• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 1986

As one of trials to process instant sardine foods which can be preserved at room temperature, three kinds of products were prepared as seasoned-dried product (control, C), liquid smoked seasoned-dried product(S) and antioxidant treated seasoned-dried product(E), and their processing conditions and quality stability during storage were examined. Raw sardines were dressed, steamed and then filleted. The sardine fillets were seasoned with the mixed seasoning solution containing $28.0\%$ of sorbitol, $14.0%$ of sugar, $5.6\%$ of table salt, $1.8\%$ of monosodium glutamate, $0.6\%$ of garlic powder and $50.0\%$ of water at $5^{\circ}C$ for 15 hours, and dipped for 45 seconds in $10\%$ Smoke-EZ solution. After liquid smoking, the seasoned and liquid smoked sardine fillets were dried at $45^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours, vacuum packed in laminated plastic film bag(polyester/casted polypropylene= $12{\mu}m/70{\mu}m,\;15{\times}16cm$), and finally pasteurized in water at $95^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The results obtained from chemical and microbial experiments during storage are as follows : the moisture contents, water activity and pH of the products showed little change, and VBN of them slightly increased during storage. The TBA value and POV of the products (E, S) were lower than those of control product(C) considerably. In color values, L value (linghtness) decreased while a and b value (red and yellow) revealed a tendency to increase during storage. The fatty acid composition of the products were similar to those of raw sardine, the predominant fatty acids were 16:0, 20:5, 18:1 and 22:6. The products (E, S) have a good preservative effect on highly unsturated fatty acids during storage. Viable cell counts of those products were negative and histamine contents were less than 2.0 mg/100 g. Among the texture profiles, hardness, elasticity and cohesiveness of the products slightly decreased during storage. Judging from the sensory evaluations, liquid smoked seasoned-dried product(S) was the most desirable, and the products could be preserved in good condition for 40 days at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.6 s.96
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• pp.914-922
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• 2006

Korean traditional rice wines and liquors have been long brewed using nuruk or koji, cooked rice, How, yeast and some medicinal plants or herbs. The rosemary shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis L), belonging to the Labiatae family, is well recognized for its aromatic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumoral properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of rosemary addition on the quality characteristics of Korean traditional rice wine. Wines containing different rosemary concentrations (0, 10, 20 or 30%) were ripened for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days at 25C. The following quality characteristics were compared: pH, total acid, titratable acidity, amylase activity, color, reducing sugar amount, total sugar and ethanol. Although total acid increased, the pH of rosemary wine rapidly decreased during the rot 5-days of ripening, and these two changes were greatest in the wine containing 10% rosemary. The amount of both reducing sugar and ethanol in the wine rapidly increased during the rot 5-days of ripening, while total sugar content of rosemary wine decreased significantly with increasing ripening periods(p<0.05). According to the Hunter's color results, a significant color change in 'L' value was observed with increasing fermentation period in the wine containing 10% rosemary. Although 'a' value of control (0% rosemary liquor) increased during the ripening period, the addition of rosemary did not significantly affect 'a' or 'b' values. The transmittance of rosemary wines increased with increasing rosemary content but decreased throughout the ripening periods. Amylase activity decreased with increasing rosemary content, especially after a 5-day ripening period.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.52-60
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• 2009

This study was conducted to quantify the soil respiratory $CO_2$ emission (SR) in an apple orchard and to determine its relationship with key environmental factors such as air temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture content. Experiment was made over the period from 23 April 2007 to 31 March 2008 in 'Fuji' apple orchard of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The SR was measured by using the automatic opening/closing chamber system based on a closed method. Diurnal variations in SR showed an increase around 0700 hours with increasing soil temperature, its peak between 1400 and 1500 hours, and then a gradual decrease thereafter. Daily variations in SR depended largely on soil and air temperatures over the year, ranging from 0.8 to 13.7 g $CO_2$ $m^{-2}d^{-1}$. During the rainy spell in summer (July$\sim$Autumn) with higher temperature and more precipitation, the SR was lower than that in the spring (May$\sim$June) with moderate temperature. The SR showed a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature ($r^2=0.800$) and air temperature ($r^2=0.805$), but not with soil moisture content ($r^2=0.160$). The $Q_{10}$ values of SR with annual soil temperature and air temperature were 2.0 and 1.9, respectively. The annually integrated SR was 19.6 ton $CO_2$ $ha^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1991

