• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.288-298
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• 2004

Benzimidazole pesticide carbendazim that is effective against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens is a protective, eradicant, and systemic fungicide. For genetic toxicity evaluation of carbendazim on DNA, genes and chromosome, were investigated with chromosome aberration, bacterial reverse mutation, micronucleus test in mouse born marrow and DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis. Substitution and frameshift mutation were not induce at variable concentration of carbendazim on Ames test with or without rat liver microsomal activation. For the result of chromosome aberration test, numerical changes of chromosome were detected at the concentrations higher than $4.0{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, but structural aberration was not induced. Positive control, Mitomycin-C and captafol made a structural aberration, but numerical change of chromosome did not appear. In the micronucleus test for mouse born marrow, carbendazim was negative, but was weak positive in DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis because of increased DNA moving length of 20% to control.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 1992

Not only reducing the carry-over effects of quinclorac [3, 7-dichloro-8-quinoline carboxylic acid] used in paddy field to some following vegetable crops but also rationalizing agro-ecology conservation and farm economy, the reducing feasibility of application rates by various cropping patterns and application timing after rice seeding and transplanting. Four cropping patterns namely dry direct seeding(DDS), flooded direct seed(FDS), transplanting of 8 days old early seedlings(EST) and 25 days old machinery seedling(MST) were experimented with 7 application timings as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 days after seeding/transplanting and 9 levels of application rates as 0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, 525, and 600g ai/ha of the chemical, respectively. Within the maximum permitted limit of rice phytotoxicity, the minimum application rate of quinclorac to complete control of Echinochloa crus-galli as influenced by various cropping patterns with application timing could be evaluated as follows : A. Dry direct seeding : The minimized application rate at application timing upto 10 days after seeding (DAS) was counted 150g ai/ha, and delaying upto 15-30 DAS, the rates were increased upto 225-525g ai/ha. B. Flooded direct seeding and transplanting : The application rates were minimized 75g ai/ha at application timing upto 10 days after seeding/transplanting(DAS/T), 150g ai/haupto 15 DAS/T, and 225g ai/ha at later than 20 DAS/T, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2016

This survey was conducted during March to April 2014 in the main stream and tributaries of Xe Pian and Xe Namnoy in order to investigate fish fauna in the Bolaven Plateau. Fish belonging to twenty eight species and eight families were collected from the main stream and tributaries of Xe Namnoy and Xe Pian during the survey period. Among them, Devario salmonatus, Poropuntius bolovenensis, Annamia sp., Sewellia elongata, Schistura bolavenensis, Schistura sp.1, Schistura sp.2, Schistura sp.3, Schistura sp.4, and Macronathus sp. were endemic species in the Bolaven Plateau, indicating a high prevalence rate of endemic species (35.7%) in the area. Meanwhile, Kottelat (2000, 2013) has been reported that four species of Poropuntius inhabit the Bolaven Plateau. However, the major morphic characteristics of Poropuntius species found in the Bolaven Plateau were mostly overlapped, except for the shape of their mouth. The young fish of Poropuntius (> 70 mm SL) have only generalized mouth while the of adult fish the shape of their mouth have two phenotype (narrow and broad). Therefore, it is assumed that Poropuntius species in the Bolaven Plateau has trophic polymorphism as the same species exhibits two different mouth shapes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.365-375
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• 2012

This study aimed to survey the impact of smartphone overuse on upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships among college students. Subjects completed a structured questionnaire consisting of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory, the Musculoskeletal Symptom Checklist, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Relationship Change Scale from May to June 2012. We analyzed the survey data from 525 responses, excluding unreturned or incomplete surveys. Data were analyzed using the $x^2$ test and t-test to determine the differences in smartphone overuse and its impact on upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships between two groups: the overuse and normal use groups. Moreover, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between smartphone overuse and upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships. The results placed 62 people (11.8%) in the smartphone overuse group. The extent of smartphone overuse was more severe among female than male college students, and longer time spent using smartphones per day was directly related to smartphone overuse. The smartphone overuse group evidenced higher shoulder pain than the normal use group did, but no differences were found in other sites of the upper extremities. State anxiety, trait anxiety, and depression were higher in the smartphone overuse group than in the normal use group. Subjects with a higher extent of smartphone overuse experienced increased state-anxiety, trait-anxiety, and depression. Moreover, subjects with higher state-anxiety, trait-anxiety, and depression scores were more likely to have poor interpersonal relationships. Therefore, early screening for smartphone overuse should be evaluated, because it can be useful in developing addiction prevention programs to improve posture, stress coping, positive mental health, and effective interpersonal relationships.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 2013

