• 제목/요약/키워드: A-TR (Average TR)

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Differential - Average Transmitted Reference Ultra Wide Band 통신 시스템 (Differential- Average Transmitted Reference Ultra Wide Band Communication System)

  • 김세권;김재운;신요안;노돈석
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제34권1C호
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    • pp.81-89
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    • 2009
  • 본 논문에서는 임펄스 라디오 기반의 D-ATR UWB (Differential-Average Transmitted Reference Ultra Wide Band) 시스템을 제안한다. 기존의 TR (Transmitted Reference), ATR (Average TR) 등의 TR-UWB 시스템은 송신기에서 참조 신호를 추가로 전송하므로 데이터 전송률이 절반으로 감소하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해 제안된 시스템의 송신기는 일반적인 D-TR (Differential-TR) 시스템과 같이 차동부호 방식을 사용한다. 또한, 제안된 D-ATR 시스템의 수신기는 일반적인 ATR 시스템과 유사하게 시스템의 비트오율 성능을 향상시키기 위해 수신된 참조 신호들을 재귀적으로 평균 취하여 자기상관에 사용되는 참조 템플릿의 신호대잡음비를 향상시킬 수 있는 구조로 설계된다. IEEE 802.15.4a UWB 다중경로 채널 모델에서 모의실험 결과, 제안된 D-ATR 시스템은 일반적인 D-TR 시스템에 비해 비트오율 성능이 크게 향상되는 것을 확인하였다.

OFDM 시스템의 PAPR 감소를 위한 적응적 TR 기법 (Adaptive TR Scheme for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems)

  • 임대운;노형석;노종선;신동준
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제33권7C호
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    • pp.554-561
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    • 2008
  • 직교 주파수 분할 다중 반송파 (OFDM; orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) 시스템의 최대 전력 대 평균 전력 비율 (PAPR; peak to average power ratio)을 감소하기 위한 톤 예약 기법 (TR; tone reservation)에서 PRT (peak reduction tone) 집합의 크기가 커질수록 PAPR 감소 성능은 향상되지만 데이터 전송 효율은 감소하는 상반 관계가 존재한다. 기존의 TR 기법에서는 고정된 PRT 집합을 사용하는 반면 본 논문에서 제안된 TR 기법은 입력 심볼의 PAPR 크기에 따라 적응적으로 PRT 집합을 선택하여 사용한다. 제안된 방법은 기존의 방법과 유사한 데이터 전송 효율을 가지면서도 향상된 PAPR 감소 성능을 나타낸다.

Novel Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Methods for OFDM/OQAM Systems

  • Sandeep, Vangala;Anuradha, Sundru
    • ETRI Journal
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    • 제38권6호
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    • pp.1124-1134
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    • 2016
  • The tone reservation method is one of the most effective pre-distortion methods for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Its direct application to OFDM systems with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) is, however, not effective. In this paper, two novel TR-based methods are proposed, specifically designed for OFDM/OQAM systems by taking into consideration the overlapping nature of OQAM signals. These two methods have different approaches to the generation of the peak-cancelling signal. The first one (overlapped scaling tone reservation) generates the peak-cancelling signal using a least squares approximation algorithm with possible adjacent symbol overlap; the second one (multi-kernel tone reservation) generates the peak-cancelling signal by using multiple impulse-like time domain kernels. It is shown by simulation that, when used in OFDM/OQAM systems, the proposed methods can provide better performance than the direct application of the existing controlled clipping tone reservation method, and even outperform the multi-block tone reservation method.

Transmitted Reference UWB 시스템을 위한 비트오율 향상 기법 (Bit Error Rate Improvement Scheme for Transmitted Reference UWB Systems)

  • 김재운;신요안
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제34권5C호
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    • pp.540-547
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    • 2009
  • 본 논문에서는 임펄스 라디오 기반의 TR-UWB (Transmitted Reference Ultra Wide Band) 시스템을 위해 효과적으로 비트오율 (Bit Error Rate; BER) 성능을 향상할 수 있는 송수신 방안을 제안한다. BER 성능은 우수하지만 매우 복잡하여 실제 구현하기에 용이하지 않은 Coherent UWB 시스템과는 달리, TR-UWB 시스템은 송신기에서 참조 신호를 데이터 신호와 함께 전송하고 수신기에서 매우 간단한 지연 처리를 한 후 이들 수신된 신호들을 상관기 (Correlator) 처리를 하여 데이터를 복조하게 되므로 복잡도는 매우 낮다. 하지만 일반적인 TR-UWB 시스템은 수신단의 상관기에서 이용되는 참조 템플릿의 신호대잡음비 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio; SNR)에 따라 BER 성능이 크게 영향을 받게 된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 참조 템플릿의 SNR을 향상시켜 시스템의 BER 성능을 효과적으로 개선할 수 있는 수신기 구조를 설계하고, 연집 오류를 피하기 위해 인터리버와 길쌈부호를 고용한다. 모의실험 결과, 제안된 기법은 일반적인 TR-UWB 시스템에 비해 매우 큰 BER 성능 향상이 가능함을 확인하였다.

