• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to establish optimized extraction conditions for Lilium bulb and Lespedeza cuneata G. Don and to investigate the storage stability of beverages containing extracts. The hot-water extract and the 60% ethanol extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities as well as the highest total polyphenol content. The total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were the highest when the Lilium bulb extract was mixed with the Lespedeza cuneata G. Don extract at the ratio of 1:4. Storage stability of beverages was determined during storage at 10, 25, and 35℃ for 6 months. The pH was decreased from 4.15 to 4.01-4.05, while the acidity was increased from 0.60% to 0.70-0.75% after storage for 6 months. The soluble solid contents were not changed during storage of 6 months. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was decreased after 4-6 months. The Hunter b (yellowness) values decreased at 35℃ after storage for 6 months while the lightness (L) and redness (a) were not changed during storage for 6 months. The total saponin content was not remarkably changed during 2 months of storage, while it decreased after 4-6 months of storage. The flavonoid content was decreased 47% and 55% from an intial 21.7 mg/100 mL to 10.3 mg/100 mL and 12.0 mg/100 mL after 1 month of storage and then remained stable until 6 months. General bacteria and coliform group were not detected during storage for 6 months.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable method for rapid establishment of grassland according to forage species, mixed pastures and installation of mesh at 35 degree angle of cutting area in the middle region of Korea. In agronomic characteristics after wintering, vegetation coverage of Tall fescue(TF) was 74% in monoculture, which was the highest among 3 forage crops. Meanwhile average vegetation coverages of monoculture and mixed pasture were 67 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 4 and 18% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In botanical composition, TF of monoculture and Orchardgrass(OG) and TF oriented mixed were indicated over 94% forage coverage. Meanwhile forage coverages Kentucky bluegrass(KBG) and Red top(RT) of monoculture and Perennial ryegrass(PRG) oriented mixture were 89, 81 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 7, 6 and 5% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In forage productivity, dry matter yield(DMY) of TF(12,537kg/ha) and KBG(11,897kg/ha) of monoculture were significant(p<0.05) higher than RT(9,604kg/ha). Meanwhile DMY of OG(12,227kg/ha), TF(12,823kg/ha) and PRG(11,871kg/ha) oriented mixed were not significant difference(p>0.05). In forage quality of monoculture, in the first year, crude protein of KBG was 13.6%, which was the highest among 3 forage species. Also neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of TF was 56.5%, which was the lowest among 3 forage species. In mixed pasture, in the second year, NDF and acid detergent fiber of PRG oriented mixed were 56.5 and 34.3%, respectively, which was the lowest among 3 mixed pasture. In conclusion, forage species TF was more suitable on initial rootage and continuous forage coverage, OG and TF oriented mixed were more suitable on continuous forage coverage. Also the installation of mesh showed positive effects on initial rootage and maintain forage ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2018

Ballast water treated by sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) injection method in ballast water management system (BWMS) contains reactive bromine, chlorine species and disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we conducted whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing and ecological risk assessment (ERA) to investigate its ecotoxicological effects on the marine environment. WET testing was carried out for eight marine and fresh water organisms, i.e. diatom, Skeletonema costatum, Navicula pelliculosa, green algae, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, Brachionus calyciflorus and fish, Cyprinodon variegatus, Pimephales promelas. The WET test revealed that diatom and green algae were the only organisms that showed apparent toxicity to the effluent; it showed no observed effect concentration (NOEC), lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) and effect concentration of 50 % (EC50) values of 25.0 %, 50.0 % and over 100.0 %, respectively, in seawater conditions. In contrast, rotifer and fish showed no toxicities to the