The thermal resistance of the important microorganisms in takju. Korean traditional turbid alcoholic beverage, was measured and optimun heating time and temperature to achieve the commercial pasteurization of these microorganisms were examined. Most of the vegetative bacterial cells in takju were destroyed by heating at over $60^{\circ}C$, except for the spore forming organisms, which did not actively grow in takju after pasteurization. The important microorganisms for the quality deterioration of pasteurized takju were then appeared to be yeast and molds, and their thermal resistances were measured. The thermal resistances of these microorganisms changed greatly depending upon the heating method. The D values of yeast in takju were 3.5 min at $65^{\circ}C$ and 0.46 min at $80^{\circ}C$ in cap-tube, and 7.1 sec at $65^{\circ}C$ and 2.3 sec at $80^{\circ}C$ in a continuous coil heat exchanger. Those of molds were 2.7 min at 65℃ and 0.25 min at $80^{\circ}C$ in cap-tube, and 3 sec at $65^{\circ}C$ and <1 sec at $80^{\circ}C$ in the coil heat exchanger. The acidity and pH did not change at $30^{\circ}C$ for two weeks after pasteurization by heating in the coil heat exchanger at $65^{\circ}C$ for 17 sec, but the viscosity increased slightly by the heat treatment. Significant differences in sensory quality, especially the formation of burnt smell and bitterness by heating takju for 12D of yeast at $70,\;80\;and\;85^{\circ}C$, respectively, were observed and this resulted in the significant reduction in overall likeness of pasteurized takju. However, when the heating temperature was fixed to $80^{\circ}C$, the overall likeness of pasteurized takju did not affected significantly by the heating time ranging from 8D to 12D of yeast. It was concluded that the optimum pasteurization condition of takju in a continuous heat exchanger was heating at $80^{circ}C$ for 23sec(10D of yeast).

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.241-254
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• 2011

Financial time-series forecasting is one of the most important issues because it is essential for the risk management of financial institutions. Therefore, researchers have tried to forecast financial time-series using various data mining techniques such as regression, artificial neural networks, decision trees, k-nearest neighbor etc. Recently, support vector machines (SVMs) are popularly applied to this research area because they have advantages that they don't require huge training data and have low possibility of overfitting. However, a user must determine several design factors by heuristics in order to use SVM. For example, the selection of appropriate kernel function and its parameters and proper feature subset selection are major design factors of SVM. Other than these factors, the proper selection of instance subset may also improve the forecasting performance of SVM by eliminating irrelevant and distorting training instances. Nonetheless, there have been few studies that have applied instance selection to SVM, especially in the domain of stock market prediction. Instance selection tries to choose proper instance subsets from original training data. It may be considered as a method of knowledge refinement and it maintains the instance-base. This study proposes the novel instance selection algorithm for SVMs. The proposed technique in this study uses genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize instance selection process with parameter optimization simultaneously. We call the model as ISVM (SVM with Instance selection) in this study. Experiments on stock market data are implemented using ISVM. In this study, the GA searches for optimal or near-optimal values of kernel parameters and relevant instances for SVMs. This study needs two sets of parameters in chromosomes in GA setting : The codes for kernel parameters and for instance selection. For the controlling parameters of the GA search, the population size is set at 50 organisms and the value of the crossover rate is set at 0.7 while the mutation rate is 0.1. As the stopping condition, 50 generations are permitted. The application data used in this study consists of technical indicators and the direction of change in the daily Korea stock price index (KOSPI). The total number of samples is 2218 trading days. We separate the whole data into three subsets as training, test, hold-out data set. The number of data in each subset is 1056, 581, 581 respectively. This study compares ISVM to several comparative models including logistic regression (logit), backpropagation neural networks (ANN), nearest neighbor (1-NN), conventional SVM (SVM) and SVM with the optimized parameters (PSVM). In especial, PSVM uses optimized kernel parameters by the genetic algorithm. The experimental results show that ISVM outperforms 1-NN by 15.32%, ANN by 6.89%, Logit and SVM by 5.34%, and PSVM by 4.82% for the holdout data. For ISVM, only 556 data from 1056 original training data are used to produce the result. In addition, the two-sample test for proportions is used to examine whether ISVM significantly outperforms other comparative models. The results indicate that ISVM outperforms ANN and 1-NN at the 1% statistical significance level. In addition, ISVM performs better than Logit, SVM and PSVM at the 5% statistical significance level.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.43
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• pp.31-66
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• 2022

