• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.41-53
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• 1979

A 6', 8a-bonded catechin dimer was synthesized by action of phenoloxidase on 2mol (+)-catechins. The same dimer and other two dimers which are also 6', 8a-bonded were isolated from the fresh cortex of Quercus robur. The 4, 8a-bonded and the etherified 4, 8a-bonded dimers were isolated from it. It was discussed about the meaning of the enzymatically produced 6', 8a-bonded dimers in plant cell. The isolated dimers are as following: 1. 6', 8a-bonded dimers: (+)-catechin-(+)-catechin-6', 8a-dimer(IX), (+)-catechin-(+)-gallocatechin-6', 8a-dimar (XIII), (+)-gallocatechin-(+)-catechin-6', 8a-dimer(XIV). 2. 4, 8a-bonded dimers: (+)-catechin-(+)-catechin-4, 8a-dimer(X), (-)-epicatechin-(+)-catechin-4, 8a-dimer (XI), (+) -galloatechin-(+)-catechin-4, 8a-dimer (XII). 3. 4,8a-bonded dimers with ether linkage: etherified(+)-catechin-(+)-catechin-4, 8a-dimer (XV), etherifid (+)-catechin-(+)-gallocatechin-4, 8a-dimer (XVI), etherified (+)-gallocatechin-(+)-catechin-4, 6a-dimer (XVII).

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2002

[Cp＊Rh(H₂O)₃](OTf)₂ (1) reacts with a stoichiometric amount of A and B [ A = Me₃SiN₃, B = 4,4'-bipridyl, (2a), A = Me₃SiNCO, B = 4,4'-bipridyl (2b)] in acetone at room temperature for 3 h to give the supramolecular complexes [Cp＊₄Rh₄(μ-A)₄(μ-B)₂] [A = Me₃SiN₃, B = 4,4'-bipridyl, (2a), A = Me₃SiNCO, B = 4,4'-bipridyl (2b)]. Complexes 2a and 2b have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.171-179
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• 2004

Cytochrome P4503A4(CYP3A4) is the most abundnat CYPs in human liver, comparising approximately 30% of the total liver CYPs contents ans is involbed in the metabolism of more than 60% of currently used therapeutic drugs. The expression of CYP3A4 is induced by a variety of structurally unrelated xonobiotics including the antibiotic rifampicin and endogenous hormones, and might be mediated through steroid and xenobiotic receptor(SXR) system. The molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of CYP3A4 gene expression hae not been understood. In order to gain the insight of the molecular mechanism of CYP3A4 gene expression, study has been undertaken to investigate if the histone deacelylation is involved in the regulation of CYP3A4 gene expression by proximal promoter or not. Also SXR was investigated to see if they were involved in the regulation of CYP3A4 proximal promoter activity. HepG2 or Hena-I cells were transfected with a plasmid containing~1kb of the CYP3A4 proximal promoter region (-863 to +64bp) cloned in front of a reporter gene, luciferase, in the presence or absence of SXR or hER. Transfected cells were treated with CYP3A4 inducers such as rifampicin, PCN and RU 486, or with estradiol, in order to exmine to regulation of CYP3A4 gene expression in the presence or absence of trichostatin A (TSA). In HepG2 cells, CYP3A4 inducers and estradiol increased significantly the luciferase activity by CYP3A4 proximal promoter, only when TSA was co-treated after SXR cotransfection. In the case of Hepa-I cells CYP3A4 inducers and estradiol incressed modestly the luciferase activity when TSA was co-treated, but this increment was not enhanced by SXR cotransfection in contrast to HepG2 cells. Taken together, these results indicated that the inhibition of histone deacetylation was required to SXR-mediated increase in CYP3A4 proximal promoter region when rifampicin, or PCN was treated. Futher a trans-activation by SXR may demand other species-specific transcription factors.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 1990