effluent in the all salinity conditions. Meanwhile, chemical analysis revealed that the BWMS effluent contained total of 25 DBPs such as bromate, isocyanuric acid, formaldehyde, chloropicrin, trihalomethanes (THMs), halogenated acetonitriles (HANs) and halogenated acetic acids (HAAs). Based on ERA, the 25 DBPs were not considered to have persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) properties. The ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of the all DBPs did not exceed 1.0 for general harbour environments, but isocyanuric acid, tribromomethane, chloropicrin and monochloroacetic acid exceed 1.0 for near ship environments. However, when NOEC (25.0%) of the WET test results where actual effluent was applied, it was concluded that the NaDCC injection method did not have unacceptable ecological risks to the general harbor including near ship environments.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1985

In the previous papers (Kim and Park, 1984 a, b), we have reported on alginic acid from Ecklonia cava. The seasonal and portional variation in the composition of uronic acids and their block structures of alginic acid from Sargassum ringgoldianum (collected from Ichon-ri at the coast of Ilgwang-myon, Yangsan-gun, Kyongnam, Korea, in the period of January to December in 1982) are investigated, and their relationship between the chemical composition and some rotated properties is discussed in this study. The results are as follows: 1. One year average contents of alginic acid were $21.4\%$ in the stipe and $19.7\%$ in the frond, one-year average values of M/G ratios were 2.38 in the frond and 1.85 in the stipe. The value of frond was largest in the period of Jauuary to April and smallest in May and October to December. The value of stipe was largest January to April and smallest in May. In general, the proportions of M block in the both of frond and stipe were higher than those of G block. 2. The viscosity of frond alginic acid showed higher values of 31.1 cP in November, and lower (below 7.0 cP) in the stipe alginic acid. Furthermore, the dependence on temperature of frond alginic acid was also larger in November and others were lower. Ion exchange ability of frond alginic acid was highest in July and the exchange amounts were $Pb^{2+}\;5.2,\;Cu^{2+}\;3.1,\;Zn^{2+}\;1.7,\;Co^{2+}\;1.5$ meq/g, Na-Alg., and the ability of stipe alginic acid was highest in May and the amounts were $Pb^{2+}\;4.6,\;Cu^{2+}\;3.3,\;Zn^{2+}\;2.5,\;Co^{2+}\;1.4$ meq/g. Na-Alg.. The affinity with metallic ions appeared higher in order of $Pb^{2+}>Cu^{2+}>Zn^{2+}>Co^{2+}$, and the exchange ability assumed to relate with the block ratio of uronic acid.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 1997

This study was concuted to determine the optimal conditions for raising the freshwater rotifer, Brachinus calyciflorus. The authors presented some biological informatin obtained from incubation experiment under the various controlled temperatures. Lorica size of the rotifer was divided into two groups : the length and the width for the S-type was $141.0\pm16.7\mu m$($110.1-182.5\;\mu m, n=44$)and $107.0\pm20.3\mu m\;(75.3-152.3\mu m, n=44)$, and those for the L-type was $262.8\pm15.2\mu m\;(234.4-288.6\mu m,\;n=20)\;and\;182.6\pm13.4\mu m (159.8-207.0\mu m,\;n=20$), respectively. The number of eggs being attached on the female varied from 1 to 11 at various culture conditions. Egg type was divided into two groups, large and small. Large and small egg was measured in its major axis as 85a.7-107.8$\mu$m and 55.1-65.2$\mu$m for S-type, and 104.9-121.8 $\mu$m and 62.8-89.1$\mu$m for L-type respectively. The maximum density was reached at 4th day after incubation. The density was 583.9 rotifers/$m\ell$ for $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group and 421.3 rotifers/$m\ell$ for $22^{\circ}C$-experimental. group respectively. In the case of $28^{\circ}C$-experimental. group, it suddenly decreased into 4.7 rotifers/$m\ell$ at 1st day after incubations and did not recover to its initial density. The maximum rate of increase of populatin per day was reached 0.802 for $22^{\circ}C$-experimental. group at day 2 and fluctuated thereafter. For $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group it increased to 0.964 at day 3 of incubation and then declined. And the egg ratio of female was reached the maximum of 0.614 for 22$^{\circ}C$- at 3rd day and 0.772 for $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group at 4th day of incubation.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.3.2-3
