• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.264-271
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• 1994

Pharmacological effects of water extracts of Lycii Fructus, Lycii Folium and Lycii Cortex Radicis from Lycium chinensis were investigated. Lycii Folium significantly protected the hepatic function from damages orally caused by $CCl_4 $administration in mice and had a strong hypoglycemic effect in hyperglycemic mice induced by streptozotocin. Lycii Fructus decreased the blood pressure rise associated with the growth of normal rats. Lycii Cortex Radicis had a strong hypoglycemic effect in hyrerglycemic mice induced by streptozotocin. Also, hypolipidemic effects in hyperlipidemic rats induced by 1% cholesterol fed-diet and 75% fructose were significantly observed by oral administration of water extracts of Lycii Fructus, Lycii Folium and Lycii Cortex Radicis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.12-14
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• 2013

임베디드 마이크로프로세서인 ARM Cortex-M3는 기존의 것들과는 달리 짧은 문맥교환을 제공하기 위해 Trap을 이용하여 문맥교환 과정을 일부 하드웨어적으로 처리하는 기능을 제공한다. 일반적으로 Trap (혹은 소프트웨어 인터럽트)은 그 자신만의 오버헤드를 갖고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 소프트웨어적으로 문맥교환을 하던 방식에 비해 어느 정도의 성능 향상이 있을지에 대한 정량적인 비교 평가를 수행하여 Cortex-M3를 기반으로 한 임베디드 시스템의 설계에 도움을 주도록 한다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.488-491
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prenatal hypoxic effect on the fetal brain development. Methods : We used the guinea pig chronic placental insufficiency model to investigate the effect of hypoxia on fetal brain development. We ligated unilateral uterine artery at 30-32 days of gestation (dg : with term defined as -67 dg). At 50 dg, 60 dg, fetuses were sacrificed and assigned to either the growth-restricted (GR) or control (no ligation) group. After fixation, dissection, and sectioning of cerebral tissue from these animals, immunohistochemistry was performed with NeuN antibody, which is a mature neuronal marker in the cerebral cortex. Results : The number of NeuN-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the cerebral cortex did not differ between the GR and control groups at 50 dg. However, the number of NeuN-IR cells was lesser in GR fetuses than in controls at 60 dg (p<0.05). Conclusion : These findings show that chronic prenatal hypoxia affect the number of neuron in the cerebral cortex of guinea pig fetus at 60 dg. The approach used in this study is helpful for extending our understanding of neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex, and the findings may be useful for elucidating the brain injury caused by prenatal hypoxia.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare EEG topographical maps in patients with chronic stroke after action observation physical training. Methods: Ten subjects were recruited from a medical hospital. Participants observed the action of transferring a small block from one box to another for 6 sessions of 1 minute each, and then performed the observed action for 3 minutes, 6 times. An EEG-based brain mapping system with 32 scalp sites was used to determine cortical reorganization in the regions of interest (ROIs) during observation of movement. The EEG-based brain mapping was comparison in within-group before and after training. ROIs included the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal lobe, and visual cortex. EEG data were analyzed with an average log ratio in order to control the variability of the absolute mu power. The mu power log ratio was in within-group comparison with paired t-tests. Results: Participants showed activation prior to the intervention in all of the cerebral cortex, whereas the inferior frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex were selectively activated after the training. There were no differences in mu power between each session. Conclusion: These findings suggest that action observation physical training contributes to attaining brain reorganization and improving brain functionality, as part of rehabilitation and intervention programs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Damage in the periphery or spinal cord induces maladaptive plastic changes along the somatosensory nervous system from the periphery to the cortex, often leading to chronic pain. Although the role of neural circuit remodeling and structural synaptic plasticity in the 'pain matrix' cortices in chronic pain has been thought as a secondary epiphenomenon to altered nociceptive signaling in the spinal cord, progress in whole brain imaging studies on human patients and animal models has suggested a possibility that plastic changes in cortical neural circuits may actively contribute to chronic pain symptoms. Furthermore, recent development in two-photon microscopy and fluorescence labeling techniques have enabled us to longitudinally trace the structural and functional changes in local circuits, single neurons and even individual synapses in the brain of living animals. These technical advances has started to reveal that cortical structural remodeling following tissue or nerve damage could rapidly occur within days, which are temporally correlated with functional plasticity of cortical circuits as well as the development and maintenance of chronic pain behavior, thereby modifying the previous concept that it takes much longer periods (e.g. months or years). In this review, we discuss the relation of neural circuit plasticity in the 'pain matrix' cortices, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex and primary somatosensory cortex, with chronic pain. We also introduce how to apply long-term in vivo two-photon imaging approaches for the study of pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic pain.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2013

