• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

덕유산의 향적봉과 남덕유산을 잇는 아고산지대(1.350~1.600m)에 분포하는 한국특산종 구상나무의 생육현황과 구상나무림의 군집구조를 정확히 파악하여 앞으로의 구상나무림 관리의 기초자료를 마련하고자, 구상나무가 분포하는 지역에 27개의 조사구(20m$\times$20m)를 설치하여 식생을 조사하였다. 덕유산 아고산지대 구상나무림의 종구성적 특성은 신갈나무 - 주목 - 구상나무군집이었다. 수종간의 상관관계에서는 주목과 병꽃나무; 호랑버들과 부게꽃나무; 백당나무와 호랑버들; 당단풍과 조릿대 등의 종들 간에는 높은 정의 상관이 인정되었고, 구상나무와 병꽃나무; 신갈나무와 노린재나무 등의 수종들 간에는 높은 부의 상관이 인정되었다. 해발고와 정의 상관이 인정된 것은 주목과 백당나무 등이었고, 부의 상관이 인정된 것은 쇠물푸레이었다. 구상나무의 활력이 저조한 것으로 나타났으며, 18.18%는 고사목이었다. 구상나무 고사목은 흉고직경 10~30cm 의 범위에 드는 것들이 대부분이었다. 생육현황표의 점수 평균은 11.73점이었고, 점수와 토심과는 고도의 부의 상관이 인정되었다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.387-403
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• 2003

The vascular plants in Manbokdae-Yeowonjae section of the Baekdudaegan were consisted of 502 taxa; 104 families,305 genus,439 species, 60 varieties, 3 forma. From the floristic point of view, the Baekdudaegan of Manbokdae-Yeowonjae section belongs to the southern province in Korea. The rare and endangered plants designated by Korea Forest Service were Abies koreana, Pedicularis verticillata, Patrinia saniculaefolia, Hololeion maximowiczii, Lilium callolsum, Paeonia obovate, Tricyrtis dizutata and VioEa diamantica, and Cymbidium goeringii. The Korean endemic species were Abies koreana, Patrinia saniculaefolia, Vicia unijuga, Stewartia koreana, Cornus walteri, Weigela subsessilis, Saussurea seoulensis, Tyicyrtis dilatata, Hosta capitata, Clematis trichotoma et at.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.254-261
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• 2015

Genetic variations of Abies koreana and Abies nephrolepis were assessed using two mitochondrial DNA regions (nad5 intron 4 and nad5 intron 1) for 16 natural populations to understand their phylogeographical history. Seven polymorphic sites of the two combined regions resulted in the resolution of four haplotypes (M1-M4). The average gene diversity within the population ($H_S$) was 0.098, the total gene diversity ($H_T$) was 0.620, and the interpopulation differentiation was $G_{ST}=0.841$, $N_{ST}=0.849$. The populations were divided into three groups (northern area, central area, southern area) according to their geographic locations. The populations of the northern and southern areas were mostly fixed for M1 and M2, respectively. The populations of the central area showed the highest levels of gene diversity ($H_T=0.654$) due to introgression from the northern area and southern area. The presence of a single mtDNA haplotype in the southern area suggests that current widespread populations have expanded to the central area from a specific refugium population after the last glacial period.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.95-95
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• 1998

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.139-141
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• 2000