The dioxygen transfer reaction from $N^5$-ethyl-4a-hydroperoxy-3-methyllumiflavin anion (4a-FlEtOO-) has been extended to isomeric aminophenol systems (1a-4a). O-aminophenol (o-AP, 1a & 2a) and p-aminophenol(p-AP, 3a & 4a) were turned out to be good substrates, whereas m-aminophenol(m-AP, 5a) was not. This is due to the charge location which is not on the carbon bearing the amino group. o-AO's react with 4a-FlEtOO- to give isophenoxazine derivatives (6 & 7) and with p-AP's to produce p-benzoquinone derivatives (8 & 9). The partition coefficients $(k_2/k_3)$ of 1a & 2a were $4.84{\times}10^{-4}\;&\;1.66{\times}10^{-5}M$, respectively and those of methylated aminophenolates, 2a & 4a were 4-10 times greater than nonmethylated substrates, 1a & 3a.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 2016

This study investigated the tonal characteristics in Korean emotion words by analyzing the pitch patterns transformed from word utterance. Participants were 30 women, ages 19-23. Each participant was instructed to talk about their emotional experiences using 4-syllable target words. A total of 180 utterances were analyzed in terms of the frequency of each syllable using the Praat. The data were transformed into meantones based on the semi-tone scale. When emotion words were used in the middle of a sentence, the pitch pattern was transformed to A3-A3-G3-G3 for '즐거워서(joyful)', C4-D4-B3-A3 for '행복해서(happy)', G3-A3-G3-G3 for '억울해서(resentful)', A3-A3-G3-A3 for '불안해서(anxious)', and C4-C4-A3-G3 for '침울해서(frustrated)'. When the emotion words were used at the end of a sentence, the pitch pattern was transformed to G4-G4-F4-F4 for '즐거워요(joyful)', D4-D4-A3-G3 for '행복해요(happy)', G3-G3-G3-A3 and F3-G3-E3-D3 for '억울해요(resentful)', A3-G3-F3-F3 for '불안해요(anxious)', and A3-A3-F3-F3 for '침울해요(frustrated)'. These results indicate the differences in pitch patterns depending on the conveyed emotions and the position of words in a sentence. This study presents the baseline data on the tonal characteristics of emotion words, thereby suggesting how pitch patterns could be utilized when creating a melody during songwriting for emotional expression.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.420-428
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• 1989

Pseudogobio esocinus의 심장, 신장 및 간 조직은 하부단위체 C를 함유하는 젖산수소이탈효소를 갖고 있음이 확인되었다. 하부단위체 A 및 B에 대한 유전자들의 조직 발현은 다른 포유동물의 것과 유사하였으며 분자량은 140,000 정도로 추정되었다. Oxamate gel을 사용한 chromatography결과 A4 동위효소는 NAD+보다는 column buffer에 의해 용출되었다. B4 동위효소는 CM-Sepharose column을 사용하여 부붙 정제되었다. B4 동위효소는 물론 A4 동위효소도 고농도의 Pyruvate에 의해 저해되었다. A4 동위효소의 affinity chromatography 상 행동과 Pyruvate 저해 정도로 보아 A4 등위효소는 B4 동위효소 두 역학적으로 유사하다고 사료된다. P. esainus A4 동위효소에 대한 항체는 mouse A4 등위효소와 반응하지만 동종의 B4 동위 효소와는 반응하지 않는 특성으로 보아 하부단위체 B는 진화과정에서 보존성이 낮은 것으로 사료된다. Three tissues of heart, kidney and liver of a primitive cvprinid Pseudogobio esocinus were found to have lactate dehydrogenase isozyme(5) containing subunit C. Tissue expressions of genes for subunits A and B were similar to those of mammalian species. Molecular weight of the isozymes were estimated to be 140,000 approximately. Affinity chromatography of the isozymes on the immobilized oxamate gel revealed that A4 isozyme was not elected in NAD+ but in column buffer. B4 isozune was isozpnatically purified by subjecting kidney extract to a CM-Sepharose column. Ae isozvme as well as B4 isozvme was inhibited by high concentrations of pyruvate. The affinity chromatographic behavior and susceptibility to pyruvate inhibition of the A4 isorpne suggest that A4 isozwne is similar to B4 isozyme kinetically. Antibodies against p. esocinus A4 isogyme reacted with mouse At isozyme but not with p. esocinus B4 isogyme, reflecting that subunit B is less conservative in its evolution.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2016

