• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제84권2호
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• pp.247-257
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• 1995

우리나라 특산 수종인 구상나무림(林)의 보존과 조림 및 임업경영에 필요한 정보를 체계화 시킬 목적으로 ZM방식을 통한 군락분류를 하였던 바 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다. 구상나무림(林)은 구상나무-신갈나무군락과 구상나무 제주조릿대군락으로 구분되었으며 구상나무 신갈나무군락은 미역줄나무군, 금마타리군 및 전형군으로 구분되었고, 미역줄나무군은 전형소군, 참나물소군 미 원추리 소군으로 구분되었다. 구상나무-제주조릿대군락은 매발톱나무군, 마삭줄군 및 전형군으로 구분되었으며 매발톱나무군은 전형소군과 노루귀소군으로, 마삭줄근은 노루귀소군과 전형소군으로 구분되는 등 총 10개의 식생단위로 구분되었다. 일치법으로 검토한 바 구상나무-신갈나무군락은 소백산맥에 위치하는 지리산, 덕유산, 가야산에서 출현하였고, 구상나무-제주조릿대군락은 한라산에서 출현하는 등 지리적으로 구분되었고, 군락단위간에는 해발과 지형이 복합적으로 영향을 미치는 경향이었다. 식생단위와 구상나무의 흉고직경 및 수고간에는 구상나무-신갈나무군락의 평균흉고직경과 평균수고가 각각 28.4cm, 10.6m로서 구상나무-제주조릿대군락의 평균흉고직경과 수고가 23.6cm, 6.3m인데 비하여 큰 편이었고 구상나무-신갈나무군락 중에서는 금마티리군이 평균흉고직경과 수고가 20cm, 5m로서 가장 작었으며, 구상나무-제주조릿대군락 중에서는 전형군의 평균흉고직경과 수고가 4cm와 3m로서 가장 작았다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1991

지리산 반야봉지역을 중심으로 분포하고 있는 구상나무의 생육현황과 구상나무림의 구조를 정확히 파악하고자, 구상나무가 생육하고 있는 지역에 37개의 방형구(10$\times$10m)를 설치하여 식생을 조사하였다. 고사한 구상나무는 상층수관의 큰 나무들에서 발견되었으며, 개체수의 비율로는 12.81% 이었다. 유묘의 개체수도 매우 적은 수였다. Cluster 분석한 결과 세 개의 집단으로 분류되었다. 수종간의 상관성은 구상나무와 털진달래가 비교적 높은 정의 상관관계를 구상나무와 쇠물푸레, 까치박달, 조릿대 및 층층나무 등의 수종들과는 높은 부의 상관을 보였다. 본 조사지의 종다양도(H')는 1.9796-2.7509로 매우 높게 나타났다. 본 조사지의 구상나무림을 보존하기 위해서는 쇠퇴원인의 구명과 이에 대한 처방이 필요하며 신갈나무, 당단풍, 쇠물푸레, 까치박달, 층층나무, 조릿대 등을 제거해야 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.415-424
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• 1994

