• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.456-466
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• 2002

Wild ginseng production is increasing due to forest recovery for last 30 years. Total number of Symmani (traditional mountain ginseng digger) was 558 in 2001. Provincial distribution of Symmani in 2001 was highest in Kangwon $(32\%),$ next in Choongbook $(21\%)$ and least in Jeonnam $(0.7\%)$ and Kyoungnam $(0.9\%).$ Age distribution of Symmani was $33\%\;for\;fourties,\;32\%$ for fifties and $20\%$ for sixties. There were 8 persons in eighties. Symmanies are still keeping traditional ritual for mountain god serving clothes of colored ribbons and foods. Increased production induced open market system from underground dealing of mountain ginseng. Korea Mountain Ginseng Association established mountain ginseng assessment committee with professional Symmanies in 2001. From September to November in 2001, 987 roots were requested for quality assessment to the committee and 476 roots $(48\%)$ were passed and graded and others were rejected. Highest frequency of rejection was foreign origin. Pass rate was highest $(74\%)$ in Choongnam suggesting best place for quality. Number of collected roots in each province was positively correlated (p=0.05) with number of Symmanies. There are 3 quality groups of mountain ginseng, Heaven (pure natural), Earth (from seeding of wild ginseng) and Man (from seeding or seedling of wild ginseng with slight environmental modification). The relationship between price and age was polynomial in high quality root, Heaven, Earth and seed long head of Man group, and linear in low quality group, seedling long head of Man. The best one in 2001 was 26 g, 124 years old and sold with 109 million won. Quality criteria are age, shape, weight, color and healthy outlook. Fine roots are criteria for health status of roots and taproot is criteria for efficacy and called as medicine barrel. The implication is that ginsenosides have rarely been experienced for efficacy. The quality criteria of cultivated ginseng were originated from those of mountain ginseng. It is unique for mountain ginseng that only fresh one can be on market. Since quality criteria of mountain ginseng must be based on the efficacy experience it is well expected that present criteria might almost be established at the age of Shinnong Materia Medica.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.91-104
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• 1984

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of nonstarchy polysaccharides in Korean ginseng, (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The results obtained are as follows. 1. The total sugar content of ginseng roots were decreased with increasing the cultural period. On the other hand, the crude fiber content was increased with that of the ginseng leaves or stems. But the crude fiber in root was much less than that of leaves and stems. 2. The dietary fiber content of ginseng root on 5 years old was 14.20% as neutral detergent fiber, 9.08% as acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose 5.12%, cellulose 7.98% and lignin of 1.10%, respectively. 3. Much more pectin was found in ginseng roots which was cultivated for shooter Period. And it was contained much more in the root than in the leaves and stems. 4. ginseng hemicellulose content in root was 5% to 10%. It was decreased with increasing: cultivated period. Hemicellulose was constituted of xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose and xylose of these sugars was the predominant. 5. X-ray diffraction Pattern of ginseng cellulose showed maximum intensity at tile interplanar angle of 4.1$^{\circ}$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 1983

1. To know the site of saponin synthesis in this plant, 4-years old Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was administered with 1, 2-l4C-acetate (Na salt, 10 ucilplant) by stem injection and was continued to grow for 3 weeks and the distribution of the radioactivity in leaf, stem and root part was identified. The percentage of radioactivity recovered was about 3.99%. 2. The sliced roots or leaf discs (2g) were bathed in the reaction mixture containing sugar, ATP, NADPH, and the distribution of the radioactivity of the fractions (sugar, saponin, sapogenin) was identified. 3. It seemed that major synthesized saponins in roots and leaves are dial and triol-type, respectively. Although both types of saponins are synthesized in roots, the main saponins seemed to be dial saponins and a significant portion of triol saponins are supplied from leaves through stem.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 1983

Effect of soil moisture on content and partition of mineral nutients in panax ginseng (2 years old) was investigated. Similarity was found between N and p, Ca and Mg, K and Fe. Mn and Zn were quite different each other and from others. Nutrient partition was affected more by nutrient content than by dry matter. Under suboptimal moisture condition partition to shoot was inhibited in order of Mg, Zn, Ca, Mg, N and P while accelerated in odor of Fe. K and Mn. Under supraoptimal moisture condition Partition to shoot was inhibited in order of Zn, Fe, K, and Ca, while accelerated in order of Mg, N, Mn and p.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1528-1528
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• 2001