In Korea, the concept of publicness, although conceptually unclear, is being used as a medium between religious groups and other areas of society. In this situation, it is necessary to discuss the concept and agenda of publicness related to religions. For this purpose, we reviewed the relationship and agenda between publicness and faith, and then analyzed the cases of creating sacred objects and holy sites in connection with the concept of publicness. Specifically, according to Chapter II, Publicness and Faith, theologians and sociologists interested in publicness generally presuppose or aim for social participation and change. In this context, the agenda related to religious publicness can include the ground of non-Christian publicness, interreligious equality in the public spheres, the status of religious bodies, and the participation of researchers in the public spheres. In Chapter III, Sacred Objects and Publicness, we divided religious publicness into 'publicness within religion' and 'publicness outside of religion.' According to this classification, rituals are a key factor in creating publicness within religion. Publicness outside of religion is not intrinsic, but is constructed through various external debates. In Chapter IV, Sacred Holy Sites and Publicness, we reviewed cases of the construction of Catholic holy sites and analyzed oppositional logic provided by other religious groups in relation to the publicness outside of religion. Those cases internally created publicness within religion but lead to evaluation and debate about publicness outside of religion in public spheres in which various religions participate. Those who opposed the creation of Catholic holy sites used the logic that Catholicism was eliminating the heritage and values of other religions, and responded by expanding this to include the logic that the Catholics were weakening publicness or creating religious bias.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2008

Purpose : There is debate concerning the observation of metabolite changes on MRS at the designated cortex during some tasks. The purpose of this study is to assess the change of the lactate content at the motor cortex during hand-grasping tasks with performing real-time fMRI-guided fMRS. Materials and Methods : Seven healthy volunteers (23-28 years old) underwent realtime fMRI during right hand grasping tasks with using a 1.5 T system. After confirming the activating area, single voxel MRS was preformed at 1) the baseline, 2) during the task and 3) after the task on the activating cortex. The three consecutive spectra were compared for observing the changes of the lactate content by the tasks. The Cho/Cr, NAA/Cr and Lac/Cr ratios were calculated manually from those spectra. Results : MRS during the tasks revealed the lactate peaks at the 1.33 ppm resonance frequency with great conspicuity at the activated area, which was identified on the real-time fMRI. After the task scan, the lactate peaks completely disappeared and the spectra recovered to the values of the baseline scan in all volunteers. At baseline, during the task and after the task, the Cho/Cr ratios were 0.81, 0.76 and 0.77, respectively, and the NAA/Cr ratios were 1.68, 1.65 and 1.72, respectively, and the Lac/Cr ratios were 0.28, 0.41 and 0.30, respectively. During the task, Lac was significantly increased by 46%. Conclusion : We observed prominent lactate peaks on MRS during hand-grasping tasks at the activated area, as was shown on the real-time fMRI. We suggest that fMRS can be used as a sensitive tool for observing the metabolite changes of the functioning brain.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.505-511
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• 2002