Community structure, size and age distribution of tree species of the subalpine Korean fir (Abies koreana) forest at the elevation of 1, 400~1, 700m were strudied in the north-west side of Chonwangbong Peak (1915m) in Mt. Chiri for the purpose of better understanding of the population dynamics of Abies koreana. Eight 20m X 20m permanent quadrats were established in 1991, and trees $\geq$ 2.5cm DBH for all species were marked with numbered aluminum tag, and saplings of Korean fir and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) were also tagged with aluminum sheet. These two conifer species comprised more than 60% of the total density and total basal area of the community. Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum were subdominats. Oridination study showed that cool temperate species such as Sorbus commixta, Betula costata, Acer tschonoskii and Acer ukurunduense occurred in close association with Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis. Major tree species, especially Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis, were well represented in samller size classes, indicating that they were regenerating well. Age distributuion of the Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis showed that the former has longer physiological longevity than the latter, and that establishment were episodic and varied with sites, which implies the importance of the role of natural and artificial disturbances in this Abies kireana forest.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.415-425
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the vegetation structure and distributional characteristics of Abies koreana forests in Mt. Halla, and to provide basicdata for an ecological study on Abies koreana in Mt. Halla. The results of the analysis showed that the mean importance percentage(M.I.P,) of Abies koreana in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and the Azalea field were 28.3%, 23.6%, and 46.4%, respectively. The ratios of DBH (diameter at breast height) to height were similar in all region, except in the Azalea field, where Abies koreana of various ages, both young and old, were found. The species diversity (H) of the upper and lower layers in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and in the Azalea field were 0.625 and 0.810, 0.731 and 0.848, and 0.342 and 0.757, respectively. A total of 52 community were distributed at locations higher than 1,300m above sea level. The proportions of each community in the whole Abies koreana forest were 56.5%(Azalea field), 11.0% (Youngsil trail at 1,550-1,650 m above sea level), and 8.1%(Janggumok and Kundurewat region). The total area of the Abies koreana forest was calculated to be 795.3ha by combining all the areas of each community. An Abies koreana forest with the largest area was found at locations 1,500-1,600 m above sea level, taking up 38.8% of the total Abies koreana forest area. For the slopes of the distributional area of Abies koreana, 46.1%(highest proportion) of the total area was $10\sim25^{\circ}$, and for the azimuth of the distributional area, 17.4%(the highest proportion) of the total area was $0-45^{\circ}$. The vegetation structure showed large differences between areas. It was found, however, that the distribution was mostly in the areas with a relatively gentle slope. It is suggested that research be done to forecast the possible changes in the differences in the vegetation structures between different areas caused by climate changes. In addition, there is a need to monitor the Abies koreana and alpine plants in the subalpine zones of Mt. Halla, which are sensitive to climate change, to obtain the basic data that are necessary for the protection and maintenance of the ecosystem.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권3호
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• pp.366-371
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• 1998

한라산 북부 및 서부지역의 아고산지대(1,350-1,720m)에 분포하는 한국특산종인 구상나무의 생육현황과 구상나무림의 군집구조을 정확히 파악하여 앞으로의 구상나무림 관리의 기초자료로 활용하고자, 구상나무가 분포하는 지역에 20개의 조사구($10{\times}10m$)를 설치하여 식생을 조사하였다. 한라산 아고산지대의 삼림은 구성나무-주목나무-제주조릿대 군집이었다. 수종간의 상관관계는 물참나무와 서어나무; 서어나무와 당단풍나무, 꽝꽝나무; 주목나무와 털진달래, 귀룽나무 등의 수종들 간에는 비교적 높은 정의 상관관계를, 구상나무와 물참나무; 구상나무와 당단풍나무; 제주조릿대와 산벚나무 등의 수종들 간에는 높은 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 구상나무의 활력이 저조한 것으로 나타났으며, 8.11%는 고사목이었다. 구상나무 고사목은 흉고직경 10-30cm 범위의 것들이 대부분이었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.134-138
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECM) in roots of Abies koreana which is an endemic and endangered species in Korea. Roots of A. koreana were collected at Mt. Halla. ECM root tips were classified using morphotyping and identified using sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal rDNA. Total 8 species of ECM fungi were identified from roots of 11 seedlings of A. koreana : Cenococum geophilum, Russula brevipes, 2 species of Russula, 2 species of Thelephora, Cortinarius camphorates and 2 species of Helotiales. These species were known to be typical ectomycorrhizal fungi found in coniferous mature forests.

• Plant Resources
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.138-147
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• 2000

This examination of vegetation is conducted from June to Oct. 1999 through on the spot survey, centering on the habitat of Abies koreana around Imgeolryeong, Jangteomok, and Jeseokbong in Mt Jiri and Yeongsil path and Seongpanak path in Mt. Halla. Species composition tables of the Abies koreana community by altitude and slope in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla are made based on the community composition tables examined in quadrat. The Abies koreana-Saso quelpaertensis community in a west slope of Mt. Halla is found that Abies koreana of 4-6m in height forms subtree layer and that of 8-9m in height the tree layer and it reflects a difference between community structure by slope and main composition species. While the tree layer of Abies koreana community is 12-14 in height around the area of 1,290-1,560m above the sea of Imgeolryong and path from Baekmudong to Jangteomok, it is 8-12m in height in the area of 1,680-1,780m above the sea of path from Jangteomok to Jeseokbong. It means that community structure depends on area and attitude. This study finds out that commonly appearing composition species similar to coverage and presence are Lepisorus thunberianus, Quercus mongolica, Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Ligularia fischeri, Carex lanceolata, Clintonia udensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula ermani, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. As soil environment of surveyed area, pH of surveyed spots is similar in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla, electrical conductivity is higher in Mt Jiri, and contents of organic matter is relatively higher in a west slope of Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla and lower in their south and west slopes. Contents of organic matter and total nitrogen show that the area of 1,550m above the sea in a west slope of Mt. Halla is some higher. For pH and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter, Mt. Halla is higher than Mt. Jiri but for electrical conductivity, Mt. Jiri is relatively higher than Mt. Halla.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제68권1호
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• pp.52-59
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• 1985