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• 1981

This paper was attemped to analize 55 cases of fiberoptic bronchoscopy during period of 3 years from Feb. 1978 till Feb. 1981 in Chung Ang University hospital. The results were as follow; 1) In age distribution; Most common age group was 5th decade (15 cases, 27.2%) and the other age groups showed relatively even distribution. 2) The ratio of male to female was 3 to 1. 3) The chief complaints were presented in following order; cough (52%), hemoptysis(25%), dyspnea(23.6%), chest pain(18%), chest disomfort(9%). 4) Direct smear of bronchoscopic aspiration material; Not found 33 cases (60%) were most common finding. In the founded bacteria Gram positive cocci 2 cases (3.6%), Gram negative cocci 2 cases (3.6%), Gram positive bacilli 1 cases (1.8%), Gram negativebacilli 2 cases (3.6%), mixed form 15 cases(27.2%) were presented. 5) Bacterial culture of bronchoscopic aspiration material; No growth 28 cases (50.9%) were most common finding. In the bacterial growth, alpha hemolytic streptococci 10 cases (18.2%), Neisseria group 7cases(12.7%), Klebsiella 2 cases (3.6%), Pseudomonas 2 cases (3.6%), mixed culture 6 cases (10.9%) were presented, 6) The diagnosis of bronchoscopic appearance, laboratory exam., and pathologic exam. of biopsed specimen were 21 cases (38.1%) primary carcinoma of bronchus, 8 cases (14.5%) pulmonary tuberculosis, 7 cases (12.7%) bronchitis in orders.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the microbial reduction effect of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite in Korean chive. Korean chive inoculated with foodborne pathogens at the level of approximately 7~8 log CFU/g was treated with various concentration of chlorine dioxide (3, 4, 10, 25 and 100 ppm and sodium hypochlorite (100, 150 and 200 ppm) for 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes. The treatment of 150 ppm sodium hypochlorite and 50 ppm chlorine dioxide for 30 min reduced the number of total bacteria in Korean chive up to 2.0 log CFU/g. Reduction of microbial levels was observed for all concentrations of sanitizers but their effectiveness did not correspond to their concentration. Due to the quality degradation, 50 ppm chlorine dioxide was not appropriate for Korean chive. Most effective reduction of microbial levels was observed when Korean chive were treated with 9 times more sanitizer in volume. For field application, the treatment of 150 ppm sodium hypochlorite showed 2.7 and 4.0 log CFU/g reductions for numbers of total bacteria and coliforms, respectively. Therefore, washing with sodium hypochlorite of a ratio of 1:9 (Korean chive : 150 ppm sodium hypochlorite (w/v)) for 30 minutes can reduce the number of foodborne pathogen in Korean chive.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop the heat exchanger by utilizing the heat energy of underground water(15℃), which might be used for cooling and heating system of the agricultural facilities. We developed the heat exchanger, parallel type plat fin tube made of Aluminum(Al 6063), which was named Aloo-Heat(No. of The registration design : 0247164, by Korean Intellectual property Office). The fin of exchanger was design of the granulated surface for minimizing fouling factor and dew forms, and also placed parallel to the tube in order to minimized the resistance of flows. 1. Aloo-heat was designed to have 0.03m for inside diameter, 0.036m for outside diameter of tube, 0.0012m for thickness of fin and 0.032m for length of plat fin. 2. t was also designed to have 1.5248m²/m for outside area of heat transfer, 0.0942m²/m for inside area contacting hot liquid, and the ratio (Ra) was 16.1869. 3. Efficiency of the fin was 93 percentage when fin length was 0.032m, and the fin thickness satisfied equation $\frac{h{\rho}}{k}$< 0.2 when it was 0.0012m. 4. According to the performance test of Aloo-heat, as the temperature and rate increased, the heating value also increased, heating value was 504kJ/h·m and 6,048kJ/h·m when it was 60℃, 10 𝑙/min and 80℃, 40 𝑙/min respectively. 5. The test of heating value was confident, because correlation value(R²) was 0.9898 for the temperature and 0.9721 for flow rate of hot liquid, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.451-460
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• 2013

