of research provides the physical therapy of good quality to the patients to search for the problem pant against a physical therapy accident and it simultaneously respects physical therapy company law, the possibility of preparing a system defensive ability in order to be. The data were collected from 2000 October 1 to December 30th, and analyzed by a frequency and a percentage, oneway ANOVA, Scheffe method, $x^2$ official approvals. Conclusion (1) the accident where the patient falls from inside the treatment 'room is many and occasionally' 29.3% (63 people) with was many most. (2) Because of a mistake by a part-time therapist in holiday or a colleague therapist to do, the fracture or bum accident happens 12.5% (27 people), by a assist nurse due to more showed 12.1% (26 people) experience degree in the patient. (3) From physical therapy process breakdown of the medical treatment machinery and tools or it is in malfunction to do and the experience which has a failure to physical therapy is one enemy 68.1% (147 people) was in item. Also it treats and the patient or in the protector it sends an explanation in advance not to be, the experience which it enforces 50% (108 people), of service hour treatment equipment the medical treatment directives broad way of the doctor is accurate in insufficiency and does not enforce the experience is 45.4% (98 people), the patient whom I am treating Hot Pack (electricity has pack inclusion) with to do, the art dealer (over at 1 buffoonery) the experience which it puts on 27.1% (58 people), The patient whom I am treating is the electrotherapy flag (electricity has pack exclusion) with to do, the art dealer (1 degree art dealer over) the experience which it puts on 16.3% (35 people), the experience boat song the patient against a fracture from physical therapy process 9 person (4.2%) was visible an experience degree. (4) With hospital infection to do, from the patient the experience and the therapist which receive a problem proposal were caused by with hospital infection and the answer back regarding the experience which tries to receive a treatment appeared 6% (13 people), 42% (9 people) with each. (5) It listened to the treatment hour patient or the appeal of the protector and especially it does not appear to be being important it was not and and the management which is special it did not take, also the experience where the condition of the patient is deteriorated after that was 10.3% (22 people). (6) The condition or state of the patient does not agree with the medical treatment instruction of the doctor not to be, amendment one experience was 67.5% (145 people). (7) The experience degree of the physical therapy accident which relates with physical therapy recording and a secret maintenance 59.7% (129 people) 'is many and occasionally it is,' it showed an answer back and e it showed a most high accident experience degree. (8) The business overweight of physical therapy company 43.3% (93 people) with was high most from recognition degree of the physical therapy company against a physical therapy accident. (9) Against the question which asks the responsibility subject matter of physical therapy accident the whole answer back volition 42.8% did it is a joint responsibility where the multi person relates. (10) The accident occurs most the hour unit which plentifully in the afternoon 64.3% (133 people) with appeared from the recognition degree against the frequency hour unit of physical therapy accident. (11) Physical therapy it bought and after the various medical treatment accident which relates against the attitude of the, patient side against the physical therapy company it understood and trillion it was many most with 33.3% to be finished. (12) After physical therapy accident the management against the physical therapy company of the hospital authorities concerned above all do not experience 70.6% (149 people), from event right and wrong submission 22.7% (48 people), warning management 2.8% (6 people), the event report requirement and money compensation were each 0.5% (1 person). (13) As the prevention book of physical therapy accident most it is important, the fact which it thinks that, the persons supplement of physical therapy company 58.8% (127 people) with was high most. (14) It related with a physical therapy accident and the medical law 43.5%, civil law 23.9%, was visible the answer back ratio of the criminal law 13.7% from the degree which probably is a relation law.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2014

This study was aimed at looking into the distribution status and age structure of Abies holophylla population in Sudo-Am temple forest. It was found that a total of 302 individuals of Abies holophylla existed which were more than 2m in height within the study area. Furthermore the population size is one of the largest in the southern region of Korea. The CBH of Abies holophylla ranged from 1.5 cm to 500.8 cm. Age structure of Abies holophylla looks like a gourd-shaped bottle. This means that they have an unstable structure status and do not survive very long. This status results from a variety of factors including, vegetation succession, anthropogenic activities, and global warming. The environmental characteristics of Abies holophylla population was $931{\pm}64.5m$ in mean altitude, $19.2{\pm}8.7^{\circ}$ in mean slope in the northeastern and southeastern area of the slope direction, and $1,324,323{\pm}174,459wh\;m^{-2}$ in average of direct normal irradiation. Among the site environmental factors, the significant ones which influence the potential habitat for Abies holophylla distribution were chosen using the MaxEnt model. According to the results of this study, altitude and slope were found as the important factors. The average value of environmental conditions by ROC analysis were altitude 903.2 m, slope $20.04^{\circ}$, irradiation $1,352.248wh\;m^{-2}$, and the southeastern aspect.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.7
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• pp.11-23
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• 1986

