• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2009

National R&D programs play an important role in the development of a country in this age of the knowledge economy. Since many numbers of R&D programs compete for limited resources such as national R&D budget, the R&D program evaluation problem is a challenging decision-making problem faced by decision makers that deal with R&D management. In this sense, DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) has been regarded as one of the most widely accepted methods to measure the relative efficiency of productivity of R&D programs. DEA is a methodology to measure and to evaluate the relative efficiency of a homogeneous set of decision-making units(DMUs) in a process which uses multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. However, the sample of the R&D programs could consist of two or more naturally occurring subsets, thus exhibiting clear signs of heterogeneity such as different objectives. In such situations, the fairness of DEA is limited, for the nature of the relative efficiency of a DMU is likely to be influenced by its membership in a particular subset of the sample. In this study, we propose a methodology AI-DEA(attainment index DEA) allowing for reflecting decision maker's subjective judgement on difference among different subsets of R&D programs which have heterogeneous objectives. This methodology combines AHP and Delphi in order to decide the attainmnet index of each DMU for each outputs, and apply them to DEA model. We illustrate the proposed approach with a pilot evaluation of 13 programs involving 6 different subsets of Korean National R&D programs and compares the results of the original DEA model and AI-DEA model.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.710-721
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the hematological characteristics and risk factors of hypercholesterolemia(HC) in Korean. 344 adult men who took the annual health check ups at D or J hospitals were participated in this cross sectional study. The subjects were grouped by plasma total cholesterol level into three groups: normal cholesterolemic(n=139), borderline hypercholesterolemic (n=93) and hypercholesterolemic(n=112) groups. The data of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), hemoglobin, plasma glucose, albumin and cholesterol levels were collected from medical records. The levels of plasma triglyceride(TG), HDL C, phospholipid, insulin, apo A and apo B were measured. The levels of plasma LDL C, VLDL C and atherogenic index(AI) were calculated. The subjects with HC had significantly higher SBP and DBP, albumin, TG, phospholipid, HDL C, LDL C, VLDL C and apo B level than those of the normal subjects. The relative and attributable risks on HC were 1.59 and 0.18 for hypertension(SBP/DBP$\geq$160/95), 2.08 and 0.35 for hypertriglyceridemia (TG $\geq$400mg/dl). Plasma total cholesterol level was positively correlated with several hematologic parameters: age(r=0.1242, p<0.05), DBP(r=0.1194, p<0.05), albumin(r=0.2029, p<0.001), plasma TG(r= 0.3829, p<0.001), phospholipid(r=0.6036, p<0.001), LDL C(r=0.8572, p<0.001), HDL C(r=0.2399, p< 0.001), AI(r=0.3116, p<0.001), apo B(r=0.2602, p<0.05) and Lp(a)(r=0.1372, p<0.05). However, plasma total cholesterol level was negatively correlated with the levels of Apo A1(r= 0.2922, p<0.001), and ABR(r= 0.3598, p<0.001).

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2013

Purpose: Regurgitation is known to peak at the age of 3-4 months, with a sharp decrease around the age of 6 months. Little is known about the natural evolution of infants who still regurgitate after the age of 6 months. Methods: Hundred thirty-one infants older than 6 months regurgitating more than once a day were followed for a period of 3 months. Results: According to our data, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is seldom at this age. Most of the infants regurgitated 3 or more times/day and spit up an estimated volume of more than 15 mL. Eighty-five parents were educated regarding frequency of feeding. There were only 6 infants that still had frequent regurgitation (>3 times/day) despite an appropriate feeding schedule. The Infant GER Questionnaire score reached a score of 0 in 50% of the infants after one month of follow-up and in 81.9% at the third month of follow-up. There was an increase of the "weight for age z-score" trends in infants that still regurgitated at the end of follow-up and a declining z-score in infants that no longer regurgitated. An explanation may be that infants that regurgitate drink larger volumes than infants who do not regurgitate. Conservative treatment (reassurance, dietary treatment, behavioral advice) resulted in a significant better outcome than natural evolution. Conclusion: Regurgitation that persisted after the age of 6 months, strongly decreased during a 3-month follow-up with conservative treatment. GERD is rare in this age group; therefore, anti-reflux medication is only seldom needed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.530-538
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• 2007

Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a device to measure the magnetic field from the heart. It is a noninvasive device and takes only few minutes to record magnetocardiogram from a subject. In this study, we compared the difference of MCG data recorded from 56 normal subjects in early twenties (28 males and 28 females, mean $age=21.0{\pm}1.6$ years) and 36 elderly subjects (20 males and 16 females, mean $age=61.9{\pm}6.9$ years) for the analysis of the age and gender difference. A total of 24 parameters used in the analysis were derived from QRS complex, R-wave, T-wave, and ST-T period. As a result, seven parameters including maximum current angle and map angle showed the significant difference (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) between young males and young females. Significant difference (p<0.05) between elderly males and elderly females was found from a parameter, pole distance at T-wave peak. In the comparison of age difference, seven parameters regarding current moment, pole distance, and dynamics showed the significant difference between young and elderly males. Eight parameters also showed significant difference (p<0.05) between two younger and elderly female groups. Results showed that parameters regarding current moment, pole distance, and dynamics might be changed when people get older. In conclusion, gender and age difference should be considered when MCG data are analyzed for certain parameters.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.641-647
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• 2004

The research is focused on relationship between body fat percentage and physical characteristics of women in age group between 20s and 30s who experience great deal of physical change such as marriage, pregnancy, delivery, breast-feeding, and etc. The research used physical measurement of two hundreds women: 50 women in their early twenties, 50 women in their late twenties, 50 women in their early thirties, and 50 women in their late thirties. The research provides base data for women clothing industry by observing relationship between physical figure and body fat percentage rate based on obesity study on body fat percentage, physical BMI, R$\ddot{o}$hrer Index, and Vervaeck Index. Followings are conclusion of the research. The older the ages, the shorter the height and the heavier the weight. Recognizable differences in circumference, thickness, and width rather than in length are found. Also recognizable increases in average body fat percentage and average physical characteristics by age have found. By observing body fat percentage and physical measurements, it was revealed that weight has more effect on body fat percentage than height in all ages. Circumference, width, and thickness have more impact than length measurements among physical measurements. Main body or upper body has more impact than legs and arms or lower body. Body fat percentage increase rapidly by ages. 2.0% of age 20~24, 20.0% of age 25~29, 28.0% of age 30~34, and 54.0% of age 35~39 were sorted as obesity.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2019

Purpose: It has been proposed that using new prediction methods, such as neural networks based on dental data, could improve age estimation. This study aimed to assess the possibility of exploiting neural networks for estimating age by means of the pulp-to-tooth ratio in canines as a non-destructive, non-expensive, and accurate method. In addition, the predictive performance of neural networks was compared with that of a linear regression model. Materials and Methods: Three hundred subjects whose age ranged from 14 to 60 years and were well distributed among various age groups were included in the study. Two statistical software programs, SPSS 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R, were used for statistical analyses. Results: The results indicated that the neural network model generally performed better than the regression model for estimation of age with pulp-to-tooth ratio data. The prediction errors of the developed neural network model were acceptable, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.40 years and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.12 years for the unseen dataset. The prediction errors of the regression model were higher than those of the neural network, with an RMSE of 10.26 years and a MAE of 8.17 years for the test dataset. Conclusion: The neural network method showed relatively acceptable performance, with an MAE of 4.12 years. The application of neural networks creates new opportunities to obtain more accurate estimations of age in forensic research.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2021