This paper attempts to estimate the city gas demand function in Korea over the period 1981-2012. As the city gas demand function provides us information on the pattern of consumer's city gas consumption, it can be usefully utilized in predicting the impact of policy variables such as city gas price and forecasting the demand for city gas. We apply lagged dependent variable model and ordinary least square method as a robust approach to estimating the parameters of the city gas demand function. The results show that short-run price and income elasticities of the city gas demand are estimated to be -0.522 and 0.874, respectively. They are statistically significant at the 1% level. The short-run price and income elasticities portray that demand for city gas is price- and income-inelastic. This implies that the city gas is indispensable goods to human-being's life, thus the city gas demand would not be promptly adjusted to responding to price and/or income change. However, long-run price and income elasticities reveal that the demand for city gas is price- and income-elastic in the long-run.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 2009

Overproduction of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) causes a variety of disease such as atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus or obesity. Peroxynitrite scavenging activities and HPLC analysis on the five Oriental medicinal drugs belonging to the genus Citrus, Aurantium or Poncirus (Rutaceae family) and HPLC analysis were taken to evaluate flavanone glycosides with peroxynitrite scavenging activity. The $IC_{50}s$ of the five crude drugs were shown as follows: Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium (Jinpi, 18.3 ${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Pericarpium (Chungpi, 7.50${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Semen (Gyulhaek, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml), Aurantii Fructus (Jigak, 18.3${\mu}g$/ml), and Poncirii Fructus (Jisil, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml) where Korean crude drug's names are noted in the parenthesis. Peroxynitrite scavenging effect of flavanones or their glycosides usually contained in Citrus species were observed as follows: hesperetin (1.89 ${\mu}g$/ml), naringenin (7.77 ${\mu}g$/ml), hesperidin (8.44 ${\mu}g$/ml), poncirin (>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml)and ponciretin(>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml). The activities of naringin and poncirin with ${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl moiety were weak. HPLC analytical data revealed that Jinpi (the peels of mature fruits of Citrus unshiu) and Chungpi (the peels of immature fruits of C. unshiu) had high quantities of hesperidin as the value of 142.1${\pm}$0.21 and 104.51${\pm}$1.10 mg/g dried weight, respectively. Poncirin was clearly detected in only Jisil and naringenin and naringin were not observed on the HPLC chromatogram of the five crude drugs.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2014

The sweetpotato whitefly (SPW), Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, is a major pest in tomato greenhouses on Jeju Island because they transmit viral diseases. To develop practical sampling methods for adult SPWs, yellow-color sticky traps were used in commercial tomato greenhouses throughout the western part of Jeju Island in 2011 and 2012. On the basis of the size and growing conditions in the tomato greenhouses, 20 to 30 traps were installed in each greenhouse for developing a sampling plan. Adult SPWs were more attracted to horizontal traps placed 60 cm above the ground than to vertical trap placed 10 cm above the plant canopy. The spatial patterns of the adult SPWs were evaluated using Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's patchiness regression (IPR). The results showed that adult SPWs were aggregated in each surveyed greenhouse. In this study, TPL showed better performance because of the coefficient of determination ($r^2$). On the basis of the fixed-precision level sampling plan using TPL parameters, more traps were required for higher precision in lower SPW densities per trap. A sequential sampling stop line was constructed using TPL parameters. If the treatment threshold was greater than 10 maximum adult SPWs on a trap, the required traps numbered 15 at a fixed-precision level of 0.25. In estimating the mean density per trap, the proportion of traps with two or more adult SPWs was more efficient than whole counting: ${\ln}(m)=1.19+0.90{\ln}(-{\ln}(1-p_T))$. The results of this study could be used to prevent the dissemination of SPW as a viral disease vector by using accurate control decision in SPW management programs.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.369-375
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• 2015

