• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 2001

Three types of learning and memory tests (Morris water maze, active and passive avoidance) were performed in rats following intracerebroventricular infusion of ethylcholine aziridium (AF64A). In Morris water maze, AF64A-treated rats showed the delayed latencies to find the platform iron 6th day after the infusion. In pretrained rats, AF64A caused the significant delay of latency at 7th days but not 8th day. In the active avoidance for the pretrained rats, the escape latency was significantly delayed in AF64A-treatment. The percentages of avoidance in AF64A-treated rats were less increased than those in the control. Especially, the percentage of no response in the AF64A-treated rats was markedly increased in the first half trials. In the passive avoidance, AF64A-treated rats shortened the latency 1.5 h after the electronic shock, but not 24 h. AF64A also caused the pretrained rats to shorten the latency 7th day after the infusion, but not 8th day. These results indicate that AF64A might impair the learning and memory. However, these results indicate that the disturbed memory by AF64A might rapidly recover after the first retrain. Furthermore, these results suggest that AF64A may be a useful agent for the animal model of learning for Spatial cognition .

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1996

Changes in dopaminergic activities were investigated after the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ethylcholine aziridium (AF64A) in rats. The levels of dopamine (DA) and metabolites, the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), and the specific binding sites of dopamine receptros in striata, hippocampus, and frontal cortex were assessed 6 days after the AF64A treatment with 3 nmol/each ventrcle. In frontal cortex, the levels of DA and metabolities were significantly decreased without changes in metabolites/DA ratios in the AF64A-treated groups. In contrast, the ratios of metabolites/DA were significantly decreased in striatum and hippocampus in the AF64A treatment. The activity of TH in frontal cortex was significantly decreased. However, that in other areas was not changed. Also the activity of MAO-A was not changed in the studied brain regions. However, the activity of MAO-B in striatum was significantly increased with no change in other areas. The specific binding sites of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were increased in AF64A-treated frontal cortex. However, those were not changed in striatum and hippocampus except the small decreased specific binding sites of dopamine D-1 receptors in striatum after AF64A treatment. These results indicate that the dopaminergic activity was altered in AF64A treatment. Furthermore, it suggest that the decreased dopaminergic activities in each brain regions might be differently affected by AF64A treatment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 1997

To investigate effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the ethylcholine aziridnium ion (AF64A) -induced glutamatergic nervous system, rats were pretreated with the infusion of AF64A (3 nmole) into lateral ventricle and were posttreated with 50 mg/kg of GTS, i.p., for 1 week. Twenty four hours after the last administration, rats were sacrificed and the levels of glutamate and taurine, [$^3$H]dizocilpine ([$^3$H]MK801) binding sites and glutamine synthetase activity were assessed in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. The levels of striatal glutamate after GTS treatment in rats were decreased. And the levels of glutamate were decreased in striatum and frontal cortex and increased in hippocampus by the infusion of AF64A. However, the AF64A-induced changes of glutamate were returned to the control level by the administration of GTS in striatum, frontal cortex and hippocampus. After the infusion of AF64A, the level of taurine was decreased in striatum and increased in hippocampus. GTS administrations in the AF64A-treated rats restored to the control level of taurine in the decreased striatal level of taurine, but not in the elevated level of hippocampal taurine. The specific [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites in hippocampus was significantly decreased but not in striatum and frontal cortex after the administration of AF64A. Although GTS itself did not affect the specific [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites, GTS administrations in the AF64A-treated rats did decrease the binding sites of (\`H)Mk801 in all examined regions. The activities of striatal glutamine synthetase were decreased after GTS treatment. The activities of striatal glutamine synthetase (GS) were decreased in AF64A-treated groups. However, the decreased striatal GS activities by AF64A were returned to the control level by GTS treatment. Furthermore, GTS administrations in the AF64A-treated rats increased the hippocampal GS activities. The results indicatethat GTS may adjust the levels of glutamate and taurine constantly and may induce increase in AF64A-induced decrease of GS activity. Thus, it suggests that GTS may antagonize changes in central glutamatergic nervous system induced by AF64A. Also it suggests that the actions of GTS may differently affect in the disease state.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1997

Changes in glutamatergic nervous activities following intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) were studied in rats. The levels of total glutamate, those of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in extracellular fluid (ECF) of striatum, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and the specific binding sites of $[^3H]$MK801 in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex were assessed a week after the infusion of AF64A (3 nmol) into lateral ventricle. The levels of total glutamate were significantly decreased in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex after AF64A treatment. Although the levels of glutamate in CSF weren't changed after AF64A treatment, the levels of glutamate in ECF of striatum were significantly decreased (62.6%). GS activities in striatum were significantly decreased. But, glutaminase activities in striatum were significantly increased. However, the activities of GS and glutaminase in frontal cortex and hippocampus weren't changed. Although GDH activities in frontal cortex were significantly decreased, those in striatum and hippocampus weren't altered. The striatal densities of $[^3H]$MK 801 binding sites were increased without changes in its affinity. Also, the specific binding sites of $[^3H]$MK801 were increased in frontal cortex but not in hippocampus. These results indicate that the glutamatergic nervous activities were altered with the infusion of AF64A into lateral ventricle. Furthermore, it suggest that the decreased levels of glutamate after AF64A treatment may affect the change in the other parameters of glutamatergic neuronal activities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.210-210
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• 1996