e-4WD(Electric-4WD) system is a 4WD(4-Wheel Drive) System that can transform a car into a Hybrid System. e-4WD consists of a Motor, Inverter, Speed reducer and Clutch. The Motor, Speed reducer and Clutch are installed on the rear sub-frame as a chassis module type. The inverter is installed separately. Compared to a mechanical 4WD, the e-4WD system has many advantages. For example, the reduced number of drivetrain components makes better use of the space. Driving with a motor only at low speed improves fuel economy and reduces exhaust gas. Engine downsizing is available because the motor assists the engine. The performance of a conventional HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicle) system can also be maintained. This paper proposes the specifications of components and the control logic for an e-4WD System. And the effect of the e-4WD system is proven using a test vehicle equipped with components under various test conditions.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2003

Acidocin 4A produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus GP4A was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation and sequential chromatographies containing Octyl sepharose CL-4B column, $C_{18}$ Sep-Pak Cartridge, $C_{18}$ RP HPLC and HPLC gel filtration. Tricine SDS-PACE resulted in a single band with estimated molecular mass of 4.1 kDa corresponding to the polypeptide weight marker. Electron microscopy of acidocin-treated indicator cells(L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 4797) confirmed that acidocin 4A presented bacteriolytic effect, resulting in cell lysis. Curing trial using ethidium bromide (EtBr) was carried out to examine whether acidocin 4A determinant was encoded either by chromosome or on plasmid. The plasmid designated as pLA4A, being about 20 kb in size, was responsible for acidocin 4A production and immunity to host cells.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2021

Objectives : Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a decrease in the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The abnormal expression of solute carrier family 6 member 4 (Slc6a4) has been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods : In this study, we used MPTP to examine the changes in the expression of Slc6a4 in the brain of mice with Parkinson's disease and investigate its effect on dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Results : In the examination of the Slc6a4 expression in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice for 4 weeks. The gene expression was increased compared to the normal group. To investigate the relationship between Slc6a4 and dopaminergic neurons, we performed a study using siRNA of Slc6a4 in the dopaminergic neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y. Using the siRNA of Slc6a4 to evaluate gene expression, it revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression increases when Slc6a4 decreases. Moreover, this confirms its effects on the dopaminergic neurons. Additionally, through the evaluation of factors related to apoptosis, in particular, it was established that the value of bax/bcl2 decreased and was affected. These results suggest that a decreased Slc6a4 expression induces an increase in TH expression, providing a mechanism of action for dopaminergic neurons regulated by Slc6a4 expression. Conclusions : Slc6a4 is deemed to be involved in the regulation of dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that an increased Slc6a4 expression induced by MPTP may influence a reduction of dopaminergic neurons.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.975-978
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• 2012

P63 is a gene product required in cell cycle regulation which plays vital roles in tumor differentiation. Aims of the present study were to assess the frequency, pattern, sensitivity and specificity of two p63 protein clones P63 4A4 and P63 4A4+Y4A3 in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Thirty cases of head and neck region SCC diagnosed on the basis of H&E staining were examined along with 60 cases of head and neck region biopsies other than squamous cell carcinoma, negative on H&E staining, were taken as control. Immunostaining was performed on slides according to the Thermo Scientific UltraVision LP detection System. P63 4A4+Y4A3 clone is more sensitive 96.6% in comparison to 86% in P63 4A4 with having greater NPV of 98.3%. The results signify the importance of P63 4A4+Y4A3 marker over the old markers and may be used as a confirmatory marker of squamous cell carcinoma.