• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1977

A laboratory study was made to develop a simple and economic model method for the systematic determination of functional properties of 'Soy Protein Isolates (SPI)' prepared from defatted soybean meal. These are required to evaluate and to predict how SPI may behave in specific systems and such proteins can be used to simulate or replace conventional proteins. Data concerning the effects of pH, salt concentration, temperature, and protein concentration on the functional properties which include solubility, heat denaturation, gel forming capacity, emulsifying capacity, and foaming capacity are presented. The results are as follows: 1) The yield of SPI from defatted soybean meal increased to 83.9 % as the soybean meal was extracted with 0.02 N NaOH. 2) The suitable viscocity of a dope solution for spinning fiber was found to be 60 Poises by using syringe needle (0.3 mm) with 15 % SPI in 0.6 % NaOH. 3) Heat caused thickening and gelation in concentration of 8 % with a temperature threshold of $70^{\circ}C$. At $8{\sim}12\;%$ protein concentration, gel was formed within $10{\sim}30\;min$ at $70{\sim}100\;^{\circ}C$. It was, however, disrupted rapidly at $125\;^{\circ}C$ of overheat treatment. The gel was firm, resilient and self-supporting at protein concentration of 14 % and less susceptible to disruption of overheating. 4) The emulsifying capacity (EC) of SPI was correlated positively to the solubility of protein at ${\mu}=0$. At pH of the isoelectric point of SPI (pH 4.6), EC increased as concentration of sodium chloride increased. Using model system$(mixing\;speed:\;12,000\;r.p.m.,\;oil\;addition\;rate:\;0.9\;ml/sec,\;and\;temperature\;:\;20{\pm}1\;^{\circ}C)$, the maximum EC of SPI was found to be 47.2 ml of oil/100 mg protein, at the condition of pH 8.7 and ${\mu}=0.6$. The milk casein had greater EC than SPI at lower ionic strength while the EC of SPI was the same as milk casein at higher ionic strength. 5) The shaking test was used in determining the foam-ability of proteins. Progressively increasing SPI concentration up to 5 % indicated that the maximum protein concentration for foaming capacity was 2 %. Sucrose reduced foam expansion slightly but enhanced foam stability. The results of comparing milk casein and egg albumin were that foaming properties of SPI were the same as egg albumin, and better than milk casein, particularly in foam stability.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1999

Background: In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). it is well known that hypoxemia increases the frequency of VPB, which is associated with the poor prognosis such as sudden death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of short and long-term low flow oxygen therapy on the development of VPBs in patients with COPD by correcting the hypoxemia. Method: In 19 patients with COPD, oxygen saturation and VPB's were monitored by pulse oxymeter and 24-hour Holter EKG, with room air and oxygen saturation and VPB's were monitored on the 1st and on the 8th day during oxygen therapy with nasal prong (2L/min). Results : The arterial oxygen saturation was significantly higher on the 1st day of oxygen therapy compared with breathing room air, and was also higher on the 8th day of oxygen therapy than on the 1st day. We found that there was significant correlation between the lowest value of the arterial oxygen saturation and the mean value of the arterial oxygen saturation. The number of VPB's per hour was significantly lower on the 1st day of oxygen therapy compared with breathing room air, and also lower on the 8th day of oxygen therapy than on the 1st day. Our results showed positive correlation between the decrease in the frequency of VPB's and the increase in the lowest arterial oxygen saturation, even though correlation was not significant(p=0.056). Conclusion: With oxygen therapy, the arterial oxygen saturation was increased and the number of VPB's was decreased. Long-term oxygen therapy more than 7days, would be helpful to decrease the number of VPB' s in patients with COPD.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.363-373
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• 2010