The feed value of sesame meal, a main agricultural by-product from the northern area of Gyeongsangbuk-do province, was assessed in Hanwoo steers. A total of twelve Hanwoo steers (average BW = 412.08 kg) were allocated into a Control (fed no sesame meal) or Treatment (fed sesame meal from 14.6 months of age) group, considering BW and ages, and the animals were fed for a total of 480 days. The final BW, total gain and ADG for the Control and Treatment groups were 741.17 kg and 762.67 kg, 331.84 kg and 347.84 kg, and 0.69 kg and 0.72 kg, respectively, showing better performances in sesame meal-fed animals. Feed requirements during the whole experimental period improved by feeding sesame meal (15.31 and 14.87 for Control and Treatment group, respectively). Hanwoo steers fed sesame meal also showed a 22.83 kg heavier cold carcass weight (424.17 kg and 447.00 kg in the Control and Treatment group, respectively), and 2.41% improved dressing percentages (58.60% and 57.22% for the Control and Treatment group, respectively). The area of the M. longissimus dorsi was $91.83cm^2$ and $88.33cm^2$ in the Control and Treatment group, respectively. The final yield of A and B grade meat were 50 : 50% and 33.3 : 66.7% from the Control and Treatment group, respectively. The average marbling score was 4.83 and 5.50, and the numeric values for quality grade was 2.17 and 2.67 for the Control and Treatment group, respectively, showing better beef quality in sesame meal-fed Hanwoo steers. In fact, there were two animals with beef quality $1^{{+}{+}}$ in the sesame meal-fed group. The melting point of lipid extracted from the M. longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo steers was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the Treatment group ($28.28^{\circ}C$) compared to the Control group ($30.65^{\circ}C$). The composition of saturated fatty acids, $C_{14:0}$ (myristic acid) and $C_{16:0}$ (palmitic acid), were significantly lower in sesame meal-fed animals, 4.70% and 2.20% for myristic acid, and 30.55% and 27.12% for palmitic acid, in the Control and Treatment group, respectively. In contrast, there were no significant differences in C18:0 (stearic acid) composition between the groups. The composition of a representative unsaturated fatty acid, $C_{18:1}$ (oleic acid), was significantly higher in Treatment animals (49.89%) than Control animals (44.29%) (p<0.05). The ratio of total monounsaturated fatty acids / saturated fatty acids; M/S) was 1.10 and 1.36 for the Control and Treatment groups, respectively, showing remarkably higher ratios in sesame meal-fed group. The content of glutamic acid, related to beef flavor, was significantly higher in the Treatment group (3.35 mg/100 g) compared to the Control group (1.88 mg/100g) (p<0.05). The tenderness score, evaluated by an eight-point scale in the panel test, and overall palatability (based on juiciness, flavor, oiliness, and umami) were significantly higher in the Treatment group (5.67 and 5.23, respectively) than the Control group (3.83 and 4.60, respectively) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the current results imply that sesame meal could serve as a good supplement for Hanwoo steers for producing high quality beef.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2006

This study was peformed to document the association between nutrient intakes, body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and a major risk factor for chronic diseases. A three-day dietary intake survey, using a 24 hour recall method, was obtained from 187 subjects aged 46 to 84 (mean age 65.3) living in Wando island area. The average daily mean energy intakes were 1869.0 kcal for male and 1943.9 kcal for female, respectively. Daily intakes of protein for male and female were 28.0 and 30.4 g, and those of fat were 31.5 and 28.51 g, respectively Carbohydrate dependency was decreased with age. Protein dependency was increased with age. The mean intakes of energy, protein, Vit. A, Vit. D, Vit. E, Ca, Zn did not meet Korean RDA for elderly. The level of serum triglyceride was higher in males than in females and showed the tendency to increase with age in both sexes, whereas HDL-cholesterol tended to decrease with age in both sexes. The levels of serum total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in males than in females, particularly in the age of $46\~59$ (p<0.05). The level of atherogenic index (AI) was significantly higher in females than in males, particularly in the age of 80 and over (p<0.05) Based on these results, it is evident that people in island area did not consume enough nutrient. Specially, dietary intake of protein was not adequate. This study implies that triglyceride, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AI were increased with increasing age, BMI and WHR.