• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2007

In order to examine the differences in antioxidant enzyme activities which represent defence mechanism to stressful environments, and soil properties between healthy and declining (or unhealthy) trees, we selected three sites, Witseorum, Youngsil and Sungpanak (Jindallebat). Antioxidant enzymes including Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR), forest soil properties including soil texture, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cation content and nutrient contents in leaves of Abies koreana (Korean fir) trees were analyzed. There were no significant differences between healthy and declining trees in GR activity. However, seasonal difference in antioxidant enzyme activity was observed. GR activity was lower in June and August than that of September. Soil chemical and physical properties of each site showed a tendency that organic content, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity and cation content were lower at the site of declining trees than the site of healthy trees.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Community classification with TWINSP AN and analysis of forest community structure in Y${\breve{o}}$nkiam and Img${\breve{o}}$lry${\breve{o}}$ng areas were carried out to research forest vegetation. The forest communities in Yonkiam area were classified as Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora - Styrax japonica community, Quercus aliena - Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus aliena - Quercus serrata community. The forest communities in Img${\breve{o}}$lry${\breve{o}}$ng area were classified as Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus mongolica - Acer pseudosieboldianum community, Quercus mongolica - Abies koreana community, Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community. The dominant species in Y${\breve{o}}$nkiam area were Pinus densiflora, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata. Quercus aliena and Quercus variabilis. The dominant species in Img${\breve{o}}$lry${\breve{o}}$ng area were Quercus mongolica, Abies koreana, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Tilia amurensis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 2014

This study was conducted to establish an efficient transformation system by using somatic embryogenesis in an important Korean native conifer, Korean fir (Abies koreana). Embryogenic masses were induced from mature zygotic embryos of the Korean fir on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium, which was supplemented with thidiazuron. For genetic transformation, the embryogenic masses were co-cultivated with a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58/pMP90 containing the plasmid vector pBIV10 or LBA4404 containing the plasmid vector MP90. Both vectors contain the kanamycin resistance and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes. A total of 48 lines of embryogenic masses were selected on mLV medium containing $50{\mu}g/mL$ of kanamycin after 4 weeks of culture, following 3 days of co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens strain C58/pMP90 carrying pBIV10 (none of the lines was cultivated with strain LBA4404 carrying MP90). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed, and high levels of GUS transcripts were observed in the 48 putative transgenic lines; however, the control (non-transgenic line) showed negative results. Results of histochemical staining showed that the expression of the GUS reporter gene was observed in somatic embryos that developed from the embryogenic masses of all 48 lines. Stably transformed cultures were successfully produced by co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens strain C58/pMP90 carrying pBIV10 in Korean fir. Here, we have reported an Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer protocol via somatic embryogenesis that may be helpful in developing breeding and conservation strategies for the Korean fir.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.201-211
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the vascular plants which can be an indicator of environmental change in Seseok of Jirisan National Park. The purpose of this study was to find out the basic information for the subalpine species. This study showed that the area had a total 295 taxa including 63 families, 177 genus, 252 species, 2 subspecies, 36 variants 5 forms and Pte-Q was 1.7. Among them, Korea endemic plants were 15 taxa such as Abies koreana. Rare plants were 14 taxa such as Viola diamantiaca. Naturalized plants consisted of 5 taxa such as Rumex crispus. The floristic regional indicator plants found in surveyed area were 72 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade V, 7 taxa of grade IV and 24 taxa of grade III. In summary, The subalpine plants of the survey region consisted of 37 taxa including Abies koreana and Gymnadenia cucullata. As rare plants distributed in subalpine zone respond sensitively to climate change, accuracy distribution range, environmental characteristics of habitat and population dynamics of rare plants should be evaluated quantitatively.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2019

본 연구는 멸종위기 아고산수종 구상나무의 보존 복원을 위한 유전다양성을 고려한 표본추출전략을 구명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 2019년 9월에 한라산 영실 집단($14,000m^2$)에서 총 152개체를 대상으로 선발된 10개의 nSSR 마커를 이용하여 유전다양성 및 공간적 유전구조를 분석하였다. 평균 유전다양성은 관찰된 대립유전자수(A)가 7.2개, 유효대립유전자수($A_e$)가 3.6개, 이형접합도 관찰치($H_o$)가 0.528, 이형접합도 기대치($H_e$)가 0.595이며, 고정지수(F)는 0.071 이었다. 조사구내 구상나무 성목 152개체는 평균 수고 3.6 m, 흉고직경 17.3 cm로 나타났다. 구상나무의 개체목간 평균거리는 3.94 m, 임분밀도는 700 본/ha 이며 개체의 공간적 분포는 임의분포 형태로 나타났다. 구상나무의 유전변이에 대한 공간적 자기상관성(spatial autocorrelation) 분석 결과, 조사구의 구상나무는 약 15 m 이내에서 분포하는 개체들 간 유전적 유사성이 있게 분포하는 것으로 나타났으며 임분밀도가 높고 수고가 낮은 특성으로 인하여 비교적 작은 유전군락이 형성된 것으로 사료된다. 결과적으로 영실의 구상나무 집단의 보존 복원을 위한 표본추출전략은 15 m의 간격을 두고 개체를 선발하는 것이 타당한 것으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.28-28
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• 2019