"Curve number" (CN) indicates the runoff potential of an area. The US Soil Conservation Service (SCS)'s CN method is a simple, widely used, and efficient method for estimating the runoff from a rainfall event in a particular area, especially in ungauged basins. The use of soil maps requested from end-users was dominant up to about 80% of total use for estimating CN based rainfall-runoff. This study introduce the use of soil maps with respect to hydrologic and watershed management focused on hydrologic soil group and a case study resulted in assessing effective rainfall and runoff hydrograph based on SCS-CN method in a small watershed. The ratio of distribution areas for hydrologic soil group based on detailed soil map (1:25,000) of Korea were 42.2% (A), 29.4% (B), 18.5% (C), and 9.9% (D) for HSG 1995, and 35.1% (A), 15.7% (B), 5.5% (C), and 43.7% (D) for HSG 2006, respectively. The ratio of D group in HSG 2006 accounted for 43.7% of the total and 34.1% reclassified from A, B, and C groups of HSG 1995. Similarity between HSG 1995 and 2006 was about 55%. Our study area was located in Sosu-myeon, Goesan-gun including an approx. 44 $km^2$-catchment, Chungchungbuk-do. We used a digital elevation model (DEM) to delineate the catchments. The soils were classified into 4 hydrologic soil groups on the basis of measured infiltration rate and a model of the representative soils of the study area reported by Jung et al. 2006. Digital soil maps (1:5,000) were used for classifying hydrologic soil groups on the basis of soil series unit. Using high resolution satellite images, we delineated the boundary of each field or other parcel on computer screen, then surveyed the land use and cover in each. We calculated CN for each and used those data and a land use and cover map and a hydrologic soil map to estimate runoff. CN values, which are ranged from 0 (no runoff) to 100 (all precipitation runs off), of the catchment were 73 by HSG 1995 and 79 by HSG 2006, respectively. Each runoff response, peak runoff and time-to-peak, was examined using the SCS triangular synthetic unit hydrograph, and the results of HSG 2006 showed better agreement with the field observed data than those with use of HSG 1995.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2009

Before transplanting Chinese cabbage seedlings, two kinds of eggshell powder were blended into the soil of cabbage field where the club root pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, was infested. The incidence of clubroot disease, the shoot and root growth of cabbages, and soil pH were examined four times at 10 to 13 days interval from transplanting Chinese cabbage. As results, the cabbages treated with eggshell powder without membrane showed the fastest growth in above ground part, and the lowest disease index for clubroot disease. The cabbages treated with eggshell powder with membrane showed better growth than the cabbages of non-treated check, but lower growth than those treated with eggshell powder without membrane. Soil pH started to increase from 3 weeks after soil blending of eggshell powder, and it reached to above 8.0. However, the soil pH of non-treated check stayed at around 6.8. In the experiment to compare the effect of eggshell powder with other calcium compounds, soil-blending of $CaCO_3$ resulted the lowest disease incidence of 1.7 and the registered fungicide, 'flusulfamide', and the resistant variety 'CR Green cabbage' followed with the incidence of 1.9. Cabbages of non-treated check scored the highest disease incidence, 3.4, and that of eggshell powder without membrane was as high as 2.7. However, the growth of Chinese cabbage showed the different pattern to the disease incidence. Chinese cabbages treated with eggshell without membrane recorded the highest average growth, around 2.1 kg. On the other hand, the average growth of CR Green Chinese cabbage was about 2.0 kg, that of flusulfamide-treatment plot was 1.7, and that of non-treated check was as low as 1.3 kg. Soil blending of eggshell powder without membrane did not inhibit the development of clubroot, but increased the growth of cabbage to a great extent. Therefore, it was confirmed that soil blending of eggshell powder before transplanting makes the Chinese cabbage culture possible even in the field infested with club root pathogen.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 1981