In this study, quantitative and pattern recognition analysis for the quality evaluation of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Cinnamomi Cortex using HPLC/UV was developed. For quantitative analysis, three major bioactive compounds were determined. The separation conditions employed for HPLC/UV were optimized using an ODS $C_{18}$ column ($250{\times}4.6$ mm, 5 ${\mu}m$) with gradient conditions of acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a detection wavelength of 265 nm. This method was fully validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, and robustness. The HPLC/UV method was applied successfully to the quantification of three major compounds in the extract of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Cinnamomi Cortex. The HPLC analytical method for pattern recognition analysis was validated by repeated analysis of thirty eight Cinnamomi Ramulus and thirty five Cinnamomi Cortex samples. The results indicate that the established HPLC/UV method is suitable for quantitative analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.467-477
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• 2001

We examined astrocyte regional heterogeneity in their morphological changes in response to various stimuli. Astrocytes were cultured from six different neonatal rat brain regions including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, mid brain, brain stem and hypothalamus. Astrocyte stellation was induced by serum deprivation and the maximum stellation in different regional astrocytes was achieved after 2 h. After 24 h, in all astrocyte cultures, the level of stellation returned to their original level. Cerebellar or hypothalamic astrocytes were the most or the least sensitive, respectively, to serum deprivation. The order of maximum sensitivity to serum deprivation among different regional astrocytes was: cerebellum＞mid $brain{\ge}hippocampus,\;brain\;stem{\ge}cerebral$ cortex＞hypothalamus. Isoproterenol-induced astrocyte stellation was also examined in different regional astrocytes, and similar order of maximum sensitivity as in serum deprivation was observed. Next a possible developmental effect on astrocyte morphological changes was examined in cerebral cortex and cerebellum astrocytes cultured from postnatal day 1 (P1), P4 and P7 rat brains. A much higher sensitivity of cerebellum astrocytes to serum deprivation as well as isoproterenol treatment was consistently observed in P1, P4 and P7-derived astrocytes compared to cerebral cortex astrocytes. The present study demonstrates different regional astrocytes maintain different levels of morphological plasticity in vitro.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2013

Objective : Eucommiae Cortex is bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, a deciduous tree native to China. Today, teas or herbal drugs made from E. ulmoides leaves are widely consumed as a healthy food especially in Eastern Asia including Japan, China and Korea. This study was aimed to verify the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Eucommiae Cortex depending on characteristics of decoction water. Method : Six types of decoction water with various origin were prepared and the contents of minerals in water were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The contents of extracted bioactive compounds were analyzed by HPLC and the relationship between mineral contents and extracted bioactive compounds in the decoction water were analysed by multiple factor analysis. The decoction waters could be classified in three groups by hierarchical cluster analysis. Result : Extracted amounts of compounds in Eucommiae Cortex showed a positive relationship with Na, Si, K concentration in decoction water, while a negative relationship with Ca, Mg concentration. Conclusion : The study proved that the minerals in water influenced the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Eucommiae Cortex.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphology of the mandibular cortex in cases of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients with osteoporosis or bone metastases using a computer programme. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients with MRONJ (35 with osteoporosis and 19 with bone metastases) were examined using panoramic radiography. The morphology of the mandibular cortex was evaluated using a computer programme that scanned the mandibular inferior cortex and automatically assessed the mandibular cortical index (MCI) according to the thickness and roughness of the mandibular cortex, as follows: normal (class 1), mildly to moderately eroded (class 2), or severely eroded (class 3). The MCI classifications of MRONJ patients with osteoporosis or bone metastases were evaluated with the Pearson chi-square test. In these analyses, a 5% significance level was used. Results: The MCI of MRONJ patients with osteoporosis(class 1: 6, class 2: 15, class 3: 14) tended to be higher than that of patients with bone metastases(class 1: 14, class 2: 5, class 3: 0)(P=0.000). Conclusion: The use of a computer programme to assess mandibular cortex morphology may be an effective technique for the objective and quantitative evaluation of the MCI in MRONJ patients with osteoporosis or bone metastases.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.2240-2244
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• 2009

A simple high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to evaluate the quality of Moutan Cortex Radicis based on chromatographic fingerprints that characterize eight pharmacological compounds, namely, gallic acid, paeoniflorin, galloyl paeoniflorin, benzoic acid, quercetin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, paeoniflorigenone, and paeonol. These compounds were identified by their characteristic UV profiles and the mass spectroscopy data, and their contents were determined by HPLC. The chromatographic separation was performed on a $C_{18}$ column by gradient elution with 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The methodological validation gave acceptable linearities (r = 0.9996) and recoveries (ranging from 99.4∼103.1%). The limits of detection (LOD) of these compounds ranged from 10 to 30 $\mu$g/mL. The representative chromatographic fingerprints of Moutan Cortex Radicis were obtained by analyzing 20 batches of samples collected from markets in Korea and China. For the efficient evaluation of quality for the commercial Moutan Cortex Radicis it is recommended that the total content of the six characteristic compounds should contain more than a minimum of 2% and that the content of total paeoniflorin and paeonol should exceed a minimum of 1.5% of dry weight of Moutan Cortex Radicis.