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2020

This study was conducted to monitor the growth and development of Abies koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain. Accordingly, the obtained results indicate that the number of A. koreana seedlings increased by 2.6 and 4.8 times in the Yeongsil and Jindallaebat areas, respectively, over the 10-year period. Most of these seedlings were found to be growing on moss-covered rocks. The average tree height over the last 10 years was obtained as 20.4 cm in the Yeongsil area and 3.6 cm in Jindallaebat with growths of 4.1 cm and 1.4 cm, respectively over the last 2 years. Of all the mature trees that were surviving in 2009, 6 died in Yeongsil in 2014 (with an additional 4 in 2018) and 13 in Jindallaebat in 2016. Over the 10-year period, the diameter at breast height of the trees in Yeongsil and Jindallaebat has increased by an average of 0.6 cm and 4.2 cm. Similarly, an average of 6.8 cones was found in the Yeongsil area in 2014 and 26.3 in Jindallaebat in 2016. However, in 2018, no additional cones were found in the former, although an average of 1.4 cones was observed in the latter. With respect to the average temperature and relative humidity, no significant difference could be observed between two monitored areas from 2016 to 2018. However, in July 2017 and February 2018, the average temperature was higher in the Jindallaebat area, while relative humidity was higher in Yeongsil, there by possibly affecting cone growth and flowering between areas. These results indicate the survival and growth of A. koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain is sensitive to the environments of each area. Hence, continuous monitoring of the environment changes and in-depth studies on the flowering and fruiting of A. koreana seedlings needs to be carried out in order to analyze the relationship between their survival rates and changes in weather conditions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity to environmental stress, and changes in the photosynthesis capacity in Abies koreana seedlings by age and to suggest the most effective age for restoration. To identify these physiological characteristics of A. koreana, the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic capacity of 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-year-old A. koreana seedlings were observed from June 2020 to June 2021. The maximum quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm), a chlorophyll fluorescence measurement parameter, was strongly positively correlated with the monthly average temperature (1-year-old seedling: r=0.8779, 2-year-old seedling: r=0.8605, 3-year-old seedling: r=0.8697, 5-year-old seedlings: r=0.8085, and 6-year-old seedlings: r=0.8316). The Fv/Fm values were the lowest in winter (November 2020-March 2021). In addition, the Fv/Fm values of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings in winter were lower than that of 5- and 6-year-old seedlings, while the Fv/Fm values in summer were relatively higher than those in winter. Further, the Fv/Fm values of seedlings of all ages decreased in August 2020, when the monthly average temperature was the highest. In particular, 1-year-old to 3-year-old seedlings showed Fv/Fm values less than 0.8. Further, the photosynthetic capacity measured in August 2020 increased with increasing seedling age. The analysis of variance results for summer Fv/Fm values showed significant differences in age-specific averages (p<0.05), and Duncan's multiple range test showed significant differences between 5- and 6-year-old seedlings and 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings (p<0.05). These results suggested that the 5- and 6-year-old seedlings were less sensitive to environmental stress and showed better photosynthetic capacity than the 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings. Therefore, 5-year-old or older A. koreana seedlings can be used as restoration materials because they can show increased adaptability and stable growth during transplantation due to their relatively high environmental resistance and photosynthetic capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.565-569
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• 2008

Geographic variation of characteristics of cone, seed and bract morphology were examined in 8 populations of rare endemic Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim and A. koreana Wilson. Additionally we studied classification index to distinguish between the species by the method of discriminant analysis. Nested ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in all 13 morphological traits. In the seed length, seed index, bract width, and bract index of A. nephrolepis and the bract width and index of A. koreana, variance components among populations were larger than those among individuals within populations. In discriminant analysis, three traits (cone width, length of seed wing, and bract length) were found to be useful in discriminating A. nephrolepis from A. koreana. The optimal classification results of stepwise selection were discriminated length of seed wing and bract length.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.107-123
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• 2004

The vascular plants of Mt. Deog-yu area in the Baekdudaegan were recorded as 411 taxa; 91 families, 243 genera, 353 species, 53 varieties and 5 forma. From the floristic point of view, the Baekdudaegan, a main mountain range of the Korean peninsula, in the region of Mt. Deog-yu, belongs to the southern province in Korea, as the species like Cephalotaxus koreana, Lindera obtusiloba, Ilex macropoda and Stewartia koreana. are ranged in this region. But the species of the Northern element such as Betula costata, Betula ermani, Heloniopsis orientalis and Disporum ovale are also recorded in the region. Above the sea level from 1,000m, many sub alpine plant species are recorded. Rare and endangered plant species which are categorized by the Office of Forestry were 10 species such as Lilium cernum, Paeonia obovata, Abies koreana, Disporum ovale, Lilium distichum, Tricyrtis dilatata, Clematis chiisanensis, Bupleurum euphorbioides, Rhododendron schonoskii and Iris ensata var. spontanea. The protected plant species which are categorized by the Ministry of Environment were recorded only Lilium cernum. The Korean endemic plant species were recorded as 22 taxa; 12 families, 21 genera, 20 species 1 varieties, and 1 forma. Among them the plant species such as Cephalotaxus koreana, Abies koreana, Hosta capitata, Polygonatum lasianthum var. coreanum and Tricyrtis dilatata are representative ones in the region.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.719-729
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• 2012

Baekdudan has 670km long within South Korea, so the study for detail vegetation characteristics is needed. In this study, we surveyed the plant community structure from Daetjae to Baekbongryung for the next restoration and management plan. We designated 40 quadrats ($10m{\times}10m(100m^2)$ for this study. As a result of TWINSPAN, plant community separated 8 different communities such as Abies koreana comm., Pinus densiflora comm., Quercus mongolica comm. and Larix kaempferi comm. etc. Abies koreana comm. and Pinus densiflora comm. which is mainly located in the mountain ridge and near rocks are needed avoidance from the competition with Quercus mongolica comm. The possibility of atrophy of these communities is to be high, the protection is needed. Species diversity index was between 0.8046~1.1283. Most communities have multi-layer structure and have the ecological value of protection.