Changs in the glutamatergic nervous system following AF64A injection into lateral ventricle were studied in rats. Rats were treated with the infusion of AF64A (3mM) into lateral ventricle At a week after the infusion of AF64A into lateral ventricle, rats were sacrified and each brain resions was dissected ; striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. At these resions, total glutamate and other amino acids levels. [$^3$H]Mk801 binding sites and glutamine synthetase activity were measured using HPLC-ECD, ligand binding assay and enzyme activity assay, respectively. The levels of total glutamate were decreased in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex Also, the levels of total glycine and taurine were decreased in all examined regions. Furthermore, the levels of total aspartate and GABA were decreased in both hippocampus and frontal cortex but these didn't alter in striatum. Additionally, the levels of total glutamine were decreased in both striatum and frontal cortex. The u\numbers of [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites were differently dffected in each brain resions ; the decrease in striatum, the increase in frontal cortex and no change in hippocampus Glutamine synthetase activity in striatum was significantly decreased. But, that in both hippocampus and frontal cortex didn't alter These results suggest that changes in the glutamatergic nervous system in three regions are induced by following AF64A injection into lateral ventricle in rats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.212-212
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• 1996

Effects of ginseng total saponin(GTS) on changes in the glutamatergic nervous system induced by AF64A were studied in rats. Rats were pretreated with the infusion of AF64A (3mM) into lateral ventricle and were posttreated with GTS (50mg/kg, j.p) for 1 week. Twenty four hrs after the last administration, rats were sacrified and each brain resions was dissected ; striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. At each brain regions, total glutamate and other amino acids levels, [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites and glutamine synthetase activity were measured using HPLC-ECD, ligand binding assay and enzyme activity assay, respectively. The AF64-induced increase in the levels of total glutamate in hippocampus were significantly decreased by the administration of GTS. Furthermore, that compared with saline and GTS was decreased in striatum. The levels of total GABA compared with saline and GTS were declined in frontal cortex. Moreover, the AF64A-induced decrease in the levels of total taurine were significantly increased by the administration of GTS to extents of normal states. The numbers of [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites were differently affected in brain resiojns ; the decrease in hippocampus and no change in both striatum and frontal cortex, Glutamine synthetase activity was significantly increased in hippocampus. In comparision with saline and GTS, that was significantly decreased in striatum These results suggest that GTS may adjust the levels of glutamate, GABA and taurine constantly and may induce increase of glutamine synthetase activity declined.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.101-101
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• 1995

The effects of ginseng prepation, Adaptagen$\^$R/ (AD), on the central dopaminergic nervous system in the learning-impaired rats were studied. The learning impaired rats were rendered by the intracerebroventricular infusion of ethylcholine aziridium (AF64A), 3 nmol/each side. Three days after the infusion of AF64A, AD were orally intubated daily for five days, 200 mg/kg. The control groups were intubated with distilled water. Twenty four hours after the last intubation, The changes in the specific bindings of dopamine receptors, the concentrations of dopamine (DA) and metabolites, The activities of tyrosine hydrosylase (TH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) were analyzed using receptor radiography, HPLC-ECD and the methods in enzyme-assays, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.233-233
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• 1994