본 연구는 멸종위기 아고산수종 구상나무 잔존집단 복원을 위해서 묘목처리 및 입지환경이 구상나무묘목 초기생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 연구대상지는 경상남도 금원산으로 해발 1,300 m 이상 능선부(1입지)와 구상나무 잔존집단(2입지)을 선정하였다. 식재한 구상나무 실생묘는 지리산 5개 개체에서 종자를 채취하여 2014년도 파종한 1~5묘 1,350본을 이용하였다. 2019년 5월 연구대상지의 조릿대를 제거 후 무처리, 분해포트, 균근균 접종 실생묘를 9개 구역으로 나누어 3반복씩 입지별 0.15 ha, 4,500 본/ha 밀도로 식재하였다. 식재 후 2019년 5월부터 8월까지 입지별 기상데이터를 수집하였고 묘목의 생존율, 수고, 1년지 생장량 및 근원경을 측정하였다. 환경분석 결과 1입지(88.2%, $42.8umole{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$)가 2입지(84.5%, $29.4umole{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$)에 비해 대기습도와 광량이 높게 나타났다. 구상나무 실생묘의 생존율은 모든 입지에서 100%로 나타났다. 입지별 생장특성 분석 결과 1입지가 수고 17.3 cm, 1년지 생장 4.72 cm 및 근원경 6.20 mm로 2입지(19.0 cm, 3.88 cm, 5.31 mm)에 비해 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 묘목 처리에 따른 분석 결과 무처리와 분해포트 묘목이 모든 입지에서 초기 생장이 양호하였고 균근균 접종 처리는 초기에는 비교적 낮은 생장특성이 나타났다. 결과적으로 대기습도와 광량이 높은 환경 조건이 구상나무 묘목의 초기 생장에 긍정적인 영향을 주었으며 묘목 처리에 따른 생장특성은 지속적인 모니터링이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.259-272
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• 2023

This study set up 49 survey areas with an area of about 400 square meters in Abies koreana natural habitat to identify the species composition and vegetation structure of the A. koreana forest in the Mt. Jiri Nation Park, conducted field surveys using phytosociological methods, and performed the cluster analysis using the Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and Table manipulation. Subsequently, species composition analysis using the importance value, species diversity analysis, DBH analysis, sapling analysis, and similarity analysis was conducted by each cluster type. The cluster analysis classified the A. koreana forest in Mt. Jiri into five clusters, A, B, C, D, and E. The forest was divided into two clusters, Magnolia sieboldii-Dryopteris crassirhizoma-Sasa borealis and Betula ermanii-Solidago virgaurea-Calamagrostis arundinacea. The former was classified as type A and B by Cornus controversa-Hydrangea macrophylla, and the latter was classified as type E, a typical community, and a Sorbus commixta-Rhododendron mucronulatum cluster. And the S. commixta-R. mucronulatum cluster was divided into C type and D type by Picea jezoensis-Ligularia fischeri and Ainsliaea acerifolia. Through vegetation analysis, the importance value of A. koreana, Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Fraxinus sieboldiana, and B. ermanii was highly expressed in the A. koreana forest in Mt. Jiri. Regarding species diversity, the results were similar to those reported in other studies of A. koreana forests in Mt. Jiri. The analysis of diameter at breast height (DBH) showed that A. koreana dominated all layers, and the growth of saplings was also good, indicating that the dominance of A. koreana is expected to continue for a while. However, when considering the value of biodiversity that is expected to increase and threats caused by climate change, systematic preservation and management are required to respond to various threats based on continuous monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.327-357
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• 2011

