• 대한교통학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.167-183
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• 1995

The objective of study is to evaluate highway capaicty estimation alternative and to develop capacity from statistical distribution of observed traffic flow. Speed-Volume relation is analyzed from vehicle's headway distribution eliminating the long headway by confidence intervals 99%, 95%, 90%. Capacity estimate alternatives were evaluated from 95% , 90%, 85% level of cummulative distribution of observed hourly traffic flow adjusted to confidence intervals. The result of investigation revealed that maximum hourly rate of flow is 2, 130pcu at confidence interval of 995, 2, 233pcu at 95%, 2, 315pcu at 90% respectively. Compared to the capacity of 2, 200pcu per hour per lane used in HCM and KHCM(Korea Highway Capacity Manual), capa챠y appears to correspond to confidence interval of 95%. Using the traffic flow rate at confidence interval of 95% the maximum hourly flow rate is 2, 187pcu at 95% of cummulative volume distribution, 2, 153pcu at 90%, 2, 215pcu at 85%. The study suggests that raional capacity esimation alternative is to take the 95% of cummulative distribution of observed hourly traffic flow at 95% confidence headway interval eliminating 5% long headway.(i.e. 95-95 rule)

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of nurses staffing level on patient health outcomes in intensive care units (ICUs) in Korea. Methods: The study was retrospective in nature. Information on patients and their outcomes, as well as nurse cohort data, were obtained from Korea's National Health Insurance Service Database. The observation period was from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2018, and data for 2,964,991 patients were analyzed. Independent variables included patient' age and sex and hospital type, intensivist, and nurses staffing level. Results: The mortality rate in ICUs was significantly higher at tertiary hospitals with a level 3~4 (HR, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.19~1.22) or level 5~9 nurse staffing (HR, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.27~1.34) compare to that of tertiary hospitals with a 1~2 level. 28-day mortality rate was also higher at general hospitals with a level 3~4 (HR, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.12~1.14), level 5~6 (HR. 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.32~1.36), level 7~9 nurse staffing (HR, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.38~1.42), using level 1~2 as reference. Conclusion: Nurses staffing level is a key determinant of healthcare-associated mortality in critically ICUs patients. Policies to achieve adequate nurse staffing levels are therefore required to enhance patient outcomes.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of falls in community-dwelling older adults and to identify associated factors using the 2019 Community Health Survey. Methods: The original data was from the 2019 Community Health Survey, and the study sample comprised 1,642 older adults aged 65 years and older in Jeju province. Data collection was conducted from August 16 to November 20, 2019, through an interview done by a trained investigator. Respondents were queried about demographic characteristics, riding bicycles, hospital treatment due to an accident or poisoning in the previous year, fall experiences in the past year, fear of falling, self-management status, and pain and discomfort. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate for associations between potential risk factors and falls. Results: The prevalence of falls in this community-dwelling older adults was 13.1%. Falls were associated with riding bicycles (odds ratio = 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 2.26-9.81), fear of falling (odds ratio = 0.3; 95% confidence interval: 0.24-0.49), hospital treatment due to an accident or poisoning in the previous year (odds ratio = 7.8; 95% confidence interval: 5.02-12.19), self-management status (odds ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval: 0.34-0.89), and pain and discomfort (odds ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval: 0.40-0.87). Conclusions: We found that the prevalence of approximately about 13% of older adults living in a community has experienced falls. Based on the results of the study, we provided primary data to develop the care management intervention program to prevent falls and avoid risk factors that cause falls in community-dwelling older adults.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.110-115
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• 2008