Cyclic Shift Based Tone Reservation PAPR Reduction Scheme with Embedding Side Information for FBMC-OQAM Systems

  • Shi, Yongpeng;Xia, Yujie;Gao, Ya;Cui, Jianhua
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • 제15권8호
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    • pp.2879-2899
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    • 2021
  • The tone reservation (TR) scheme is an attractive method to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in the filter bank multicarrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC-OQAM) systems. However, the high PAPR of FBMC signal will severely degrades system performance. To address this issue, a cyclic shift based TR (CS-TR) scheme with embedding side information (SI) is proposed to reduce the PAPR of FBMC signals. At the transmitter, four candidate signals are first generated based on cyclic shift of the output of inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT), and the SI of the selected signal with minimum peak power among the four candidate signals is embedded in sparse symbols with quadrature phase-shift keying constellation. Then, the TR weighted by optimal scaling factor is employed to further reduce PAPR of the selected signal. At the receiver, a reliable SI detector is presented by determining the phase rotation of SI embedding symbols, and the transmitted data blocks can be correctly demodulated according to the detected SI. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the existing TR schemes in both PAPR reduction and bit error rate (BER) performances. In addition, the proposed scheme with detected SI can achieve the same BER performance compared to the one with perfect SI.

OFDM 시스템의 PAPR 감소를 위한 TR 방법의 준 최적 PRT 집합 선택에 관한 연구 (On the Near Optimal PRT Set of TR Scheme for PAPR Reduction in OFDM System)

  • 임대운;노형석;노종선;신동준
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제32권2C호
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    • pp.174-180
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    • 2007
  • 본 논문은 직교 주파수 분할 다중 반송파(OFDM) 시스템의 최대 전력 대 평균 전력 비율(PAPR; peak to average-power ratio)을 감소하기 위한 톤 예약 기법(TR: tone reservation)에서 PRT(peak reduction tone) 집합을 선택하는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 최적의 PRT 집합을 찾는 것은 NP-hard 문제로 알려져 있으며, 기존에는 무작위로 PRT 집합을 생성하여 사용하였다. 무작위로 생성한 PRT 집합의 PAPR 감소 성능은 연속적인 PRT 집합과 인터리브드 PRT 집합보다 좋다. 본 논문은 먼저 PRT 집합의 특성 시퀸스를 역푸리어 변환하여 얻은 신호의 분산과 이차 첨두치(secondary peak)와의 관계를 보이고 이로부터 준 최적의 PRT 집합을 효과적으로 생성하는 방법을 제시한다.

톤 예약 기법과 DCT 변환을 이용한 OFDM 시스템의 PAPR 저감과 BER 분석 (PAPR Reduction and BER Analysis of the OFDM System Using the TR and DCT Transform)

  • 변희섭;신병철;안도섭
    • 한국전자파학회논문지
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    • 제17권10호
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    • pp.976-984
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    • 2006
  • OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 시스템은 높은 데이터 속도로 인해 고속 통신에 매우 좋은 방식이다. 그러나 OFDM은 멀티캐리어를 이용하기 때문에 동위상의 신호가 합쳐져 높은 PAPR(Peak to Average Power)이 발생하고, 그로 인해 비선형 증폭기를 거치면서 신호가 왜곡되는 문제점이 발생한다. Tone reservation (TR) 기법은 몇 개의 서브 채널에 임의의 tone 신호를 삽입한 후 원 신호와 결합하여 PAPR을 측정하고, 이 신호를 변경 후 다시 같은 과정을 거치면서 최종적으로 최적의 PAPR값을 갖는 tone 신호를 송신 데이터와 함께 보내는 기법이다. 또한, discrete cosine transform(DCT)은 cosine 값을 데이터에 곱해 줌으로써 위상 회전을 통해 PAPR을 저감하는 기법이다. 본 논문에서는 OFDM 시스템의 보다 효과적인 PAPR 저감을 위해 TR(Tone Reservation)과 DCT 변환 기법을 사용하였다. 그 두 가지 기법을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 비교, 분석 결과 TR 기법에 DCT를 첨가하였을 경우, PAPR 저감 성능이 각각의 성능에 비해 개선되고 또한 $10^{-5}$에서 BER 성능이 TR 기법보다 1 dB, DCT 변환보다 2 dB 정도 향상되는 것을 확인하였다.