Korea has a long history from several thousand years ago. Specially stonecultural properties were used for the long period in Korea. Ancient tombs of prehistoric age, Sukgul-am (stone cave), Chumsung-dae (astronomical observatory)and stone statue of Buddha in the period of three dynasties were made of stone. There after the foundation stone, mortarstone, millstone, and other stone facilities at home have been also used for a long time. For the conservation of the cultural properties, the ecological distribution of lichens was investigated with the stone buildings around tombs and multistory stonepagodas.1. Yoo-nung (The tomb of Emperor Sungjong) : The stone buildings of granitearound tomb about 80 years old are clean and solid in quality, but they were covered in places with three kinds of lichens as the circle forms of pale-green and dark-gray colored thallus in crustose type. They were examined ecological distribution, identification and measurement of lobe size of lichens.2. Yoong-nung (The tomb of son of Emperor Yung-jong) : Granite buildings around tomb about 200 years old are also clean, moreover, they were also covered with the same kinds of crustose lichens in overlap.3. Yung-nung (The tomb of Emperor Sejong) : More than seven species of crustose, foliose and one species of fruticose lichens were growing on thegranite stone buildings built in about 500 years ago.4. Shilluk-sa multistory brick pagoda : It was built at the Koryo dynasty more than about 700 years. More than 5 species of crustose folios and two species of fruticose lichens were growing well on the granite stone at shade area. It was assumed that foliose lichens as dominant species with the respect of ecological aspect.5. Shilluk-sa multistory marble pagoda : This marble pagoda was built at the middle period of the Koryo dynasty as the same age of multistory brick pagoda. It was covered with black colored thallus such as crustose lichens. It is seemed that only crustose lichens on the stone were due to the drymarble stone. From the results described above, distribution of lichens showed that only crustose lichens on the stone from the short history (about 100-200 years) were grown with small size of circle form, stone buildings over 500 years were covered with crustose, folios and fruticose lichens, and the lichens distribution on the stonemore than 500 years appeared more foliose and fruticose than crustose type. Therefore, it is suggested that the succession of lichens on the stone buildings iscrustose$\rightarrow$foliose$\rightarrow$fruticose.Parmelia mexicana, Cladonia floerkeana, Ramalina yasudae identified are described in this paper and other unidentified species of saxicolous lichens will bedescribed later.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.629-635
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• 2012