Gindai (Pristipomoides zonatus) is one of six snappers in a management complex called the Deep 7 of the Hawaiian Islands. Little is known about its life history and a preliminary analysis of otolith thin sections indicated the species may exhibit moderate growth with a lifespan approaching 40 years. Preliminary age estimates from the previous study were reinvestigated using the same otolith sections in an attempt to validate those ages with bomb radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating. From the misalignment of birth years for the otolith ¹⁴C measurements with regional references - the post-peak bomb ¹⁴C decline period - it was concluded that previous ages were inflated from overcounting of the earliest growth zone structure in otolith sections. The oldest gindai was re-aged to 26 years once the age reading was adjusted for early overcounting, 13 years younger than the original estimate of 39 years for this fish. In general, the earliest otolith growth of gindai was massive and complicated by numerous subannual checks. The approach of lumping the early growth structures was supported by the alignment of ¹⁴C measurements from otolith core material (first year of growth). The result was greater consistency of calculated birthdates with the ¹⁴C decline reference, along with minor offsets that may indicate age estimation was imprecise by a few years for some individuals. The revised von Bertalanffy growth function applied to the validated age-at-length estimates revealed more rapid growth (k = 0.378 cf. 0.113) and a lifespan of approximately 30 years. The findings presented here are a case study of how the bomb ¹⁴C decline period can be used as a tool in the refinement of age reading protocols.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제113권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2024

편백은 우리나라 남부지역 대표적 조림 수종으로 2-2 용기묘의 조림이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 편백 용기묘의 묘령(1-0, 2-0, 2-1, 2-2묘)에 따른 엽면적비, 묘고(H)/근원경(D)비, 지상부 건중량(T)/뿌리 건중량(R)비, 묘목 품질지수, 양분흡수 특성 등을 조사하였다. 묘목의 엽면적비는 1-0묘가 30.48 cm² g^-1로 가장 크고 묘령이 증가함에 따라 28.62 cm² g^-1 에서 23.59 cm² g^-1으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. H/D율은 1-0묘가 4.41로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 2-1묘 7.17, 2-2묘 8.35, 2-0묘 9.05 순이었다. T/R율은 1-0묘가 4.29로 가장 크게 나타났으며, 2-1묘가 2.13으로 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 묘목 품질지수는 1-0묘 0.10, 2-0묘 0.51, 2-1묘 2.54, 2-2묘 3.06으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 편백 용기묘의 잎, 줄기, 가지, 뿌리 등의 탄소 농도는 묘령의 증가와 뚜렷한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 양분흡수 특성 중 시비를 실시하지 않은 2-1묘의 잎 질소 농도는 0.85%로 시비를 실시한 타 묘령의 잎 내 질소 농도 1.25~1.88%에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 값을 보였다. 잎의 질소 농도와는 대조적으로 인, 칼륨, 마그네슘 농도는 시비가 실시되지 않았던 2-1묘에서도 농도의 감소가 나타나지 않아 이들 양분의 무시비에 대한 반응이 질소보다 크지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 편백 용기묘의 묘령에 따른 생산 기준 설정이나 적정 생육을 위한 양분관리에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.752-759
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• 2000