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 우리나라 중부(中部) 내륙지방(內陸地方)에 분포(分布)하고 있는 주요(主要) 침엽수(針葉樹)인 금강소나무, 잣나무, 일본잎갈나무, 젓나무, 구상나무에 대(對)하여 직경성장량(直經成長量)을 추정비교(推定比較)하였는데 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 흉고직경급(胸高直徑級)에 따른 연년직경성장량(連年直徑成長量)은 잣나무, 일본잎갈나무, 금강소나무, 젓나무, 구상나무의 순(順)으로 나타났다. 2) 직경성장(直徑成長)은 흉고직경(胸高直徑)이 금강소나무 95cm, 잣나무 80cm, 일본잎갈나무 80cm, 젓나무 140cm, 구상나무 85cm에 도달(到達)하면 정지(停止)되는 것으로 추정(推定)되었다. 3) 수령급(樹齡級)에 따른 흉고직경(胸高直徑) 총성장량(總成長量)은 일본잎갈나무, 잣나무, 금강소나무, 젓나무, 구상나무의 순(順)으로 나타났다. 4) 직경성장(直徑成長)은 수령(樹齡)이 금강소나무 200년(年), 잣나무 120년(年), 일본잎갈나무 120년(年), 젓나무 260년(年), 구상나무 300년(年)에 도달(到達)하면 정지(停止)되는 것으로 추정(推定)되었다. 5) 구상나무는 타수종(他樹種)에 비(比)하여 직경성장(直徑成長)이 현저(顯著)히 저조(低調)하였으며 특(特)히 젓나무와 구상나무는 성장(成長)의 둔화현상(鈍化現象)이 늦게 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.75-91
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• 1993

Structure and dynamics of Abies koreana community in Mt. Gaya were studied to provide the basic data for conservation of Abies koreana community, an endemic species in Korea. A. koreana community of this study site was composed of tree layer (4~7m), subtree layer (2~4m), shrub layer (1~2m), and herb layer (below 1m). The heights of tree and subtree layers were low. Floristic composition showed that this study site was subalpine and dry site. In frequency distribution diagram of diameter classes of major species consisting of A. koreana community, those of both A. koreana and other species showed reverse J-shaped types. From these results, it was estimated that A. koreana community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable climax state like present state. In the spatal distribution diagram of major species, saplings of A. koreana were established under the canopy of A. koreana and Pinus koraiensis and under the dead tree of A. koreana. From these results, it was known that A. koreana saplings were recruited before the community was disturbed and regeneration was accomplished by advance regeneration pattern, in which these saplings established before occurrence of disturbance fill with open site originated from death of mature tree. Growth of annual rings was variable among individuals, it was estimated that such variation was originated in that growth of each individual relates to microclimatic conditions rather than macroclimatic ones. Ecological longevity of A. koreana in this study site estimated by disturbance types and age of dead trees was about 120 years.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.372-377
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• 2009

The chemical compositions and antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils extracted from Abies holophylla and A. koreana were investigated. GC-MS analysis revealed that 38 compounds comprised 95.88% of the A. holophylla essential oil, with the main components being bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol(28.05%), ${\delta}3$-carene(13.85%), $\alpha$-pinene(11.68%), camphene(10.41%), dl-limonene(7.61%), $\beta$-myrcene(7.11%), trans-caryophyllene(5.36%), and $\alpha$-bisabolol(3.67%). In the essential oil from A. koreana, 36 compounds comprised 98.67% of the oil, and the main compounds were bornyl ester(41.79%), camphene(15.31%), $\alpha$-pinene(11.19%), dl-limonene(8.58%), fenchyl acetate(5.55%), and $\alpha$-terpinene(2.29%). Both essential oils showed great potential of antibacterial activity against several bacteria tested, in the range of 2.2-$8.8{\mu}g$ per disc by the agar disc diffusion method, and minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of 5.5-21.8 mg/ml by the microdilution method. Both oils showed very effective antifungal activities toward all pathogenic strains tested, including Candida glabrata, with MIC values in the range of 0.5-2.2 mg/ml. As a whole, A. koreana oil showed better antibacterial and antifungal properties than A. holophylla oil.