• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.49-69
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• 2018

This paper shows an optimal design for reinforced concrete rectangular combined footings based on a criterion of minimum cost. The classical design method for reinforced concrete rectangular combined footings is: First, a dimension is proposed that should comply with the allowable stresses (Minimum stress should be equal or greater than zero, and maximum stress must be equal or less than the allowable capacity withstand by the soil); subsequently, the effective depth is obtained due to the maximum moment and this effective depth is checked against the bending shear and the punching shear until, it complies with these conditions, and then the steel reinforcement is obtained, but this is not guaranteed that obtained cost is a minimum cost. A numerical experimentation shows the model capability to estimate the minimum cost design of the materials used for a rectangular combined footing that supports two columns under an axial load and moments in two directions at each column in accordance to the building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary (ACI 318S-14). Numerical experimentation is developed by modifying the values of the rectangular combined footing to from "d" (Effective depth), "b" (Short dimension), "a" (Greater dimension), "${\rho}_{P1}$" (Ratio of reinforcement steel under column 1), "${\rho}_{P2}$" (Ratio of reinforcement steel under column 2), "${\rho}_{yLB}$" (Ratio of longitudinal reinforcement steel in the bottom), "${\rho}_{yLT}$" (Ratio of longitudinal reinforcement steel at the top). Results show that the optimal design is more economical and more precise with respect to the classical design. Therefore, the optimal design presented in this paper should be used to obtain the minimum cost design for reinforced concrete rectangular combined footings.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.269-288
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• 2018

180 different 2D numerical analyses have been carried out to estimate the factor of safety (FOS) for rooted slopes. Four different types of vegetated coverage and a variety of slope geometry considering three types of soil have been evaluated in this study. The highly influenced parameters on the slope's FOS are determined. They have been chosen as the input parameters for developing a new practical relationship to estimate the FOS with an emphasis on the roots effects. The dependency of sliding mode and shape considering the soil and roots-type has been evaluated by using the numerical finite element model. It is observed that the inclination and height of the slope and the coverage type are the most important effective factors in FOS. While the soil strength parameters and its physical properties would be considered as the second major group that affects the FOS. Achieved results from the developed relationship have shown the acceptable estimation for the roots slope. The extracted R square from the proposed relationship considering nonlinear estimation has been achieved up to 0.85. As a further cross check, the achieved R square from a multi-layer neural network has also been observed to be around 0.92. The numerical verification considering different scenarios has been done in the current evaluation.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.233-267
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• 2018

Conventional seismic design of concentrically braced frame (CBF) structures suggests that the gusset plate connecting a steel brace to beams and/or columns should be designed as non-dissipative in earthquakes, while the steel brace members should be designed as dissipative elements. These design intentions lead to thicker and larger gusset plates in design on one hand and a potentially under-rated contribution of gusset plates in design, on the other hand. In contrast, research has shown that compact and thinner gusset plates designed in accordance with the elliptical clearance method rather than the conventional standard linear clearance method can enhance system ductility and energy dissipation capacity in concentrically braced steel frames. In order to assess the two design methods, six cyclic push-over tests on full scale models of concentric braced steel frame structures were conducted. Furthermore, a 3D finite element (FE) shell model, incorporating state-of-the-art tools and techniques in numerical simulation, was developed that successfully replicates the response of gusset plate and bracing members under fully reversed cyclic axial loading. Direct measurements from strain gauges applied to the physical models were used primarily to validate FE models, while comparisons of hysteresis load-displacement loops from physical and numerical models were used to highlight the overall performance of the FE models. The study shows the two design methods attain structural response as per the design intentions; however, the elliptical clearance method has a superiority over the standard linear method as a fact of improving detailing of the gusset plates, enhancing resisting capacity and improving deformability of a CBF structure. Considerations were proposed for improvement of guidelines for detailing gusset plates and bracing members in CBF structures.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2006

Purpose : The Purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of antithrombotic activities of Haenggyonghonghwatang (HGHHT). Methods : Measured the effect which was given to blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD soulution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that is caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. Each of the groups consisted in 8 mice, was divided into Normal, Control, and HGHHT. All of these 3 group were supplied a saline solution and after an hour the control group brought the dextran extravasated blood. Also the HGHHT group was dosed to the experimental mice with Oral Zonde one day before the experiment. After that, the mice were abstained from food. And then we gave a measured amount of it before an hour. Finally, it gave rise to dextran extravasated blood as well as the Control group. Results : The results were obtained as follows. HGHHT inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine significantly as compared with the control group. HGHHT showed fibrinolytic activity insignificantly as compared with the control group. HGHHT increased blood flow rate significantly as compared with the control group in vitro, but insignificantly as compared with the control group in vivo. HGHHT inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine(inhibitive rate 50%). HGHHT increased number of platelet, fibrinogen amount and shortened prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time significantly as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. Conclusion : HGHHT is effective antithrombotic activity from experimental result.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.28-33
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• 2020