연구배경 : 폐기능 검사는 민족과 인종 그리고 거주지역뿐만 아니라 연령에 따라서도 차이가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 대부분의 검사실에서 검사기기에 내장된 평균적 표준치를 기준으로 삼고 있는 실정이어서 노령인구에 대한 폐기능검사 표준을 조사할 필요가 있었다. 이에 건강한 노인을 대상으로 폐기능검사를 시행하여 연령증가에 따른 폐기능의 변화를 확인하고 이를 토대로 표준치를 제시하고자 하였다. 방법 : 65세 이상의 남녀 각 100명을 대상으로 폐기능검사를 시행하였다. 측정된 FVC, $FEV_1을 Windows용 SPSS 8.0 version을 이용하여 연령 및 사용하여 다중회기분석을 시행하였다. 노인들의 연령과 키를 현재까지 많이 쓰이고 있는 다중선형회기식으로 분석하여 저자들의 다중선형회기식과의 차이를 분석하였다. 결과 : 대상 200예 중 남자노인의 평균연령은 $71.5{\pm}5.1$세였고, 평균신장은 $163.5{\pm}6.20$cm 였다. 이들의 평균 FVC는 $3.42{\pm}0.48{\ell}$, 평균 $FEV_1$은 $2.71{\pm}0.39{\ell}$였다. 여자노인의 평균연령은 $72.0{\pm}5.1$세였고， 평균 신장은 $149.1{\pm}5.93$cm 였다. 이들의 평균 FVC는 $2.22{\pm}0.42{\ell}$ 였고, 평균 $FEV_1$은 $1.83{\pm}0.33{\ell}$였다. 단변수 분석에서 선형적 연관성을 보인 연령과 신장을 독립변수로 한 다중회귀식을 계산하였고 이를 기존의 다종선형회기식과 비교한 결과 $FEV_1$은 Morris등의 다중선형회기식에 의한 예측치가 실측치보다 낮게 예측되어 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 결론 : 65세 이상의 정상노인에서 폐기능 검사를 시행한 결과 연령의 증가에 따라 폐기능이 통계적으로 의미있게 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한 이들의 폐기능 실측치를 다종선형회귀식을 도출하여 기존에 보고된 식들과 비교한 결과 기존의 다중선형회귀식이 한국노인의 표준을 대변할 수 없음을 증명하였다. 저자들의 다중선형회귀식은 노인 연령균에서 오차가 적어 한국노인의 폐기능을 예측하는데 유용할 것으로 기대되었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.315-324
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• 1996

목적 : 정상인과 파킨슨 환자의 [I-123]IPT SPECT 데이터를 이용하여 그래픽 분석방법과 축적된 특이결합과 비특이결합의 면적에 대한 비율을 이용한 분석방법으로 얻은 $k_3/k_4$와 조직방사능비를 비교하고 [I-123]IPT SPECT의 유용성을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 방법 : [I-123]IPT($6.5{\pm}1.1$ mCi)를 6명의 정상인(나이:$45{\pm}13$)과 17명의 파킨슨 환자(나이:$55{\pm}8$)에게 순간 정맥주사하였다. SPECT 데이터는 5분 간격으로 2시간 동안 얻어졌다. 운반체 매개변수 $k_3/k_4$는 동적 IPT SPECT 데이터를 이용 혈액 표본이 사용되지 않는 Ichise의 그래픽분석방법($R_v$)과 Lassen의 면적비율방법($R_A$)를 이용하여 얻어졌다. 운반체 매개변수 $R-v,\;R_A$ 그리고 115분에서 얻은(BG-OCC)/OCC비 사이의 관계들은 선형회귀분석을 사용하였다. 결과 : 정상인과 파킨슨 환자에 대한 $R_v$ 값은 각각 $2.08{\pm}0.29$와 $0.78{\pm}0.31$이었다. 그리고 $R_A$ 값은 정상인과 파킨슨 환자에 대해 각각 $1.48{\pm}0.16$과 $0.65{\pm}0.24$이었다. (BG-OCC)/OCC와 $R_v$,(BG-OCC)/OCC와 $R_A$ 그리고 $R_v$와 $R_A$ 사이의 상관계수들은 각각 0.93, 0.90, 0.99이었고, 그것들에 대응하는 기울기들은 각각 0.54, 0.34, 0.65이었다. 정상인의 $R_v$와 $R_A$는 파킨슨 환자의 것보다 높았다. 즉, 정상인의 $k_3/k_4$는 파킨슨 환자의 것과 뚜렷이 구분되었다. 그리고 그래픽 분석방법과 면적비율 분석방법에 의한 $k_3/k_4$는 조직방사능비와 좋은 상관관계를 보여주었다. 결론 : 비침습성 단순화된 정량분석 방법들은 매개변수 $k_3/k_4$를 측정하는데 유용할 것이다. 그리고 특이결합비율 분석방법은 [I-123]IPT SPECT를 이용한 사람뇌의 도파민 운반체의 정량분석연구에 대해 유용하게 사용될 것이라고 생각된다.