서울의 최근 자외선 복사의 변화 2004~2010 (Recent Variations of UV Irradiance at Seoul 2004~2010)

  • 김준;박상서;조나영;김우경;조희구
    • 대기
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.429-438
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    • 2011
  • The climatology of surface UV radiation for Seoul, presented in Cho et al. (1998; 2001), has been updated using measurement of surface erythemal ultraviolet (EUV) and total ultraviolet (TUV) irradiance (wavelength 286.5~363.0 nm) by a Brewer Spectrophotometer (MK-IV) for the period 2004~2010. The analysis was also carried out together with the broadband total (global) solar irradiance (TR ; 305~2800 nm) and cloud amount to compare with the UV variations, measured by Seoul meteorological station of Korean Meteorological Agency located near the present study site. Under all-sky conditions, the day-to-day variability of EUV exhibits annual mean of 98% in increase and 31% in decrease. It has been also shown that the EUV variability is 17 times as high as the total ozone in positive change, whereas this is 6 times higher in negative change. Thus, the day to day variability is dominantly caused rather by the daily synoptic situations than by the ozone variability. Annual mean value of daily EUV and TUV shows $1.62kJm^{-2}$ and $0.63MJm^{-2}$ respectively, whereas mean value of TR is $12.4MJm^{-2}$ ($143.1Wm^{-2}$). The yearly maximum in noon-time UV Index (UVI) varies between 9 and 11 depending on time of year. The highest UVI shows 11 on 20 July, 2008 during the period 2004~2010, but for the period 1994~2000, the index of 12 was recorded on 13 July, 1994 (Cho et al., 2001). A 40% of daily maximum UVI belongs to "low (UVI < 2)", whereas the UVI less than 5% of the maximum show "very high (8 < UVI < 10)". On average, the maximum UVI exceeded 8 on 9 days per year. The values of Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS) EUV and UVI under cloud-free conditions are 1.8 times and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than the all-sky measurements by the Brewer. The trend analysis in fractional deviation of monthly UV from the reference value shows a decrease of -0.83% and -0.90% $decade^{-1}$ in the EUV and TUV, respectively, whereas the TR trend is near zero (+0.11% $decade^{-1}$). The trend is statistically significant except for TR trend (p = 0.279). It is possible that the recent UV decrease is mainly associated with increase in total ozone, but the trend in TR can be attributed to the other parameters such as clouds except the ozone. Certainly, the cloud effects suggest that the reason for the differences between UV and TR trends can be explained. In order to estimate cloud effects, the EUV, TUV and TR irradiances have been also evaluated for clear skies (cloud cover < 25%) and cloudy skies (cloud cover ${\geq}$ 75%). Annual mean values show that EUV, TUV and TR are $2.15kJm^{-2}$, $0.83MJm^{-2}$, and $17.9MJm^{-2}$ for clear skies, and $1.24kJm^{-2}$, $0.46MJm^{-2}$, and $7.2MJm^{-2}$ for cloudy skies, respectively. As results, the transmission of radiation through clouds under cloudy-sky conditions is observed to be 58%, 55% and 40% for EUV, TUV and TR, respectively. Consequently, it is clear that the cloud effects on EUV and TUV are 18% and 15%, respectively lower than the effects on TR under cloudy-sky conditions. Clouds under all-sky conditions (average of cloud cover is 5 tenths) reduced the EUV and TUV to about 25% of the clear-sky (cloud cover < 25%) values, whereas for TR, this was 31%. As a result, it is noted that the UV radiation is attenuated less than TR by clouds under all weather conditions.

회전교차로 형태별 운영 및 안전성 평가에 관한 연구 (An Operation and Safety Assessment Study of Roundabout Types)

  • 장기훈;이상수
    • 한국도로학회논문집
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.105-113
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    • 2015
  • PURPOSES: The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the operational effectiveness and safety of three different types of roundabout found in the literatures using a VISSIM and SSAM program. METHODS : The three types roundabout tested are the 2-lane roundabout (2R), the Turbo roundabout (TR), and the Flower roundabout (FR). For each scenario, three roundabout types and traffic conditions such as traffic volume and movement ratio were applied to VISSIM in order to compute the average delays. In addition the total conflict was calculated through SSAM by using trajectory data from VISSIM. RESULTS: From the analysis results, the average delay in TR and FR type was higher than the 2R. Regardless of the roundabout types, the average delay was reduced as the right-turn vehicles increased. The total conflict in TR was fewer than 2R for all traffic conditions. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can be used in the planning and design process of roundabout deployment. The data also provides some numerical justifications in transition from at-grade intersection to roundabout.

Metabolic Heat Production and Rectal Temperature of Newborn Calves

  • Mundia, C.M.;Yamamoto, S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.304-307
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    • 1997
  • Rectal temperature (Tr), skin surface temperatures (Ts), and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously from birth (day 1) till day 7, while resting heat production (HP) was measured in a chamber on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, in order to study the characteristic variation of Tr in newborn calves by heat balance methods. Despite constant levels of milk being given to the newborn calves each day, daily mean resting HP was lowest on the day of birth, then increased to peak on day 3 and then decreased slightly thereafter. Daily mean HR was higher on days 2, 3 and 4, than on other days. Tr exhibited diurnal rhythms and daily mean Tr was low on day 1, high on day 3, and then decreased slightly after day 3. Daily average mean skin temperature (mTs) was similar on all days. Mean body temperature (Tb) exhibited diurnal rhythms and had a similar range between days, suggesting that heat balance and thermoregulation were carried out effectively on each day. The variation of Tb appeared to be synchronized with that of HP and suggested that newborn calves might use variations in the levels of Tb to facilitate the body's required levels of heart loss.