We investigated the prevalence of fungi isolated from a university-affiliated hospital during 6 years (2006-2011) to provide relevent information for the patient management. The general characteristics of the clinical isolates and gender, age, and type of specimens were analyzed. Among a total of 163,530 requested samples to culture for the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital in the Republic of Korea, 5,387 (3.3%) showd positive results for fungi. The most prevalent isolates were Candida albicans 41.9%, Candida glabrata 15.5%, and Candida tropicalis 14.6%. Total isolates of fungi increased from 526 in 2006 to 1,145 in 2011. They were most commonly isolated from sixties (27.0%) and seventies (26.5%). The most common clinical specimen was urine (44.8%). Males (52.4%) were slightly more than females (47.6%). In the future, a nationwide survey and additional antifungal convergence drugs susceptibility results will provide more useful information.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2012

This research will target the Dental Hygienics students to identify the level and type of the $2{\times}2$ achievement target orientation, and will study how this achievement target orientation is related to the Self-Regulated Learning, as well as the effect on the each sub elements of the Self-Regulated Learning (SRL). Among the $2{\times}2$ achievement target orientation of all the female university students, the skillful approach was found to be highest. In case of the adjustment of the motivation following grade, intrinsic value of the 1st grader was higher than the intrinsic value of the 2nd and 3rd graders. As for the behavior adjustment, the 3rd grader's time and studying adjustment were found to be higher. Mean while, pursuit of the cooperation was found to be high compared to the time and studying adjustment of the1st and 2nd graders. Second, intrinsic value, overt goal orientation, and studying environment adjustment among the SRL's subelements, manifested significant correlation with all the sub elements of the $2{\times}2$ achievement target orientation. As for the elements that affected cognition adjustment, grade and skillful approach were found to exert significant effect on the performance adjustment. As for the element that affects behavior adjustment, grade and skillful approach exerted significant effect on the sub elements of the behavior adjustment. Analysis on the effect of the achievement target orientation and SRL implies that the direction of the students' learning goal can be modified and that they can learn effectively by using the SRL appropriately. When the two elements are factored in carefully, the key findings could serve as a base data that can motivate the students, inducing effective learning process.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2010

The bacteriological and physiochemical analysis of sea water and sediments in Tongyeong harbor was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions. The samples were collected at 8 stations established once a month from June, 2008 to May, 2009. During the study period, the range of temperature was from 6.7 to $25.2^{\circ}C$, transparency ranged from 1.2 to 2.6 m, chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.90 to 2.92 mg/L, dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.2 to 10.5 mg/L, dissolved nitrogen ranged from 0.052 to 0.098 mg/L, phosphate ranged from 0.044 to 0.065 mg/L, respectively. Seafood, if eaten raw, carries the risk of food poisoning. Seafood poisoning is often cause by pathogenic microorganism originating from fecal contamination, such as Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and norovirus. Fecal coliforms are an important indicator of fecal contamination. Therefore, data on fecal coliform are very important for evaluating the safety of fisheries in coastal areas. So, we investigated the sanitary indicate bacteria. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water in Tongyeong harbor were ranged from < 1.8~22,000/100 mL (GM 164.9 MPN/100 mL) and < 1.8~7,900 MPN/100 mL (GM 33.7 MPN/100 mL), respectively. Total coliform were detected 97.0% in 96 of samples and 68.9% of total coliforms were fecal coliforms. These results similar to another seawater detection ratio of total coloforms and fecal coliforms. The Vibrios was isolated and identified with VITEK system. Four hundred eighty strains that were obtained from sea water samples in Tongyeong harbor Detection ratio Vibrio alginolyticus, 34.2%, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 13.8%, Vibrio vulnificus 10.0%, and V. mimicus 12.5% respectively. Vibrio cholerae O1, was not detected. During the study period, the ranges of water content, ignition loss, COD, and acid volatile sulfates in sediments in Tongyeoung harbor were 41.0~57.4%, 7.8~10.5%, 6.51~9.30 mg/g, 0.04~0.09 mg/g, respectively. Heavy metals in sediment of Tongyeoung harbor were Cd, $0.10{\pm}0.05$; Cu, $4.79{\pm}8.20$; As, $1.95{\pm}0.17$; Hg, $0.10{\pm}0.07$; $Cr^{6+}$, $0.34{\pm}0.12$; Zn, $125.33{\pm}16.40$; Ni, $16.43{\pm}1.93$ mg/kg.