• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.365-371
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• 1995

Binary vectors, pBI-ActR1, pBI-ActF1 and pBSH-ActR1, were constructed using pGA642, the replication origin of pTi12 and the rice actin promoter. The sizes of pBI-ActR1, pBI-ActF1 and pBSH-ActR1 were 12.9 kb, 13.2 kb and 11.95 kb, respectively. These vectors containing a rice actin promoter followed by a GUS structural gene could induce stronly the expression of GUS gene in transformed rice cells. Rice explants from 3-4 day old seedlings after germinatin were cocultured with A. tumefaceins harboring pBI-ActR1, pBI-ActF1 or pBSH-ActR1, and then GUS expression in the explants was assayed. Transformation of rice explants by these binary vectors was tissue-specific, such that the meristematic regions of shoot apex, root and hypocotyl were transformed by these binary vectors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.819-822
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• 2003

Polyketides are an extensive class of secondary metabolites with diverse molecular structures and biological activities. A plasmid-based minimal polyketide synthase (PKS) expression cassette was constructed using a subset of actinorhodin (act) biosynthetic genes (actI-orfl, actI-orf2, actI-orf3, actIII, actⅦ, and actIV) from Streptomyces coelicolor, which specify the construction of an orange-fluorescent anthraquinone product aloesaponarin II, a type II polyketide compound derived from one acetyl coenzyme A and 7 malonyl coenzyme A extender units. This system was designed as an indicator pathway in S. parvulus to generate a hybrid type II polyketide compound via gene-specific replacement. The act ${\beta}-ketoacyl$ synthase unit (actI-orfl and actI-orf2) in the expression cassette was specifically replaced with oxytetracycline ${\beta}-ketoacyl$ synthase otcY-orfl and otcY-orf2). This plasmid-based hybrid PKS cassette generated a novel orange-fluorescent compound structurally different from aloesaponarin II in both S. lividans and S. parvulus. In addition, several additional distinctive blue-fluorescent compounds were detected, when this hybrid PKS cassette was expressed in S. coelicolor B78 (actI-orf2 mutant), implying that the expression of plasmid-based hybrid PKS cassette in Streptomyces species should be an efficient way of generating hybrid type II polyketide compounds.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.57-79
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• 2007

Laws regarding to Arbitration in North Korea are Arbitration Act, Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, Regulations on the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission, Regulation for treatment of cases in Arbitration Commission, Rules of Hearing. North Korea has enacted the laws related to Arbitration including Arbitration Act enacted in 1995 and Foreign Economic Arbitration Act enacted in 1999. In the North Korea's planed economy system, as there will be many disputes among organizations, companies, other Institutions Arbitration Act resolves the disputes to compete the economic plan. North Korea's Arbitration Act is different from Normal Arbitration Acts in particular other socialist states in view of arbitration agreement and selection of arbitrator and functions as the tools controlling the members of North Korea and have the characteristics such as national arbitration system and mixture of criminal trial and governmental control and strict legal control system on violent acts in North Korea's plan and plan regulation. And North Korea's Arbitration Act deals with the civil disputes and limits the parties and subject matter of arbitration. The parties in dispute such as organizations, companies, other Institutions could apply for arbitration to Central Arbitration Body and Provincial (City under the direct control of Government) Arbitration Body and Sectional Arbitration Body. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the enhancement of the understanding arbitration in North Korea by studying the clauses in the Arbitration Act.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.107-133
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• 2010

최근에 정신보건 영역에서 사례관리에 대한 관심이 높아지고 그 중요성이 강조되고 있는 시점에서 본 연구는 ACT 모델을 지속적으로 적용해오고 있는 S 정신보건센터의 사례관리자들의 경험에 대하여 질적 연구를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 한국에서의 ACT 모델의 적용가능성을 확인할 수 있었으며, ACT 모델의 주요 특징인 팀 접근과 적극적인 서비스는 사례관리자의 역량을 높이고 클라이언트와의 관계의 질을 높임으로써 서비스의 효과를 가져 오는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 적극적인 서비스의 과정에서 전문가 주도와 클라이언트의 의존 사이에서 갈등을 나타냈으며 한국의 가족주의와 정신보건체계의 특성에 대한 고려가 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 ACT의 확대 적용을 위한 논의를 하였다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.183-232
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• 1999