인삼 성분이 학습 및 기억력 중진에 미치는 효과를 연구하기 위하여, 학습 및 기억력 저하를 유발하는 약물들에 대한 아답타겐 (상품명) 과 인삼 수 엑기스산의 효과를 관찰하였다. Ethylcholine aziridium ion(AF64A), scopolamine 및 morphine을 쥐 및 생쥐의 해마와 복강에 각 각 주입하여 학습 및 기억력 저하를 유발한 후 아답타겐을 경구 투여하여 학습 및 기억력에 미치는 효과를 수로시험을 통하여 측정하였다. 또한 인삼 수 엑기스산을 일주일 동안 복강 주사하여 각 효과를 수로시험을 통하여 측정하였다. 또한 인삼 수 엑기스산을 일주일동안 복강 주사하여 각종 신경계에 미치는 변화를 효소 활성도, 신경전달물질의 농도, 수용체 결합을 지표로 하여 살펴보았다. AF64A 투여군 중 플랫폼을 전혀 인지치 못한 군에 아답타겐을 투여시에는 투여 횟수에 따라 플랫폼을 인지하는 비율이 증가했다. 연습 후 일주일간 물을 투여한 대조군의 도달 시간에 큰 변화가 없음에 반해, 아답타겐을 투여시에는 3일 투여 후 최대 시간이 걸리고, 투여횟수가 증가할수록 점차 도달 시간이 단축되었다. 인공 뇌척수액 및 AF64A의 투여군에서 아답타겐을 5일간 투여한 경우 대조군보다 각각 3배 빠른 속도로 플랫폼을 기억하였다. 한편 scopola mine 투여시에는 아답타겐을 투여한 군이 투여하지 않은 군보다 약 3배 빨리 플랫폼에 도달하였으나 각 투여군의 매일의 도달 시간 차이에는 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 또한 4일 전에 아답타겐을 투여시에는 saline 및 merphine 투여시 약 1.4배 빨리 플랫폼을 인지하였다. 인삼 추출물을 7일 투여 했을 경우 선조체에서 도파민 합성 효소인 tyrosine hydroxylase 활성이 유의성 있게 증가했으며, 대사체인 DOPAC의 농도도 증가를 나타냈다. 그러나, 도파민, HVA및 대사율인 DOPAC/DA와 HVA/DA에는 변화를 보이지 않았다. 또한 선조체의 GABA농도는 약 66%로 낮아졌지만 AChE의 활성도는 변화가 없었다. 인삼 수 추출물을 2주일 투여시 선조체의 도파민 수용체의 특성변화는, D1 수용체의 친화력에는 변화가 없는 반면, 최대 결합 수용체 수는 약간 낮아졌고, D2 수용체의 경우 최대 결합 수용체수는 변화가 없었으나 친화력은 감소하였다. 또한 피질의 benzodiazipine수용체 결합 친화력에는 변화가 없는 반면 최대 결합 수용체 수는 약 15%의 증가를 나타내었고 연수의 benzodiazepine 및 피질의 GABA 수용체의 특성에는 에는 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과, AF64A, 아급성 scopolamine 및 급성 morphine꽈 투여로 학습능이 저하되고 아답타겐을 경구 투여시엔 저하된 학습능력 빛 기억력의 증가를 보였다. 또한 본 결과는 인삼성분 중에는 도파민 및 GABA신경계에 영향을 주는 성분이 있음을 제시하였다.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 1997

The Jurassic granites, commercially called Yangu stone in the Pocheon-Euijeongbu area, have generally compact and coarse-grained textures, which could be classified into two types; grey granite(Gg) and light pink granite(Gp). Specific gravity, absorption ratio and prosity of Gg and Gp in physical property are 2.64 and 2.61, 0.32 % and 0.44 %, 0.86% and 1.13 %, respectively. These higher values of two latters of Gp than those of Gg are due to the more abundant microcracks in Gp. Compressive strength og Gg than those of Gg are due to more abundant microcracks in Gp. Compressive strength og Gg and Gp are 1,726 kg/cm2 and 1,717 kg/cm, respectively and bestrength has a positive proportion with Qz+Af+Pl(quartz+alkali feldspar+plagioclase) modes without trending with Bt+Ac(biotite+accessories). Tensile strength has the positive proportions with Qz+Af+Pl and Bt+Ac. While Bt+Ac has a negative trend with abrasive hardness, Qz+A+Pl shows a positive one. These may suggest Qz+Af+Pl mainly affects on strenghts potentional dimension stone than Gp.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2019

This study investigated the sensory characteristics and antioxidative activity of the reduced salt dried bulgogi bibimbap containing AF-343, a dandelion-derived compound extract. A sample with a 30% reduced salt had a sodium amount of 659.01 mg, which was significantly lower than that of the sample before the reduction (p<0.05). The textural hardness of the SW (Standard sample with the AF-343), showed the lowest value of $1.03N/cm^2$, indicating that the AF-343-containing sample could have a slightly softer texture than the non-containing sample. In the analytical sensory test, the AF-343-containing samples showed a synergistic effect on the aroma and flavor of bulgogi, with values of 5.7 and 8.4, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the non-containing sample group (4.3 and 4.4, respectively). The hardness by the sensory test was slightly hard with values of 7.2-8.1 in all samples, indicating that textural improvement was needed. In the acceptance test, all the samples scored with slightly lower values of 4-5 points, highlighting the need for future studies to improve the sensory characteristics of dried bibimbap. The flavonoid contents of AF-343-containing SW and RW sample groups were 68.21 and 64.31 mg GAE/100 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the samples without AF-343 (49.06 and 44.82 mg GAE/100 g, respectively) (p<0.05). The ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were similar to those of the flavonoid contents. As a result, in the production of AF-343-containing reduced-salt dried bulgogi bibimbap, more study on the textural improvement will be needed to achieve better palatability.