• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.283-298
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• 2024

Purpose - This study examines whether Indonesia's new customs and tariff policies effectively support cross-border tariff control within the WTO's multilateral trade system and assist developing countries in achieving their public policy objectives. Through this analysis, the study aims to provide new perspectives and insights into trade policies in the digital commerce era. Design/methodology/approach - This study conducts a case analysis of Indonesia's customs and tariff policies on electronic transmissions, focusing on the purpose and rationale behind imposing tariffs on digital products, the potential violations of international trade norms, and the economic impact of such tariffs. Findings - This study concludes that Indonesia's policy of defining electronic transmissions as digital goods subject to customs tariffs is both necessary for increasing government revenue and supporting various public policy objectives. Additionally, it finds that this policy does not violate international norms and is feasible, providing valuable insights for other developing countries and international organizations in formulating trade policies for digital products. Research implications or Originality - This study demonstrates that Indonesia's digital goods tariff policy aims not only to increase revenue but also to achieve public policy objectives. It signifies a significant policy decision to promote the growth of the digital economy and support the development of digital economies in developing countries. Furthermore, Indonesia is analyzing detailed justifications and normative elements related to its digital goods tariff policy. Moreover, this represents an important and innovative approach to exploring avenues where developing countries can alleviate digital economic inequalities and enhance opportunities for economic development while adhering to existing international norms.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.269-291
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• 2012

Analyzing EU trade laws and institutional systems, the trade policy of EU has been founded, undoubtedly, on common interests for EU members. EU trade policy leaves room for 'Collective Protectionism' by permitting legal persona or interesting group to raise anti-dumping procedures. The anti-dumping policy of EU has shown a protectionism itself and has been affected by political motives. Investigation against anti-dumping can easily open and also there exists a wide range of political involvements. Furthermore, anti-dumping policy could be misused for protecting declining industries, which lost comparative advantage in global market. Economic theories show that anti-dumping measures divert import from outsider into insider members, which finally results in increasing intra-production of EU. This is exactly the reason why the anti-dumping policy has become attractive trade policy.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.35-79
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• 2014

This study examines the measures for the activation and the growth of intra-regional trade in Southeast Asia taking a look at the four dimensions of tariff rates, non-tariff barriers, trade facilitations, and trade infrastructures. Utilizing a gravity model, we performed empirical analysis and discussed the policy implications with the priorities to implement. To expand the intra-regional trade in Southeast Asia it would be necessary to enhance the level of trade facilitations and provide trade infrastructures, such as ports and airports as well as cutting the tariff rates and eliminating the non-trade barriers. In particular, in the case of exports of ASEAN6 to ASEAN6 the infrastructure is the important factor. Also, in the case of the exports of ASEAN6 to CLMV(Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam), it is expected that eliminating non-tariff barriers and enhancing trade facilitations may play important roles in the progress of intra-regional trade. These results may provide the important implications for Southeast Asian countries, which are trying to promote intra-regional trade ahead of the constitution of ASEAN Economic Community by 2015. Southeast Asian countries could be evaluated to achieve a certain level of trade liberalization and economic integration through the formation of AFTA. But in order for Southeast Asia to develop to advanced economic integrated region it requires mutual cooperations and policy harmonizations among regional countries. Also, for the elimination of non-tariff barriers, promoting trade facilitations, and providing infrastructures, the administrative, legal, and institutional measures would have to be fulfilled in advance. In addition, capital investment for constructing infrastructures would be necessary to realize the intra-regional trade expansion. However, to achieve the goal, it would require a large capital investment and highly mandated policy considerations and harmonizations among Southeast Asian countries in terms of further trade liberalization and economic integration.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.92-102
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• 2018

This paper studied the changes and effects of Korean Trade Policies in Vietnam market after the withdrawal of the TPP from US. Since Trump government is starting, US trade policy has moved to the protectionism method. Nevertheless, Vietnam is expanding its status as an FTA hub, and Vietnam is actively expanding its economic growth by actively implementing foreign capital. Vietnam, however, is likely to lose its position as a hub of FTA after USA's withdrawal from TPP member. So, Korea's trade policy is also expected to change its stance on Vietnam, and Korea is expected to change its policy toward Vietnam. Korea has achieved a lot of accomplishments and growth with free trade and free economic markets, and it has to strengthen its national strength even afterwards. Thus, if the flow of free trade & globalization continues, I would consider how the Korea trade policy change after the U.S.'s withdraws from TPP.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.43-72
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• 2019

This study examines the trends, current situation and implications of non-tariff measures (NTM) and specific trade concerns (STC) on the protection trade measures of ASEAN. ASEAN's non-tariff measures and the share of specific trade concerns are very significant as they are the second and third largest, respectively, of the major countries. This means that protection measures using non-tariff measures are a strong feature of ASEAN's trade policy. Also, in the future, ASEAN should try to prevent unnecessary disputes caused by exporting countries' specific trade concerns in the implementation of non-tariff measures. Activating trade policy cooperation is likely to reduce conflicts and costs caused by these trade disputes.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.95-100
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• 2018