목 적: 장중첩증의 일차적인 치료로 사용되는 비수술적 관장 정복은 장천공, 쇼크 그리고 복막염 등과 같은 심각한 합병증과 불필요한 스트레스 및 과도한 방사선 노출의 위험이 있다. 본 연구에서는 무리한 비수술적 정복의 시도를 피하기 위하여 장중첩증 환자의 임상 양상 및 검사 소견 중 비수술적 정복 실패를 예측할 수 있는 인자를 파악하고자 하였다. 방 법: 고려대학교 의료원 안산병원에서 1998년 3월에서 2006년 7월까지 장중첩증으로 진단되어 치료받았던 환자 314명 중 비수술적 정복이 시도되었던 300명을 대상으로 하였다. 비수술적 정복의 성공 군과 실패군으로 나누어 성별, 연령, 임상증상 및 이학적 소견 그리고 증상의 시작에서 비수술적 정복술을 시도하기까지의 시간과 비수술적 정복 실패와의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결 과: 비수술적 정복 실패 군의 경우 성공 군에 비해 연령이 어렸고(12.3${\pm}$17.2개월 vs 18.0${\pm}$15.8개월, p=0.03), 정복 시도까지의 시간 경과가 길었으며(33.6${\pm}$29.0시간 vs 21.5${\pm}$20.3시간, p<0.01), 구토, 기면은 많았음(p<0.01)에 비해 복통이나 보챔은 적었다(p<0.01). 이러한 인자들의 다중회귀분석에서 비수술적 정복 실패와 연관된 인자는 6개월 미만 연령(odds ratio: 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.2~5.2, p=0.01), 24시간 경과(odds ratio: 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.2~4.2, p=0.03), 혈변(odds ratio: 4.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.9~12.2, p<0.01), 기면(odds ratio: 3.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.1~10.4, p=0.04), 복통 또는 보챔(odds ratio: 0.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.1~0.4, p<0.01)이었다. 결 론: 장중첩증에서 6개월 미만 어린 연령, 혈변이나 기면의 소견, 증상 시작 24시간이 경과된 경우 비수술적 정복 실패의 가능성이 많으므로 이러한 사항을 충분히 고려하여 시행 여부를 결정하는 것이 좋겠다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.31.1-31.8
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• 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic. No specific therapeutic agents or vaccines for COVID-19 are available, though several antiviral drugs, are under investigation as treatment agents for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma transfusion that contain neutralizing antibodies for COVID-19 has become the major focus. This requires mass screening of populations for these antibodies. While several countries started reporting population based antibody rate, its simple point estimate may be misinterpreted without proper estimation of standard error and confidence intervals. In this paper, we review the importance of antibody studies and present the 95% confidence intervals COVID-19 antibody rate for the Korean population using two recently performed antibody tests in Korea. Due to the sparsity of data, the estimation of confidence interval is a big challenge. Thus, we consider several confidence intervals using Asymptotic, Exact and Bayesian estimation methods. In this article, we found that the Wald method gives the narrowest interval among all Asymptotic methods whereas mid p-value gives the narrowest among all Exact methods and Jeffrey's method gives the narrowest from Bayesian method. The most conservative 95% confidence interval estimation shows that as of 00:00 on September 15, 2020, at least 32,602 people were infected but not confirmed in Korea.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 수면시간이나 스트레스가 잔존 치아 수에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 조사하고자 하였다. 제 6기 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 40세 이상 성인 3,261명을 최종대상자로 하였다. 모든 자료는 SPSS를 이용하여 빈도 분석과 chi-square test, t-test, logistic regression 통계기법을 이용하여 분석하였다. Logistic regression으로 수면시간이나 스트레스와 잔존 치아 수와의 관련성을 분석하였고, 95% 신뢰구간으로 정하였다. 수면시간이 9시간 이상인 대상자의 잔존 치아 수가 20개미만으로 적을 위험비가 1.52배 (95% confidence interval: 1.074-2.135) 높은 것으로 나타났고, 스트레스 인지정도가 많은 대상자의 경우 잔존 치아수가 적을 위험비가 2.39배 (95% confidence interval: 1.855-3.090) 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 나이, 성별 그리고 기타 변수를 보정한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between the number of remaining teeth and depression in Korean adults. Methods: The subjects were the respondents of the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES). The questionnaire consisted of the general characteristics of the subjects, number of remaining teeth, and prevalence of depression. relationship of the prevalence of depression and the number of remaining teeth. The data were analyzed by chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression using SPSS, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: There was a significant difference in number of remaining teeth and odds ratio(OR) was 1.940(95% confidence interval: 1.062-3.544). Statistically significant difference was not observed after adjusting for age and gender and OR was 1.515(95% confidence interval: 0.823-2.787). And Statistically significant difference was not observed after adjusting for age, gender and other variables. The OR was 1.399(95% confidence interval: 0.757-2.586). Conclusions: Depression in the adults was related to the number of remaining teeth. But there was no significant difference in the number of remaining teeth after adjusted for age, gender, and other factors.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.431-455
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• 2009