This study compared the species composition and distribution of the forest communities between Korea and Japan using vegetation releve database. The study included the eastern and southern Korean Peninsula, Is. Jeju, Is. Ulreung, northern Kyushu, central part of Japan and Is. Tsushima and divided in fourteen region with major mountain as the center. Seventy-nine forest communities were classified by tabular comparison with the total of 1844 releves. In the composition table, fifty-four groups of plant species were listed. Some grew in one area exclusively, while others were present in multiple locations. This study showed the similarity and heterogeneity of species composition among study areas. We grouped fourteen types showing similar physiognomy for forest communities. The physiognomical features of the vertical vegetation zones in the study area were similar, however, dominant species and species composition were different between the regions. In the lowland zone, Castanopsis-Type dominated by Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii or Castanopsis cuspidata were distributed in the study area except for northern part of the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. Additionally, Persea thunbergii-Type was distributed widely in the lowest part of the study area, however, it showed the simplification of the species composition in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. In the hilly zone, evergreen forest composed by Abies firma-Type distributed in northern Kyushuand Is. Tsushima, but it was absent in the other study region. The difference in forest community was conspicuous, especially in the montane zone. Deciduous broadleaved forests composed Quercus(D)-Type and Fagus-Type widely distributed in the montane of study area. However, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica and Fagus multinervis flourished in Korea. On the otherhand, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, Fagus crenata and F. japonica distributed in Japan. In the sub-alpine zone, evergreen coniferous forest composed Abies-Quercus(D)-Type, Abies koreana-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type were distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Jeju. Forests composed Taxus cuspidata var. nana-Type, Abies mariesii-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type distributed in the central part of Japan. As a result of DCA ordination, evergreen broadleaved forests of the whole study area showed the lower scores along the first axis, while deciduous and coniferous forests showed the higher scores. The forest types of western part of Japan were located the higer scores, forest types of the Korean Peninsula were located the lower scores, and forest types of Is. Jeju located in the middle. Warmth index (WI) and Annual range of temperature in climate factor were highly correlated on the first axis. The first axis reflected the gradient from oceanic climatic to continental one. The higher the altitude and further geographically, the lower the similarity among communities and the peculiarity of community appeared stronger. The historical background reflecting local flora has strongly influenced on development of community.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.58-68
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the growth and biomass production of Abies koreana seedlings under different relative light intensity. The 5-year-old potted seedlings were grown for 24 months under different light intensity of 100%, 50%, 30%, 10% and 2% of the natural full light intensity. The results were as follows: 1. Height growth was similar in the seedlings under different light intensities except in 2% of the full sun light intensity, having shown the lowest height growth. 2. Root collar diameter growth was reduced gradually by decreasing of the relative light intensity. 3. The seedlings which were grown under relatively low light intensity showed the later starting date of the stem growth in the next spring and showed the smaller number of new needles, and the smarter number and the shorter length of new shoot of the seedlings. 4. Total dry mass including the dry mass of leaves, shoot and root was reduced by decreasing of the relative light intensity. 5. In case of the seedling grown in one year shading condition, the ratio of the dry mass of current-year needles and stem to that of the above one-year-old needles and stem was ranged from 0.99$\pm$0.25 to 1.06$\pm$0.06 and was not significally different among the seedlings grown under 100%, 50% and 30% of the relative light intensity. And the radio was ranged from 0.60$\pm$0.04 to 0.52$\pm$0.03 in the seedlings grown under 10% and 2% of the relative light intensity, respectively. In case of the seedling grown in two years shading, the ratio of the dry mass of current-year needles and stem to that of the above one-year-old needles and stem was ranged from 0.79$\pm$0.04 to 1.00$\pm$0.03 and was not significally different among the seedlings grown under 100, 50, 30% and 10% of the relative light intensity. And the ratio was 0.29$\pm$0.03 in the seedlings grown under 2% of the relative light intensity, respectively. 6. T/R ratio of the seedlings grown in one year shading condition was ranged from 3.35$\pm$0.33 to 4.61$\pm$0.25 and was not significantly different among the relative light intensities of 100%, 50%, 30% and 10%. The seedlings grown under 2% of relative light intensity showed the highest T/R ratio of 7.36$\pm$0.15. In case of the two years shadings the T/R ratio was ranged from 1.76$\pm$0.11 to 3.12$\pm$0.19 and increased as relative light intensity decreased except 2.01$\pm$0.14 in 2% of relative light intensity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.230-238
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare the regeneration of the seedlings under different vegetation types and to identify the presence of allelopathy in Abies koreana(Ak) natural forest in Banyabong Peak(elevation, 1715m), of Mt. Chiri. Twenty quadrats($10m{\times}10m$) were placed in May, 1996 to classify vegetation structure using TWINSPAN. Water-soluble extracts from leaves and soil humus of different vegetation types were collected to test their effects on both seed germination of Ak and mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Phenolic compounds from soil humus were quantified using HPLC. Among the four vegetation types, Sasa borealis(Sb) was found in both Ak-Quercus mongolica(Qm) and Ak-Rhododendron schlippenbachii(Rs) communities. Natural seeding of Ak was $230,000{\pm}90,000seeds/ha$ in 1995 and their germination rate was 25% in an ideal laboratory condition. Density of Ak seedlings less than 5cm in height was 52,000/ha in 1996, while that of seedlings taller than 5cm in height was only 4,000/ha. In the case of Ak-Qm community, density of Ak seedlings with Sb understory was only 7% of the density of seedlings with Rs understary, suggesting the inhibitory effect of Sb. The germination rate of Ak seeds was significantly reduced by leaf extracts of Sb, and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum(Rm) and Ak. Soil humus extract of Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity reduced germination of Ak seeds by 81% and also reduced by 19% the respiration of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fumgus, Lactarius sp. Among the seven phenolic compounds identified from the soil humus, extract, Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity contained significantly high content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid. Particularly, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was present at 4.2ppm in the Sb roots and at 16.5ppm in the Sb humus, suggesting that it could be the primary allelopathic compound in Abies koreana forests with Sasa borealis understory.