In order to develop feed source from shrubby area of mountain for dairy cow, some shrub and grass were harvestied by stage of maturity and analyzed the chemical composition of herbage, and fed to milking cow to know the effect on the body weight and milk production. And the results were summarized as follow. 1. The dry matter content of green herbage was ranged average 25~50% and Smilax china and Cocculus thunbergii were the lowerest as 26.25% and 26.36% respectively and Quercus serrata was the highest as 47.19% of the species. 2. The average protein content of herbage was widely ranged from about 5% to 20%. And Pueraria thunbergiana and Albizzia julibrissin were higher as nearly 20% and Miscanthus sinesis and Arundinella hirta were lower as nearly 5~7%. 3. The average crude fiber content of most species was rarged 20~30%. And Corylus heterophylla and Smilax china were lower as about 20% and Miscanthus sinensis and Arundinella hirta were higher as nearly 37%. 4. The crude protein content of most species was decreased and the fiber content was increased by abvanced the stage of maturity. And also moisture content of green herbage was decreased by seasonal changed. 5. When air dry herbage of 5 kg per head/day was substituted for rice straw, the weight of cows and milk yield and solid not fat content were Slightly increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.03a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2011

염색공업 폐수는 그 성분이 일반적으로 매우 복잡하며, 작업공정의 가동 사항에 따라 수질 변동이 큰것이 특징으로, 각 공정에서 배출되는 염료, 보조화학물질, PVA(Polyvinyl alchol), 전분, wax 등이 포함되어 있으며 pH가 높고, 색도로 인해 하천에 방류될 경우 확산성이 높아 미생물에 의한 자정작용을 방해하여 하천의 수중생태계를 파괴할 우려가 있다. 이러한 염색산업에서 발생하는 폐수는 일반적으로 응집침전, 부상분리법 등의 전처리한 후 활성오니공정으로 처리하는 방법이 널리 이용되고 있으나, 이들 처리공정으로는 폐수 속에 포함되어 있는 다양한화학적 구조의 색소성분 및 유해물질을 완벽하게 제거하는 것이 어려운 실정이다. 유기물 함량이 높은 염색폐수를 처리하기 위해 제안된 기술로는 산소활성슬러지법, 유동상 및 고정상 생물막법, 포괄고정화법 등이 있다. 이러한 기술들중 기존의 처리공정을 증축없이도 처리효율을 높일 수 있는 방법으로 담체를 이용한 부유메디아 생물막공정(Moving-Bed BioReactor, MBBR)이 있다. 이공정은 미생물이 부착, 성장할 수 있는 공극율과 비표면적이 큰 담체를 이용하므로 반응조내의 부유 미생물 뿐만 아니라 담체에 고농도로 부착된 부착 미생물에 의해서도 유기물을 제거하기 때문에 다른 공정들에 비해 처리효율이 뛰어나고 기존의 활성슬러지 공정에 비해 갑작스러운 부하변동 및 유독성 폐수유입에 대해서도 안정적으로 운전이 가능한 장점이 있다. 본연구에서는 부유메디아 생물반응기(Moving-Bed BioReactor, MBBR)을 이용하여 염색폐수내 $COD_{Mn}$, 색도 및 난분해성 물질인 PVA 저감에 대한 Lab-scale test 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 염색폐수의 수질은 평균 pH 13, $COD_{Mn}$ 900 mg/L, SS 135 mg/L, 색도 1,134 [C.U.], PVA 593 mg/L였으며, 2L의 반응기를 사용하여 회분식 실험을 수행였다. 본 실험에서는 호기성 미생물에 의한 염색폐수의 생분해가 유지되는데 필요한 최적의 용존산소 농도와 이에 필요한 공기 폭기량을 결정하기 위하여 i) DO uptake rate측정과 ii) 담체의 충진율, iii) COD/N ratio, iv) Air 유량, v) 담체내 흡착제의 종류, vi) $Ca^{2+}$ 첨가가 염색폐수의 생분해에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 운전시간을 7일로 하여 COD, 색도, PVA 등을 측정한 결과 담체를 첨가한 경우가 담체를 첨가하지 않은 경우 보다 제거효율이 뛰어났다. 특히 충진율 30%(C/N 3)의 경우에서 COD, 색도, PVA의 제거율이 각각 평균 65%, 70%, 60%로 가장 높은 제거효율을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 1998