Two novel conjugated copolymers utilizing 4,7-dithien-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DTBT) coupled with cyano (-CN) substituted vinylene, as the electron deficient moeity, have been synthesized and evaluated in bulk heterojunction solar cell. The electron deficient moeity was coupled with carbazole and fluorene unit by Knoevenagel condition to provide poly(bis-2,7-((Z)-1-cyano-2-(5-(7-(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl)ethenyl)-alt-9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazol-2-yl-2-butenenitrile) (PCVCNDTBT) and poly(bis-2,7-((Z)-1-cyano-2-(5-(7-(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl)ethenyl)-alt-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl) (PFVCNDTBT). The optical band gaps of PCVCNDTBT (1.74 eV) and PFVCNDTBT (1.80 eV) are lower than those of PCDTBT (1.88 eV) and PFVDTBT (2.13 eV), which is advantageous to provide better coverage of the solar spectrum in the longer wavelength region. The high $V_{oc}$ value of the PSC of PCVCNDTBT (~0.91 V) is attributed to its lower HOMO energy level ( 5.6 eV) as compared to PCDTBT ( 5.5 eV). Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on the blends of the polymers with [6,6]phenyl-$C_{61}$-butyric acid methyl ester ($PC_{61}BM$) gave power conversion efficiencies of 0.76% for PCVCNDTBT under AM 1.5, 100 mW/$cm^2$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.68-80
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyze ER patient's Triage and other statistical data. The subjects were 12,618 patients who visited the ER during the year 1998. The study showed the following results; 1. The male vs female ratio was 1.3 : 1.0, the male were in the majority (56.6%), and the age range of 20-29 old was the majority (15.3). The patients who visited ER at 8-10 pm were the majority (11.5%). On Sunday the number of patients who visited the ER were 2,189, and the majority were 17.4%. On Saturday the number of patients was visited the ER were 1,944 patients the second majority (15.4%). Their traffic means : the general passenger cars (75.5%), 119 or hospital ambulance (11.3%). 2.The reasons of visiting ER were : diseases (59.2%), injuries (23.7%). The disease vs injury ratio was 100 : 69. 3. Triage : urgent 40.7%, non-urgent 38.2%, acute 17.8%, and critical 3.2%. 4. The time of waiting and staying in the ER by the Triaget: the average time was 572 minutes (9.53 hrs.). The majority of critical patients (20.5%), acute patients (24.7%) and urgent patients (21.2%) stayed 12-24 hrs., but the majority of non-emergent (27.8%) stayed not longer than one hour. 5. Treatments by the Triage : the 42.9% of critical patients, and 61.3% of acute patients, 57.5% of urgent patients were admitted. But 91.8% of the non-emergents were discharged and 4.7% was admitted. Mortality of total ER visiter were 1.7%. DAA portion was 0.86%. 26.6% of the critical patients were DAA. DAA vs DOA ratio was 1.3 : 1.0. 6. Visiting time, monthly and seasonal distribution by the Triage : the majority of critical patients (12.2%), visited 10-12 am. The majority of acute (12.9%) and urgent (11.7%) visited 4-6 pm, but the majority of non-emergents (15.1%) visited during 8-10 pm. Autumn visiter were the majority (27.6%). The percentage of non-emergent visited in Spring was 41.4% and Autumn was 41.3%. The percentage of urgents who visited in the Summer was 45.3% and the Winter was 40.4%. By clinical departments: the 48.0% of critical patients was NS. The 45.5% of acute and the 33.6% of urgent patients were IM. But the majority of non-emergent patients was PS (21.2%), and the second majority of non-emergent patients was oral Surgery (12.8%).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4597-4606
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• 2012

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an uncommon adenocarcinoma which arises from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts. The aim of the study was to investigate the cytotoxicity, toxicity, and anticancer activity of a crude ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) against CCA. Cytotoxic activity against a CCA cell line (CL-6) was assessed by calcein-AM and Hoechst 33342 assays and anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay. Investigation of apoptotic activity was performed by DNA fragmentation assay and induction of genes that may be involved in the resistance of CCA to anticancer drugs (MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, and MRP3) was examined by real-time PCR. To investigate anti-CCA activity in vivo, a total of 80 OV and nitrosamine (OV/DMN)-induced CCA hamsters were fed with the ginger extract at doses of 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight daily or every alternate day for 30 days. Control groups consisting of 10 hamsters for each group were fed with 5-fluorouracil (positive control) or distilled water (untreated control). Median $IC_{50}$ (concentration that inhibits cell growth by 50%) values for cytotoxicity and anti-oxidant activities of the crude ethanolic extract of ginger were 10.95, 53.15, and $27.86{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. More than ten DNA fragments were visualized and up to 7-9 fold up-regulation of MDR1 and MRP3 genes was observed following exposure to the ethanolic extract of ginger. Acute and subacute toxicity tests indicated absence of any significant toxicity at the maximum dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight given by intragastric gavage. The survival time and survival rate of the CCA-bearing hamsters were significantly prolonged compared to the control group (median of 54 vs 17 weeks). Results from these in vitro and in vivo studies thus indicate promising anticancer activity of the crude ethanolic extract of ginger against CCA with the absence of any significant toxicity. Moreover, MDR1 and MRP3 may be involved in conferring resistance of CCA to the ginger extract.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.513-524
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• 1999