The legislative body of The People's Republic of China, the National People's Congress, enacted the first arbitration act in China's history on August 31st, 1994, which took effect on September 1, 1995. The problems revealed through a comparison of China's Arbitration Act with the UNCITRAL model arbitration law were studied as well as the enacting process, background, status and system, important contents, problems of Chaina's Arbitration Act, and the differences between the old arbitration regulations and the new arbitration act. These are all discussed in this paper. The Arbitration Act is the basic act ruling over china's arbitration system: it unified the previously confusing laws and regulations relevant to the arbitration system, and the act brings out fundamental changes in China's domestic arbitration to the level of international arbitration standards. It is possible to view this act as a cornerstone in China's arbitration system. But, as discussed in this paper, there are still a lot of problems with the new act and only a few of the merits which the UNCITRAL model arbitration law has. First, under China's Arbitration Act, parties enjoy autonomy to some degree, but the range of party autonomy, compared to that of the UNCITRAL model arbitration law, is too narrow. Second, because China's Arbitration Act didn't explicitly provide issues which can give rise to debate, a degree of confusion in its interpretation still remains. Third, China's Arbitration Act's treatment of some important principles was careless. Fourth, in some sections, China's Arbitration Act is less reasonable than the UNCITRAL model arbitration law. These problems must be resolved in order to develop China's arbitration system. The best way of resolving these problems for China is to adopt the UNCITRAL model arbitration law. But it is difficult to expect that China will accept this approach, because of the present arbitration circumstances in China. Although it is difficult to accept all the contents of the UNCITRAL model arbitration law, China's legislators and practitioners must consider the problems mentioned in this paper.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the rightness of establishing the Essential Act of Landscape Architecture in Korea and to present the legal phase, the legislative system and the construction of a contents at the expected enactment of it. It is necessary to point out the problems of the various fields of landscape architecture and to propose the solutions of them. The contents of the study are as follows, 1 . The number of the regulations related to landscape architecture is a good reason for which the field of landscape architecture is worth being included to the positive law. 2. The problems by items(ordinance, engineer, contract, planning, design and supervision, construction, maintenance, plant and planting, material, aesthetics and sight, environmental conservation and ecology, right and penal regulations) to the domestic related regulations being at issue and the remedies for it shall be considered at the enactment of the Essential Act of Landscape Architecture. 3. The number of the domestic regulations being related to landscape architecture which have a term of\` the Essential Act∼\`is 5. 4. The Essential Act of Landscape Architecture is the separate Essential Act welch defines the scope of landscape architecture as construction works and controls the business essentially. 5. The meaning and character of the Essential Act of Landscape Architecture was examined and the reasons for that essential act were recognized in point of the legal, landscape architectural and educational systems. 6. The creation of new official landscape architectural organization is a reason to justify the enactment of the Essential Act of Landscape Architecture. 7. The legal phase, the legislative system and the construction of a contents of the Essential Act of Landscape Architecture ware presented and this act shall conform to such as the legal system of the Architectural Act, the Essential Act of the Construction Industry and so on. The result of this study will be the basic materials for the creation of the Essential Act of Landscape Architecture.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.280-291
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• 2016

발명진흥법은 최근까지 개정이 매우 잦은 법률 중 하나로써, 잦은 개정은 최근의 발명진흥법 체계 정비 논의가 이루어지는 대표적인 원인으로 지적되고 있다. 발명진흥법 체계의 정비를 위해서는 다양한 시각과 쟁점에 대한 논의가 다루어지고 있는데, 그 중에서 2011년 지식재산 기본법의 제정에 따라 발명진흥법이 받는 영향을 고려한 논의가 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 먼저 지식재산 기본법과 발명진흥법의 관계, 특히 기본법 형태의 법률과 그 법률의 제정 전 존재하던 개별법령 간의 관계를 검토하였다. 이를 바탕으로 발명진흥법 체계의 정비방향을 살펴보고자 하였으며, 최근 제정된 기본법과 개별법령의 관계 및 개정사례를 분석함으로써 법현실적인 기준을 도출해보고자 하였다. 그 결과 우리나라 법체계 상 지식재산 기본법에 형식적 우월성을 인정하기는 어렵지만, 실질적 우월성 내지는 현실적인 우월성의 고려는 인정될 수 있을 것이라는 판단 하에, 발명진흥법 역시 그러한 태도의 범위 안에서 지식재산 기본법과 적합한 관계를 유지하며, 그 체계의 개편이 필요하다는 결론을 도출하였다. 다만, 실무적으로 일부 논의되는 바와 같이 발명진흥법이 지식재산 기본법의 집행법으로서 전적인 체계적 융합화를 도모하는 것은 우리나라 법체계의 한계 및 타법의 사례와의 균형 등을 고려할 때 적절하지 않으며, 지식재산 기본법의 규정사항을 실질적으로는 고려하여야 하더라도 여전히 발명진흥법은 그 자체로서 입법의 목적이 존중될 필요가 있다고 생각한다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 1989