Recently, the overseas construction market has been actively promoted for about 10 years, and overseas dam construction has been continuously performed. For the economic and safe construction of the dam, it is important to prepare the main dam construction plan considering the design frequency of the diversion tunnel and the cofferdam. In this respect, the prediction of river level during the rainy season is significant. Since most of the overseas dam construction sites are located in areas with poor infrastructure, the most efficient and economic method to predict the water level in dam construction is to use the upstream water level. In this study, a linear regression model, which is one of the simplest statistical methods, was proposed and examined to predict the downstream level from the upstream level. The Pyeongchang River basin, which has the characteristics of the upper stream (mountain stream), was selected as the target site and the observed water level in Pyeongchang and Panwoon gaging station were used. A regression equation was developed using the water level data set from August 22th to 27th, 2017, and its applicability was tested using the water level data set from August 28th to September 1st, 2018. The dependent variable was selected as the "level difference between two stations," and the independent variable was selected as "the level of water level in Pyeongchang station two hours ago" and the "water level change rate in Pyeongchang station (m/hr)". In addition, the accuracy of the developed equation was checked by using the regression statistics of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Adjusted Coefficient of Determination (ACD), and Nach Sutcliffe efficiency Coefficient (NSEC). As a result, the statistical value of the linear regression model was very high, so the downstream water level prediction using the upstream water level was examined in a highly reliable way. In addition, the results of the application of the water level change rate (m/hr) to the regression equation show that although the increase of the statistical value is not large, it is effective to reduce the water level error in the rapid level rise section. Accordingly, this is a significant advantage in estimating the evacuation water level during main dam construction to secure safety in construction site.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 1988

The hop alpha-acid content prediction model developed with meteorological elements in Hoeongseong was Y=28.369-0.003X$_1$＋1.558X$_2$-1.953X$_3$-0.335X$_4$-0.003X$\sub$5/-0.119X$\sub$6/, with MSEp of 0.004, Rp$^2$ of 0.9987, Rap$_2$ of 0.9949 and Cp of 7.00. The total sunshine hours (X$_1$), the maximum temperature (X$_3$) and the total precipitation (X$\sub$5/) at flowering stage. the maximum temperature at flower bud differentiation stage (X$_4$) and the maximum temperature at cone ripening stage (X$\sub$6/) influenced on hop alpha .acid content as decrement weather elements. The maximum temperature at cone development stage(X$_2$) effected on ${\alpha}$-acid content as increment weather element.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate antithrombotic activities of Saegeumsan (瑞金散, SGS) which has effects of activating blood, removing thrombus. This study is designed to measure the effect which was given to blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD solution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that is caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. We standardized the time when the experimental animals were incapable of functioning the hind legs more than 20 minutes or maintained trembling. Being classified one group of eight mice, each of them was divided into Normal, Control, and SGS. The normal group supplied a saline solution and the control group brought the dextran extravasated blood after an hour of administering the saline solution. Also, SGS was dissolved in $2m{\ell}$ saline solution and then we dosed it to the experimental mice with Oral Zonde one day before the experiment. After that, the mice were abstained from food. And then we gave a measured amount of it before an hour. Finally, it gave rise to dextran extravasated blood in the same way as the Control group. The results were obtained as follows, SGS significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine when analyzed by the Sigmoid $E_{max}$ model in WinNonlin. $EC_{50}$ values of SGS were 4.61 mg/ml and 12.41 mg/ml for ADP and epinephrine respectively. SGS showed fibrinolytic activity insignificantly as compared with the control group. SGS increased blood flow rate significantly as compared with the control group in vitro. SGS inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine(inhibitive rate is 37.5 %). SGS increased number of platelet and fibrinogen amount significantly, and shortened PT and APTT as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. According to, SGS is effective antithrombotic activity from experimental result.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-46
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• 2006

Purpose : The Purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of antithromb otic activities of Honghwadangguisan(HDS) Methods : Measured the effect which was given to blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD soulution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that is caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. Each of the groups consisted in 8 mice, was divided into Normal, Control, and HBS. All of these 3 group were supplied a saline solution and after an hour the control group brought the dextran extravasated blood. Also the HDS group was dosed to the experimental mice with Oral Zonde one day before the experiment. After that, the mice were abstained from food. And then we gave a measured amount of it before an hour. Finally, it gave rise to dextran extravasated blood as well as the Control group. Results : The results were obtained as follows. In vitro, HDS inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine significantly as compared with the control group. HDS showed fibrinolytic activity insignificantly as compared with the control group. HDS reduced blood flow rate in significantly as compared with the control group. In vivo HDS inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine (inhibitive rate 50%). HDS increased number of platelet, fibrinogen amount and shortened prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time significantly but reduced blood flow rate insignificantly as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. Conclusion : HDS is effective antithrombotic activity from experimental result.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.110-126
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• 2005

Purpose : The Purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of antithrombotic activities of Wuslsan (WSS). Methods : Measure the effect which was given to blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD soulution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that is caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. Being classified one group of eight mice, each of them was divided into Normal, Control, and WSS. The normal group supplied a saline solution and the control group brought the dextran extravasated blood after an hour of administering the saline solution. Also WSS was dissolved in 2ml saline solution and then we dosed it to the experimental mice with Oral Zonde one day before the experiment. After that, the mice were abstained from food. And then we gave a measured amount of it before an hour. Finally, it gave rise to dextran extravasated blood in the same way as the Control group. Results : The results were obtained as follows. WSS inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine significantly as compared with the control group. WSS showed fibrinolytic activity insignificantly as compared with the control group. WSS increased blood flow rate significantly as compared with the control group in vitro. WSS inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and Epinephrine(inhibitive rate is 37.5%). WSS increased number of platelet and fibrinogen amount significantly, and shortened PT and APTT as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. Conclusion : WSS is effective antithrombotic activity from experimental result.