The shortage of nursing personnel was become one of the most serious problems in operating pediatric oncology nursing unit which was the first pediatric oncology nursing unit in Korea. The purpose of this study was to estimate the optimal number of nursing personnel by calculating nursing care hours. The subjects were 13 staff nurses and inpatients of pediatric oncology nursing unit at Seoul National University Hospital during the period of May 20, 1996, to June 2, 1996. The number of nurses' duty was 132, the number of patients treated was 1288 for these 2 weeks. The tools used for this study were pediatric patient classification indexes and direct & indirect care indexes. Each nurse measured the time that they spent for their activities by self record under the supervision of their nurse manager. The method used to calculate the number of nursing personnel was multiplication of the average number of nursing care hours per patient per day with the number of patients. Percentage, average, t-test, F-test were used for data analysis. The results of this study were as follows : 1) The distribution of patient class : Class I & II none, Class III 86.8%. Class IV 12.9% 2) Direct nursing care hours for a patient per shift according to patient classification: Class III : 27.64 minutes, Class IV : 54.64 minutes The average direct nursing service hours for a patient per shift(3 shift) was 31.54 minutes(94.62 m/day). The average indirect nursing service hours for each patient per duty(3 shift) is 21.3 minutes (63. 91 m/day). 3) The average nursing hours for a patient per duty was 52.80 minutes(2.64h/day). 4) The group of administering medications in direct care activities showed the highest percentage (38.9%). Checking vital signs among observation took the most time am.ong each direct care activity (6.88 minutes for a patient per duty). 5) Charting took the most time of each indirect care activity(52.53 minutes/ duty/nurse). 6) The average personal time per duty is 29.40 minutes, which 'was below 30 minutes of this hospital regulations. 7) The average nursing hours that a nurse provided for a duty was 8.60 hours, which meant that a nurse worked 1.10 hours overtime. 8) Standardizing to a 33 bed to a unit, 17 nurses were needed at the present nursing level.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.422-434
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• 2016

This study was conducted to understand roles of $NO_x(=NO+NO_2)$ on high $O_3$ episodes at an urban monitoring station in Seoul. Concentrations of NO, $NO_2$, $NO_y$ and $O_3$ were measured intensively at KIST monitoring station which located at urban center in Seoul metropolitan area during May 18~June 13, 2015. Sampling period was planed because high $O_3$ and PM occurred frequently during from late spring to early summer months in Seoul. The experimental site locates in NW from center of Seoul and is surrounded by residential area. Belt highway of the city runs from north to west side nearby experimental site. Vehicle exhaust emissions due to heavy traffic influenced $NO_x$ concentration at the site during northwesterly wind. Specific $NO_2$ concentration was measured by Blue Light photolytic converter, and it was compared to $NO_2$ concentration measured by molybedenum converter. $[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$ was usually lower than $[NO_2]_{molybedenum}$ during the experiment period; however their diurnal variations were very similar. The linear relationship between these $NO_2$ concentrations was found to be $[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$=0.64 $[NO_2]_{molybedenum}$ - 2.6, $r^2$=0.83 during May 16~8, 2015. The difference between $NO_2$ by molybdenum converter and by photolytic converter (${\Delta}NO_2=[NO_2]_{molybedenum}-[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$) accounted for residual $NO_y$ which can represent $NO_z$ (=$NO_y-NO_x$). $O_3$ concentration showed typical daily trend which has maximum at late afternoon and minimum during the night. $O_3$ increased at a rate of 7 ppb/hr since 8 am. and reached the maximum concentration (~80 ppb) at 3 pm.. The diurnal pattern of $O_3$ was inversely related with that of $NO_2$, suggesting that the formation of $O_3$ was the result of photochemical activity of $NO_2$.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2007

This study has been conducted to assess blackish-water phenomena in Dam reservoir. To searching for the reason, we survey physical changes in reservoir and analyze metal and organic content in particulate materials and water. The blackish-water phenomena in lake A are occurred with turbidity increases in turnover season irregularly. It was reported on 6 Jan. 2005 weakly and the water column mixed with 35~40m depth and water temperature shows $7^{\circ}C$. The turbidity of AD and AM site increased up to 20NTU. Especially, AN site shows 27NTU, such a result makes that Dam manager conclude it to blackish-water phenomena. The results of sequential extraction analysis show that over 80% of Al, Cr and Fe is existed in residual form in sediment. On the other hand, the most part of Mn shows exchangeable and carbonates form, which have a good possibility of release to water column. Mn contents in pore waters of the sediment samples are also found to be ~4 times higher than Fe contents. The metal contents in pore water of different dam sites are in order of AN (Fe: 9.98, Mn: 40.6) > AD(8.33, 37.5) > DD(1.91, 2.55). According to the results of extracted organic materials from sediment, humic substances is occupied with over 85% in total organic carbon including 23~45% of humic acid (HA) and 0.9~8.5% of fulvic acid (FA). However, HA content in pore water is not detectable while FA contents, acid-soluble humic fractions is higher than that of sediment(10~15%). which indicating that FA is a main humic components affecting water color. The color unit per DOC of FA in pore waters of different dam sites are found to be higher in lake A than lake D. From the results, it could be suggested that blackish-water phenomena of lake A are mainly arise from higher concentration of Mn and water soluble organic fractions (e.g., FA) released from sediments as well as the strength of turnover in Dam reservoir.