• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.381-385
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• 2004

Nine phenolic ($1\~9$) and two furan type (10, 11) compounds, were isolated from the methanolic extract of the tuber of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) in the course of continuing search for platelet anit-aggregating plant components. Compound 1 was identified as 4,4'-dihy-droxybenzyl sulfone, a novel compound for the best of our knowledge. Compound 10, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, was isolated for the first time from this plant. Compound 1 ($IC_{50};\;83{\mu}M$) was about four times more inhibitory to U46619 induced aggregation than ASA ($IC_{50};\340{\mu}M$). Compound 9, 4,4'-dihydroxy-dibenzylether, ($IC_{50};\;5{\mu}M$, $3{\mu}M\;and\;33{\mu}M$, respectively) was $10\~}80$ fold more potent than ASA ($IC_{50};\;420\;{\mu}M,\;53\;{\mu}M\;and\;340\;{\mu}M$ respectively) to collagen, epinephrine and U46619 induced aggregation, although it is less active than ASA to AA induced aggregation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.330-335
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• 1998

Gastrodia elata (GE) is a oriental medicinal herb which has been used traditionally for the treatment of various brain diseases including convulsion and epilepsy. In orde r to examine the mechanism of anticonvulsive effect, we treated the methanol extract of GE (500mg/kg, P.0) to the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsive rats. Methanol extracts of GE significantly inhibited (35%) the convulsion state as well as the level of lipid peroxidation (25%) in the brain. The ether fraction of methanol extracts among the others effectively ibhibited in vitro lipid peroxidation dose dependently ($5.O{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}2.O{\times}1O^{-5}g/ml$). The scavenging effect on hydroxy radicals was found in all the fractions of ether, butanol, and dichloromethane. These results suggest that the anticonvulsive effect of GE is possibly due to the antioxidative effects of the active components in GE.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1999

Gastrodia elata (GE) is an oriental medicinal herb which has been used traditionally for the treatment of various brain diseases including convulsion and epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMBA) and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHBA), constituents of GE, in rats. Male rats were cannulated in the femoral vein, femoral artery, bile duct and ureter. They received a single i.v. bolus dose of either HMBA or PHBA through the femoral vein. The concentration of HMBA or PHBA in plasma, bile and urine samples were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. HMBA and PHBA have very short half-lives, i.e. 4.03 and 2.26 minutes respectively. Most of HMBA and PHBA were thought to be eliminated through metabolism as the metabolized fraction approaches unity. Derivatives of HMBA or PHBA with longer biological half-lives should be designed to develop better anticonvulsants and more complete qualitative and quantitative understanding of the overall pharmacokinetic fate of these compounds awaits further investigation.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.439-443
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the potential acute toxicity of Aralia elata by a single oral dose in ICR mice. Thirty mice of each sex were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 mice each. The test articles were administered once by the gavage to mice at dose levels of 0, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg body weight. The mortality and changes on body weight and clinical signs of gross observation were monitored for 14 days after dosing. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. There were no dead animal and adverse effects on clinical signs, the body weight and the gross finding. As the results, we could not find any toxic effect at the dose levels of 2,500 or 5,000 mg/kg in mice and the minimal lethal dose was considered to be over 5,000 mg/kg body weight in mice.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2020

To develop Gastrodia elata (GE)-loaded particles for herbal extract dosage forms, various GE-loaded particles containing dextrin, isomalt, maltodextrin, and silicon dioxide as solidifying carriers in the GE water extract are prepared using the spray drying method. Their physical properties are evaluated using the repose angle, Hausner ratio, Carr's index, weight increase rate at 40℃/75% RH condition, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particles made of dextrin improve the fluidity, compressibility, and water stability. In addition, 2% silicon dioxide increases the fluidity and moisture stability. The best flowability and compressibility of GE-loaded particles are observed with TP, dextrin, and silicon dioxide amounts in the ratio of 6/4/0.2 (34.29 ± 2.86°, 1.48 ± 0.03, and 38.29 ± 2.39%, repose angle, Hausner Ratio, and Carr's index, respectively) and moisture stability with a 2% weight increase rate for 14 h at 40℃/75% RH condition. Therefore, our results suggest that the particles prepared by the spray drying method with dextrin and 2% silicon dioxide can be used as powerful particles to improve the flowability, compressibility, and moisture stability of GE.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2004