Fisheries Act is to provide for scope of application as follows : (1) Except as provided otherwise, the provisions of this act shall not apply to any waters other than a public one. (2) If waters other than a public one are connected to and integrated with the latter, the provisions of the act shall apply to the former. This paper aims to analyze these Fisheries act.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.331-359
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• 2001

Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (1999) Drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. The Act allows the use of electronic records and electronic signatures in any transaction, except transactions subject to the Uniform Commercial Code. The fundamental purpose of this act is to remove perceived barriers to electronic commerce. The Act's a procedural statute. It does not mandate either electronic signatures or records, but provides a means to effectuate transactions when they are used. The primary objective is to establish the legal equivalence of electronic records and signatures with paper writings and manually-signed signatures. With regard to the general scope of the Act, the Act's coverage is inherently limited by the definition of "transaction." The Act does not apply to all writings and signatures, but only to electronic records and signatures relating to a transaction, defined as those interactions between people relating to business, commercial and governmental affairs. The exclusion of specific Articles of the Uniform Commercial Code reflects the recognition that, particularly in the case of Articles 5, 8 and revised Article 9, electronic transactions were addressed in the specific contexts of those revision processes. In the context of Articles 2 and 2A the UETA provides the vehicle for assuring that such transactions may be accomplished and effected via an electronic medium. At such time as Articles 2 and 2A are revised the extent of coverage in those Articles(Acts) may make application of this Act as a gap-filling law desirable. Similar considerations apply to the recently promulgated Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA). Another fundamental premise of the Act is that it be minimalist and procedural. The general efficacy of existing law, in an electronic context, so long as biases and barriers to the medium are removed, confirms this approach. The Act defers to existing substantive law. Specific areas of deference to other law in this Act include: i) the meaning and effect of "sign" under existing law, ii) the method and manner of displaying, transmitting and formatting information in section 8, iii) rules of attribution in section 9, and iv) the law of mistake in section 10.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제29호
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• pp.87-113
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• 2011

한국 경비산업이 출범한지 반세기가 지났으며, 급속하게 발전하고 있다. 민간경비 산업의 영역은 생활안전뿐 아니라 국가안보에도 미치고 있으며, 그 영역은 계속 확장되고 있다. 경비업법은 경비산업과 밀접한 관계가 있으며, 민간경비 산업의 발전과 깊은 연관성이 있다. 1976년에 제정된 한국 경비업법은 일본 경비업법을 모델로 제정되었으나, 이제는 일본에 못지않게 체계를 갖추고 있다고 평가할 수 있다. 그러나 한국 경비업법은 지난 10년간의 경비산업의 수요를 반영하지 못한 채 정체되어 있다. 현행 경비업법의 문제점으로는 많은 사항이 논의되고 있지만, 경비산업의 발전과 직결되는 것으로 크게 네 가지를 들 수 있다고 판단된다. 첫째로, 교통유도경비업무와 같은 새로운 경비업무를 창출해야 한다는 점, 둘째로 과도하게 느슨한 허가기준을 강화시켜야 한다는 점, 셋째로 경비원의 교육체계를 대폭 개선해야 한다는 점, 넷째로 경비지도사 시험제도를 개선해야 한다는 점이다. 이에 이 네 가지를 중심으로 문제점을 도출하는 한편, 그에 대한 개선방안을 제시해 보기로 한다. 학계는 물론 업계 모두가 경비업법의 개정에 관심을 가져야 하며, 본고가 그 작은 계기가 되기를 희망한다.