The study investigates the factors that affect Kyrgyzstan's bilateral trade flows with its main trading partners and attempts to predict trade potential for Kyrgyzstan. Using panel data, the gravity model is applied to estimate Kyrgyzstan's trade from 2000 to 2016 for its 35 main trading partners. The coefficients derived from the gravity-model estimation are then used to predict trade potential for Kyrgyzstan. Results proved to be successful and explained 63% of the fluctuations in Kyrgyzstan's trade. According to the results, Kyrgyzstan's and its partners' GDP have a positive effect on trade, while distance and partners' population prove to have a negative effect. Predicted trade potential reveals that neighboring countries (China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) and Russia still have a significant trade potential. Kyrgyzstan, being a less developed economy, even by Central Asia standards, can only achieve its goals of reducing poverty and becoming more developed by increasing its overall trade with the rest of the world. Therefore, it is essential to study the main determinants of Kyrgyzstan's bilateral trade. In this way, we can help policy makers formulate policies to expand Kyrgyzstan's trade. This study is the first attempt to apply to the gravity model to Kyrgyzstan in an attempt to predict trade potential.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.191-209
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• 2022

Whether or not insurance policies are securities has been debated for nearly a century. The position of claiming that an insurance policy has securities properties is premised on the concomitant nature of the maritime cargo insurance policy to the bill of lading. However, in reality today, marine cargo insurance policies are transferred between parties involved in international trade as an integral part of the bill of lading, and the two securities go through the same distribution process. The issue of recognizing the securities properties of an insurance policy is particularly debated when the insurance policy is issued in a order or bearer form. In a normal insurance policy, the name of the right holder, such as the claimant, is written on the insurance policy, and it is not usually transferred by endorsement. In principle, insurance policies are interpreted as neither securities nor negotiable securities. Sometimes, research is being done on legal reform to respond to digitalization of securities, and bills of lading are the subject of research. If marine cargo insurance policies, which are sometimes premised on distribution, have securities properties, the status of the regulations on digitization of bills of lading currently being studied may be helpful for digitization of marine cargo insurance policies. Under these circumstances, the securities of marine cargo insurance policies are reviewed based on recent practices.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.259-279
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• 2009

Recently, FTA is quickly spreading out all over the world. In Korea, roles of trade in the economy are significantly important. Therefore, in order to adapt quickly to changed international trade environment, FTA negotiation and its agreements have been accelerated. In Korea, the trade deficit is expected to continue in telecommunications services sector. Meanwhile, pressures to open the market have been intensified in telecommunications services at WTO and FTA negotiations. Therefore, in the middle of opening the market, the expansion plans to increase the competitiveness of our telecommunications services are required to be searched. Thus, in this paper, we reviewed the Korea trade policy status related to telecommunications services based on realistic situation. Also, after reviewing the trade issues which are raised in the WTO and FTA negotiations, the major issues in WTO and FTA were driven to the lessons.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.177-215
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• 2018

Trump's withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and his "America First" trade agenda ignite a second round of interest in mega-free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific. Countries are evaluating alternative trade policy actions in a post-TPP era. Using national real GDP gains estimated by a modified GTAP model to construct "preference ordering" for 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations members and their six regional dialogue partners, this paper comes up with several policy-oriented findings. First, when multilateral agreements are not possible, countries are better off with a regional trading agreement than without one. Second, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership is likely to have higher beneficial impacts than the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. Third, for dual-track countries, implementing both agreements is better than each separately. Fourth, impacts of open regionalism are likely to be higher than those of a closed and reciprocal one. Going forward, this paper argues that countries should adopt a "multi-track, multi-stage" approach to trade policy.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.23-43
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• 2020

This study aims at analyzing the interactions between two of the most significant trade stakeholders in Korea, the Trade Ministry and the Legislature, using text network analysis. Tackling seven Action and Plan Reports for Requests from Parliamentary Inspection released by the National Assembly, this paper conducts a topic modelling analysis, particularly focusing on the reports for the three trade-related institutes: the MOTIE headquarter, Korea Trade Insurance Corporation, Korea Trade and Investment Promotion Agency. According to the analysis, such traditional topics of the MOTIE as enterprise, industry, business, management, development were frequently appeared in the reports. Trade-related topics including export, trade, commerce, investment, overseas, domestic, dispute, cooperation, efficiency, negotiation, service, promotion were repeatedly shown. Lastly, a case study on 2019 Parliamentary Inspection Report showed specific trade-related topics and relevant contents that raised issues in that year. This analysis implies that the text data driven from the Parliamentary Inspection Reports between the MOTIE and the National Assembly, can be established as so called 'trade policy information system' which are valuable not only for the two but also the rest of the trade stakeholders in Korea.