본 연구는 조건부가치측정법(CVM)을 이용하여 석회석 광산으로 인한 산림파괴를 해결하기 위한 대책에 대한 지불의사금액(WTP)으로부터 피해 비용을 추정하였다. 양분선택형 조건부가치측정법으로 얻어진 자료의 분석 결과, 이 계획에 대한 가구당 연간 지불의사금액은 단일양분선택형 모형에 의하면 5,045원(95% 신뢰구간은 3,729원~6,360원), 이중양분선택형 모형에 의하면 4,361원(95% 신뢰구간은 3,710원~5,012원)으로 추정되었다. 석회석 광산에 의한 산림파괴의 피해비용은 산림파괴를 원래의 또는 유사한 대안적 상태로의 복원에 해당 대책에 대한 지불의사금액 중 55.3% 부분이 배분된 금액에 의해 추정될 수 있다. 석회석 광산에 의한 1ha의 산림 파괴는 연평균 2,090만 원(95% 신뢰구간은 1,653만 원~2,527만 원)에 이르렀다. 이러한 1ha의 자산 가치는 1억 6,002만 원(95% 신뢰구간 1억 2,656만 원~1억 9,349만 원)으로 추산된다. 이는 대체비용법으로 산림 파괴 비용을 계산하는 경우 과소평가의 가능성이 있다는 사실을 보여준다. 3개 도시(동해, 삼척, 영월)에서 석회석 광산에 의한 산림파괴로 인한 총피해 비용은 2,040억 원(95% 신뢰구간 1,614억 원~2,467억 원)이고, 석회석 광산으로 인한 산림 피해 면적을 고려하면 피해 비용은 동해시 26.5%, 삼척시 28.9%, 영월시 44.6%를 차지한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.944-955
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• 2000

연구배경 : 만성폐성심을 시사하는 심전도 소견 유무에 따른 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 환자의 예후를 평가하고 이 심전도 소견이 폐기능검사 성적 및 동맥혈가스분석 소견등과 연관되어 예후에 어떤 영향을 미치는 가에 대해서 알아 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 만성폐쇄성 폐질환의 급성악화로 입원한 61명의 환자를 대상으로 심전도, 동맥혈가스분석 및 폐기능검사 성적을 비교하였다. 폐성심을 시사하는 심전도 소견은 우심방부하, 우각차단, 우심실비대 low-voltage QRS로 하였으며 심전도상 이상소견이 없는 1군은 36명이었고, 이상소견이 하나 이상인 2군은 25명 이었다. 결과 : 다변량분석 결과 나이 (risk ratio=1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.23), DLco % pred. (risk ratio=0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.99), $PaO_2$ (risk ratio=0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.90-0.99), 심전도상 우심방부하(risk ratio=5.27, 95% confidence interval 1.40-19.85) 가 만성폐쇄성 폐질환 환자에서 각각 독립적으로 생존율에 영향을 미치는 인자로 나타났다. 심전도상 우심방부하의 소견이 없는 경우에서는 1년, 2년, 5년 생존율이 각각 95.4%, 81.4%, 50.0% 인데 비해 우심방부하 소견이 있는 경우는 각각 82.4%, 70.6%, 27.5% 로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 만성폐쇄성 폐질환 환자에서 폐성심을 시사하는 심전도 소견, 특히 우심방부하를 나타내는 심전도 소견은 중요한 예후예측 인자일 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.136-148
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• 2013

Purpose: To define the role of robotic gastrectomy for the treatment of gastric cancer, the present systematic review with meta-analysis was performed. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search up to July 2012 was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. All eligible studies comparing robotic gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastrectomy or open gastrectomy were included. Results: Included in our meta-analysis were seven studies of 1,967 patients that compared robotic (n=404) with open (n=718) or laparoscopic (n=845) gastrectomy. In the complete analysis, a shorter hospital stay was noted with robotic gastrectomy than with open gastrectomy (weighted mean difference: -2.92, 95% confidence interval: -4.94 to -0.89, P=0.005). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in intraoperative blood loss with robotic gastrectomy compared with laparoscopic gastrectomy (weighted mean difference: -35.53, 95% confidence interval: -66.98 to -4.09, P=0.03). These advantages were at the price of a significantly prolonged operative time for both robotic gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastrectomy (weighted mean difference: 63.70, 95% confidence interval: 44.22 to 83.17, P<0.00001) and robotic gastrectomy versus open gastrectomy (weighted mean difference: 95.83, 95% confidence interval: 54.48 to 137.18, P<0.00001). Analysis of the number of lymph nodes retrieved and overall complication rates revealed that these outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusions: Robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer reduces intraoperative blood loss and the postoperative hospital length of stay compared with laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy at a cost of a longer operating time. Robotic gastrectomy also provides an oncologically adequate lymphadenectomy. Additional high-quality prospective studies are recommended to better evaluate both short and long-term outcomes.