Purpose : Mean platelet volume(MPV) and platelet distribution width(PDW) are useful parameters in evaluating disorders of platelets. In cases with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP), they change as platelet count increases. In this study, we compared the values of MPV and PDW in ITP patients at diagnosis with those of normal children. We also studied whether the early changes in MPV may predict the clinical course. Methods : From December 1995 to May 2001, 71 patients with ITP were admitted to Ajou University Hospital. They were treated with IVIg 400 mg/kg for five days and MPV, PDW, platelet count were analysed. Normal control group(n=38) was compared. The study group was divided into acute and chronic forms, and also divided into group A, good early responders whose platelets increased more than $100,000/{\mu}L$ within 5 days and group B who did not. Results : Mean value of MPV at diagnosis in ITP patients was lower than the normal control group(P<0.05). In group A, MPV was abruptly increased on the first day after IVIg and then started to decrease. But in group B, MPV was steadily increased until the fourth day after IVIg. In the normal control group, there were inverse correlations between platelet count and MPV(r=-0.415, P<0.05), but in ITP patients, there were positive relationships between platelet count and MPV(r=0.646, P<0.05) at diagnosis. Conclusions : MPV at diagnosis of ITP was lower than the normal control. MPV and PDW could not predict the course of ITP patients, but MPV could distinguish good early responders. More research is needed to find out the reasons of decreased MPV at diagnosis of ITP.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1-16
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• 2004

This paper considers the possibilities of health promotion from the following perspectives; (1) IUHPE, (2) socio-cultural similarities, (3) action research, and (4) learning from our past. 1. The IUHPE values decentralized activities through regions, and countries such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and China belong to NPWP region. Since IUHPE World Conference was held in Japan in 1995, Japan used to occupy more than 60% of NPWP membership. After 2001, membership is increasing rapidly in Chinese speaking sub-region. The transnational collaboration is still in its beginning phase. 2. Confucianism is one of key points. Confucian tradition should not be seen only as obstacles but as advantages to seek a form of health promotion more acceptable in East Asia. 3. Within the new public health framework, people are expected to create and live their health. However, especially in Japan, the tendency of 'lacking of face-to-face explicit interactions' is still common at health-promotion settings as well as academic settings. Therefore, the author tried participatory approaches such as asking WlFY (interactive questions designed for subjects to review their daily life and environment) and as introducing round table interactions. So far, majority of participants welcome new trials. 4. The following social phenomena are comparatively discussed after Japanese invasion and occupation of Korea ended in 1945; ·status of oriental medicine, ·separation of dispensary services, and ·health promotion specialist as a national license. In contrast to Japanese' tendency of maintaining the status quo and postponing of substantial social change, trend toward rapid and dynamic social changes are more commonly observed in Korea. Although all of above possibilities are still in their beginning stages, they are going to offer interesting directions waiting for further challenges and accompanying researches.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2020

The effect of three different light qualities on growth, photosynthesis, quality and safe parameters of hydroponic cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were investigated indoor. Three different light qualities were created of red (660 nm), blue (450 nm) and green (550 nm) LEDs corresponding at ratio R660/B450 = 4/1 (RBL); R660/B450/G550= 5/2/3 (WWL); R660/B450/G550 = 1/1/1 (WL), which were tested at the same intensity (PPFD =190 μmol m^-2 s^-1). The results showed that the plant height and leaf number were the lowest in WL treatment. The SPAD, Net photosynthesis rate Pn, Fv/Fm, Leaf area index LAI values and all parameters of root characteristics were the highest in RBL treatment and were significantly different from two others. Fresh weight of stem, leaf and root, dry weight of root in the three light qualities were significantly different. In contrast, the highest K⁺ content in WL was different from WWL and RBL treatments, while Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺ content were the highest in the RBL treatment. Vitamin C content was significantly different between the three treatments. nitrate and oxalic acid contents were the highest in WL treatment, whereas soluble-solids contents and vitamin C contents were the highest in RBL treatment. Oxalic acid, nitrate contents were observed tending reduced under WWL although oxalic acid content in RBL treatment was not different from WL and WWL treatments. In all three different light treatments were not detected Salmonella, E.coli. Our results suggest that RBL may be appropriate light for growth of spinach, but supplementary green light to a combination of red and blue LEDs at the reasonable rate can change the quality of spinach in a positive direction. Hydroponic cultivated spinach was safe for users.