Ginseng cultivated in different country or growing condition has generally different components such as saponin and protein, and it relates to efficacy and action. Protein content assumes by nitrogen content in ginseng radix. Nitrogen content could be determined by chemical analysis such as kjeldahl or extraction methods. However, these methods require long analysis time and result environmental pollution and sample damage. In this work we investigated possibility of non-destructive determination of nitrogen content in ginseng radix using near-infrared spectroscopy. Ginseng radix, root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, was studied. Total 120 samples were used in this study and it was consisted of 6 sample sets, 4, 5 and 6-year-old Korea ginseng and 7, 8 and 9-year-old China ginseng, respectively. Each sample set has 20 sample. Nigrogen content was measured by electronic analysis. NIR reflectance spectra were collected over the 1100 to 2500 nm spectral region with a InfraAlyzer 500C (Bran+Luebbe, Germany) equipped with a halogen lapmp and PbS detector and data were collected every 2 nm data point intervals. The calibration models were carried out by multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis using IDAS and SESAME software. Result of electronic analysis, Korean ginseng were different mean value in nitrogen content of China ginseng. Ginseng tend to generally decrease the nitrogen content according as cultivation year is over 6 years. The MLR calibration model with 8 wavelengths using IDAS software accurately predicted nitrogen contents with correlation coefficient (R) and standard error of prediction of 0.985 and 0.855%, respectively. In case of SESAME software, the MLR calibration with 9 wavelength was selected the best calibration, R and SEP were 0.972 and 0.596%, respectively. The PLSR calibration model result in 0.969 of R and 0.630 of RMSEP. This study shows the NIR spectroscopy could be applied to determine the nitrogen content in ginseng radix with high accuracy.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the clinical effect of Red Ginseng in the treatment of postmenopausal hot flushes. Methods: We studied 49 women from 45 to 55 years old who complained hot flushes. We randomly divided women into two groups, We treated one group with red ginseng capsule, and treated another group with placebo for 2 months. patients recorded the frequency of the hot flush on an everyday basis. And we measured temperature of patient's face by DITI. Results: Red ginseng and Placebo treated group significantly decreased the frequency of the hot flush. After treatment, the temperature on the cheekbones who treated by red ginseng get lower than before treatment. But there is no statistically difference between red ginseng and placebo. Conclusion: This study shows that both red ginseng and placebo have remarkable effects on patients, but red ginseng is not better than placebo.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 1995

Weed control in the Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) garden is more difficult than in other crops because the ginseng is a perennial crop and has to be cultivated under the artificial shading. As hand weeding is the only practical means to control weed after crop establishment, a selective herbicide would greatly simplify the control of weed in ginseng garden. In an exploratory experiment, the hervicide Fluazifop-butyl was found to be selectively safe for the Korean ginseng plants. Various rates of Fluazifop-butyl were sprayed on 2-, 3-, and 4-years old ginseng plants as a foliar spray to detect crop injury and to difine their critical concentration. No apparent injury to the ginseng plant was noticable even the doubled application rate of Fluazifop-butyl the based on recommended dosage. Neither abnormal foliar change nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for 2-, 3-, and 4-years old ginseng plants treated with Fluazifop-butyl tripled the recommended usage. The foliar treatments of Fluazifop-butyl did not influence the photosynthesis ability but inhibited the respiration of the ginseng leaf.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.7
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• pp.327-332
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• 2016

This study is a leading research project to develop an automatic grade decision making algorithm of a 6-years-old fresh ginseng. For this work, we developed a Ginseng image acquiring instrument which can take 4-direction's images of a Ginseng at the same time and obtained 245 jingen images using the instrument. The 12 parameters were extracted for each image by a manual way. Lastly, 4 parameters were selected depending on a Ginseng grade classification criteria of KGC Ginseng research institute and a survey result which a distribution of averaging 12 parameters. A pattern recognition classifier was used as a support vector machine, designed to "k-class classifier" using the OpenCV library which is a open-source platform. We had been surveyed the algorithm performance(Correct Matching Ratio, False Acceptance Ratio, False Reject Ratio) when the training data number was controlled 10 to 20. The result of the correct matching ratio is 94% of the $1^{st}$ ginseng grade, 98% of the $2^{nd}$ ginseng grade, 90% of the $3^{rd}$ ginseng grade, overall, showed high recognition performance with all grades when the number of training data are 10.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

Background: This study aimed to investigate the flowering and fruits formation characteristics of Korean Panax ginseng varieties. The results will provide basic data for ginseng seed production and breeding program. Methods and Results: The characteristics investigated included flowering date, seed setting rate, seed type and seed production. The ginseng variety Chungsun had the earliest emergency and flowering dates, whereas Sunhyang showed late emergence and flowering dates. The emergence date of Chunpoong was not later than that of the other varieties, but the flowering date was delayed. The seed setting rate was 64.6%, 75.8%, 78.5% and 74.4% for three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. The ratio of double seed (RD) for Sunhyang and Chungsun were higher than those for the others, whereas the RD for Chunpoong was the lowest. Yunpoong and Sunone had many stems per plant and a high seed production rate. Seed production was 21.7, 67.7, 74.4 and 89.0kg/10 a in three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. Conclusions: The emergence date ranged from April 15 to 25, and the flowering date was from May 10 to the 19 for the new ginseng varieties. The average seed multiplication of the ginseng varieties was about 8.5 and 21.1 times a year for varieties in which, seed-production occurs once a year for over four years and four times over six years, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 2003

We screened preventives (preventers) from natural resources to prevent the rust phenomenon in ginseng roots. We examined that how these influence on the rusty phenomenon and the growth of 2 years old ginsengs treated in the preventers. All treats which was compounding preventers & improvers were so excellent of the ginsengs growth. Especially, the growth of 2 years old ginsengs treated with bio-preventer of ICPE-C105 and ICPE-P107R were increased to 73%, 28% compared with nontreatment, respectively. Though rusty ginseng of rate was emerged 58% in control, preventers ICPE-C 105 and ICPE-P107 were emerged of each 16.7%, 20%. It was affirmed effective of preventer. On the other hands, amounts of ginsenoside treated with preventatives showed to be changed. The total ginsenoside was increased to 71% with treatment ICPE-C105R which is the highest among groups compared to control, and ICPE-P$\_$107/R was increased to 50%. To sum up with total results, it is biotic preventatives (ICPE-C$\_$105/R and ICPE-P$\_$107/R) which we created improve both a high yield of ginseng roots and the inhibition of the rusty phenomenon. phenomenon.