Melanin pigmentation in human skin is a major defense mechanism against ultraviolet light of the sun, but abnormal pigmentation such as freckles, liver spot could be a serious aesthetic problem. Nearly all studies are mainly concentrated on searching for the materials that have inhibitory activities on tyrosinase. In this work, to isolate phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata, we purified the extract through solvent fractionation, column chromatography, and recrystallization. They were identified as 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 1, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane 2, gastrodin (4-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl alcohol) 3 on the base of spectroscopic evidences. In order to investigate their depigmentation effect, inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase and inhibitory activity of melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells were evaluated in vitro. We have found that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 1 and gastrodin (4- ${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl alcohol) 3 have no tyrosinase inhibitory activity, but inhibit the melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells. Tyrosinase inhibitory activities of bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane 2 (IC$\_$50/ = 400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) and butanol fraction (IC$\_$50/ = 46 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) were lower/higher than that of arbutin (IC$\_$50/ = 114 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL), but inhibitory activities of melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells were much higher than that of arbutin. Especially, tyrosinase inhibitory activities of isolated phenolic fraction (IC$\_$50/ = 2.37 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) from butanol fraction was very higher than that of arbutin (IC$\_$50/ = 114 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL). Therefore, these results suggest that isolated phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata have inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase and inhibitory activity of melanin synthesis in 816 melanoma cells in vitro.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2002

A hot water extract was prepared from the artificially grown Gastrodia elata to investigate its chemical composition and various in vitro biological activities as an effort to develop G. elata as health/functional food materials. The contents of crude protein, ash, fat, fiber, moisture and total sugar were 5.4, 2.6, 3.6, 3.3, 8.1 and 77% (w/w), respectively. The extract of G. elata had greater amount of potassium (1,150 mg/100 g) than phosphorus (300 mg/100 g). Dose-dependence against human carcinoma (Hep3B, MCF-7, A549 and AGS) were observed from 0.2 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml. Especially, the treatment of 1.0 mg/ml extracts showed the highest cytotoxicity with 83% against gastric carcinoma (AGS). The extracts showed weak antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but practically no antimicrobial activity against the other microorganisms tested. The effect of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition was 64% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) of the extract in the range of $0.2{\sim}1.0mg/ml$ showed $63{\sim}89%$, and the highest ACE inhibition was 89% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of extracts. The highest activity of glutathion S-transferase (GST) was 221 % at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of the G. elata extracts. These results suggest that G. elata may be used as health/functional food materials.

• ALGAE
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2013

Despite specimens' large size and ease of collection in northeast Asian waters, the species diversity of the genus Grateloupia still needs more research in Korea. We investigated plastid rbcL sequences and carried out detailed morphological observation on flattened halymeniacean red alga collected in twelve locations around Korea and Japan. We describe Grateloupia jejuensis sp. nov. based on the distinct clade with high support in our rbcL tree. Grateloupia jejuensis is characterized by solitary or caespitose habit and flattened thalli with discoid holdfast, cartilaginous texture, and blunt or bifid axis. Grateloupia jejuensis was distantly related to G. elata and G. cornea, which have been morphologically confused with the former, and it formed a sister relationship with Prionitis filiformis from California, USA in the rbcL tree.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.390.1-390.1
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• 2002

Gastrodia elata Blume belongs to Orchidaceae, its steamed and dried rhizomes are very important herbal medicines used for the medical treatment of headaches. migraine. dizziness, epilepsy, rheumatism. neuralgia. paralysis and other neuralgic and nervous disorders. Although phytochemical studies of the rhizome have revealed the presence of several phenolic compounds. in which a phenolic glycoside. gastrodin (C13H18O7). is a major consituent, so far, there is no report on the studies of its aerial part. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.415.2-415.2
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• 2002

We investigated the absorption enhancing effect of BuOH extract of the root of Aralia elata (BERAE) in Caco-2 cell monolayers and rats. At the concentration of both 0.04% and 0.08% (w/v). BERAE decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values and increased the permeability of intact chondroitin sulfate (CS) and its digestion products as hydrophilic macromolecules in a dose dependent manner. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity of BERAE for the determination of a proper concentration as an absorption enhancer. (omitted)