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride[a-C:H(N)] films were deposited on p-type Si(100) at room temperature with bias voltage of 200 V by DC saddle-field plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Effects of the ratio of $N_2$ to $CH_4$($N_2/CH_4$), in the range of 0 and 4 on such properties as optical properties, microstucture, relative fraction of nitrogen and carbon, etc. of the films have been investigated. The thickness of the a-C:H(N) film was abruptly decreased with the addition of nitrogen, but at $N_2/CH_4$>0.5, the thickness of the film gradually decreased with the increase of the $N_2/CH_4$. The ratio of N to C(N/C) of the films was saturated at 0.25 with the increase of $N_2CH_4$. N-H, C≡N bonds of the films increased but C-H bond decreased with the increase of $N_2CH_4$.Optical band gap energy of the film decreased from 2.53 eV at the ratio of $N_2CH_4$=4.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2004

The yeongok stream originates at the natural park, Mt. O-dae and flows to the East Sea of korea, normally maintaining I or II grade of water quality and its average water flux is 352,100 ㎥/d. However, the typhoon 'Rusa', which occured on 31 August 2002, changed its watercourse and configuration, and the ecosystem was deeply damaged. Moreover, the hydrological characteristics were once more transformed, and the ecosystem was secondarily damaged during repair-work of destroyed bridges and elevations. After the flood disaster, the species diversity diminished 17% for attached diatom and 44% for aquatic animals. However, the earth and sand, dug from river bed during intensive repair-work throughout the entire stream, made diversity drop to 32% for the diatom and the aquatic animals were wiped out. Especially, fishes were totally destroyed except for some species such as Moroco oxycephalus in the upper stream. The yeongok stream has little contamination source and short water residence time due to the short length and rapid slope, and consequently a temporary deterioration of water quality caused by repair-work may be rapidly recovered, but it needs a long time to restore the damaged ecosystem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.629-640
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• 2014

In this study, the applicability of dynamic water quality model to TMDL system was examined, methods for setting of water quality goal and estimation of allocation loads were suggested and results of applying these methods were analyzed. HSPF model was applied for Miho stream basin as a dynamic water quality model. The model was calibrated using measurement data obtained in 2009~2010 and showed satisfactory performance in predicting daily variations of flow rate and BOD concentration. Methods for TMDL application were categorized into 3 cases; water quality management (1) considering low flow condition(Case I), (2) considering entire period of the year (Case II) and (3) considering the worst water quality condition (Case III). BOD water quality goals at the end of Miho stream watershed increased in the order of Case IICase I>Case III. If further researches on base precipitation and method for model input of nonpoint source pollutant were carried out, water quality could be managed more reasonably and scientifically by applying dynamic water quality model to TMDL. The result of this study is expected to be used as primary data for TMDL using dynamic water quality model.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.573-578
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• 2001

The effects of organic supplement (acetate) and dissolved oxygen concentration on the nitrification rate of wastewater were investigated in the 27.7 L pilot-scale airlift biofilm reactor with the granular activated carbon media of 0.613 mm diameter. The ammonium oxidation rate increased stepwise up to 5 kg N/㎥$.$d at the riser air velocity of 0.063 m/s, when the air velocity and the ammonium loading rate were raised alternately. The nitrite build-up was observed during the early stage of the biofilm formation, which disappeared after the reactor operation of 128 days. As increasing the organic loading rate, the organic oxidation rate increased up to 25.0 kg COD/㎥$.$d with the removal efficiency of 94% but the oxidation rates of ammonium and nitrite decreased. The oxidation rates of ammonium and nitrite increased with the dissolved oxygen concentrations. When the pure oxygen was sparged, the ammonium oxidation rate was almost five times higher than that with air at the same velocity.