• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.207-211
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• 1999

Biologically active compounds in Polygonatum sibiricum were extracted using organic solvents as hexane, CHCl$_3$, n-butanol corresponding each component. Compound I was purified from hexane layer and the chemical structure of compound I was characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT135, COSY, HMQC, HMBC spectrum and MS-spectrum. Consequently, the chemical structure of compound I was determined as 9,12-(9E,l2E)-octade cadienoic acid.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 1997

Two compounds were isolated from roots of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. On the basis of chemical spectro scopic evidence, they were identified as Formononetin (compound E) and Linoleic acid (9Z,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid) (compound F). Linoleic acid (9Z,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid) was reported the first time from the genus Astragalus.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2003

The traditional Asian medicinal herb, roots of Astragalus (A.) membranaceus (Leguminosae), is used for many purposes, some of which are purported to stimulate the release of growth hormone in vivo. Extracts of A. membranaceus were tested to determine whether they stimulate the release of growth hormone in rat pituitary cell culture. A. membranaceus was extracted sequentially with 80% ethanol (fraction A), n-hexane (fraction B); the test compound from the herbal extraction was isolated using silica gel column chromatography and was identified with spectral data. Test compound was also extracted by traditional boiling water methods. Induction of growth hormone in pituitary cell culture was conducted with isolated compounds and extracted fractions of A. Radix (dried roots of A. membranaceus). The fraction A was not active in the rat pituitary cell culture, but the fraction B derived from the ethanol fraction stimulated the release of growth hormone in culture. Six compounds from fraction B (1-6) were isolated and identified previously. The compounds 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid diisononylester (1), $\beta$-sitosterol (2), and 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl-$\beta$-sitosterol (5) did not induce growth hormone release in the culture. Formononetin (3), 9Z, 12Z-octadecadienoic acid (4), stigmast-4-en-6$\beta$-o1-3-one (6) and 98-E, a mixture of 1'-9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2',3'-dihydroxy-propylester (7) and 1'-hexadecanoic acid-2',3'-dihydroxy-propylester (8) stimulated the release of growth hormone in the rat pituitary cell culture significantly compared to the control. In conclusions, four compounds isolated from extracts of A. Radix induced growth hormone release in the rat pituitary cell culture. The 98-E isolate was the most active inducer of growth hormone release.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.415-420
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• 1999

Petal of Azalea(Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz) was incubated with Gokja at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for seven days and the essential oil components of petal of Azalea before and after incubated were analyzed using a GC/MSD. Ten or more essential oil components including n-heneicosane n-tricosane n-tetreacosane n-pentacosane n-heptacosane n-nonacosane and n-hentriacontane were identified from the petal of Azal-ea before incubated while oxygen-containng compounds including (E)-heptenal 2-ethoxy-1 -hexanol n-hexadecanoic acid methyl ester 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, n-octadecanoic acid methyl ester n-eicosanoic acid methyl ester and 9-docosaenoic acid methyl ester as well as n-alkanes such as n-tricosane that n-pentacosane were identified from the petal of Azalea after incubated. These results suggest that n-alkanes in petal of Azalea might be degraded and some oxygen-containing compounds such as aldehyde, esters and /or acids might be produced when pet-al of Azalea is incubated with Gokja.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of Rehmannia glutinosa's essential oils with Rehmanniae Radix herbal acupuncture Methods : I obtained the essential oils of Rehmannia Radix by hydrodistillation extraction method and supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method, and then I analyzed those by GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum). Results : 1. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 9 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the SFE method. The main compounds were as follows : Hexachloroethane(2.24%), N-Butyl-benzenesulfonamide(2.05%), hexadecanoic acid(1.93%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester(3.49%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(z,z)(2.70%), (9E)-9-Octadecenoic acid(6.14%), ethyl linoleate(4.43%), ethyl oleate(5.80%). 2. I failed to get Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. 3. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 4 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. The main compounds were as follows : Ethylbis(trimethylsilyl)amine(1.04%), 2-(Trimethylsiloxy)benzoic methyl ester(2.65%), Hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester(12.61%), octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester(6.28%). Conclusions : The substances by hydrodistillation method may not perfectly match with the substances by supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method in essential oils extracted form Rehmanniae Radix. But, the main substances was assumed Hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid.

• Mycobiology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.335-339
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• 2019

Endophytic fungi have the ability to live inside the host plant tissues without causing neither symptoms of diseases/or harm. Opportunistic infections are accountable for majority of the outbreaks, thereby putting a burden on the health system. To investigate and characterize the bioactive compounds for the control of bacteria of clinical importance, extracts from endophytic fungi were isolated from indigenous South African medicinal plants. Extracts from endophytic fungi were isolated from 133 fungal strains and screened against Gram positive and negative bacteria namely Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and E. gallinarum using disk diffusion. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to identify the bioactive compounds. Sixteen out of one hundred and thirty-three (12%) fungi extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against some of the selected bacteria. E. coli was found to be the most susceptible in contrast to E. faecium and E. gallinarum which were the most resistant. The isolate MHE 68, identified as Alternaria sp. displayed the greater spectrum of antibacterial activities by controlling selected clinical bacteria strains including resistant E. faecium and E. gallinarum. The chemical analysis of the extract from MHE 68 indicated that linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)) and cyclodecasiloxane could be accountable for the antibacterial activity. This is the first study conducted on the secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungal strains isolated from the Pelargonium sidoides DC. possessing antibacterial properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.390-395
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• 2017

The antibacterial activity of ethanol (99.9%) extracts from marine micro-algae, namely, Mixed A (Pavlova sp., Thalassiosira weissflogii, Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana were mixed with 1:1:1:1 ratio), Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros calcitrans were estimated against food-borne bacteria, namely, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The extracts from these marine micro-algae showed potent antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria by the paper disk method. The extracts from C. vulgaris showed the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.62 mg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 2.50 mg/mL. The extract from C. vulgaris contained 2 active compounds, 38.8% linoelaidic acid and 30.0% phytol. These results indicated that the ethanol extract from C. vulgaris may be a putative natural antibacterial agent against food-borne bacteria.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.423-430
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• 2016

Background: The induction of cellular defensive genes such as phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes is a highly effective strategy for protection against carcinogenesis as well as slowing cancer development. Transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) is responsible for activation of phase II enzymes induced by natural chemopreventive compounds. Methods: Red ginseng oil (RGO) was extracted using a supercritical $CO_2$ extraction system and chemical profile of RGO was investigated by GC/MS. Effects of RGO on regulation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway were determined by ARE-luciferase assay, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. Results: The predominant components of RGO were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (31.48%), bicyclo[10.1.0] tridec-1-ene (22.54%), and 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol (16.90%). RGO treatment significantly increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as ARE reporter gene activity, leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Phosphorylation of the upstream kinases such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MKK)4/7, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK were enhanced by treatment with RGO. In addition, RGO-mediated Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation was attenuated by JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. Conclusion: RGO could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent, possibly by induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase II enzymes via ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.