• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2019

Background: Street vendors spend relatively more time near roadways and are vulnerable to air pollution related health disorders. However, there is limited information on the quality of the air they breathe. The objectives of this present study were to calculate the mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in eight size fractions ($PM_{0.4-0.7}$, $PM_{0.7-1.1}$, $PM_{1.1-2.1}$, $PM_{2.1-3.3}$, $PM_{3.3-4.7}$, $PM_{4.7-5.8}$, $PM_{5.8-9.0}$, and $PM_{9.0--0{\mu}m}$) at commercial (CML) and residential site (RSL) in Dehradun city from November 2015 to May 2016. To estimate the corresponding respiratory deposition dose (RDDs) in alveolar (AL), tracheobronchial (TB), and head airway (HD) region on street vendors working at CML and RSL. To find the association of atmospheric PM with RDDs and the incidence of respiratory related disorders among street vendors. Methods: Andersen cascade impactor was employed for calculating the PM mass concentration. Questionnaire based health survey among street vendors were carried out through personal interview. Results: A significant difference (p < 0.05; t-test) between the mean $PM_{0.4-10{\mu}m}$ mass concentration at CML and RSL was observed with ($mean{\pm}SD$) $84.05{\pm}14.5$ and $77.23{\pm}11.7{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$, respectively. RDDs in AL, TB and HD region at CML was observed to be 9.9, 7.8, and 7.3% higher than at RSL, respectively. Health survey revealed 1.62, 0.96, 0.04, and 0.57 times higher incidence of cold, cough, breathlessness, and chest pain, respectively with street vendors at CML compared to RSL. Conclusion: The site characteristics plays a major role in the respiratory health status of street vendors at Dehradun.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3785-3791
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• 2016

Background: Previous studies have assessed the association between the Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4(CTLA-4) polymorphism with the risk of malignant bone tumor, but the conclusions were inconsistent. We aimed to clarify association of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 polymorphisms with malignant bone tumors risk by performing a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: The databases including PubMed, EMBase databases and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify the eligible studies prior to January 30 2016. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to estimate the strengths of the association between the CTLA-4 polymorphism and the malignant bone tumor risks. The meta-analysis was performed by STATA 12.0. Results: Four individual studies with a total of 1003 cases with malignant bone tumor and 1162 controls were included in our meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis on those data demonstrated that CTLA-4 +49G>A polymorphism was associated with the risk of Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma strongly (A vs. G: OR=1.36, 95%CI:1.20-1.54, p=0.000; AA+AG vs. GG: OR=1.35, 95%CI:1.14-1.61, p=0.001; AA vs. GG: OR=2.24, 95%CI:1.67-2.99, p=0.000; AA vs. AG+GG: OR=2.00, 95%CI:1.53-2.62, p=0.000), but CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphism was not associated with the risk of malignant bone tumor (C vs. T: OR=0.76, 95%CI:0.76-1.08, p= 0.262; CC+CT vs. TT: OR=0.70, 95%CI:0.41-1.20, p= 0.198; CC vs. TT: OR=0.69, 95%CI:0.40-1.19, p= 0.183; CC vs. CT+TT: OR=0.92, 95%CI:0.75-1.13, p= 0.419). Subgroup analysis showed that there are significantly positive correlations between CTLA-4 +49G>A polymorphism and increased risks of malignant bone tumors in large size of sample (A vs. G: OR=1.347, 95%CI: 1.172,1.548, p=0.000; AA vs. GG: OR=2.228, 95%CI: 1.608,3.085, p=0.000), Ewing's Sarcoma or Osteosarcoma (A vs. G: OR=1.361, 95%CI: 1.201,1.540, p=0.000; AA vs. GG: OR=2.236, 95%CI: 1.674,2.986, p=0.000), and PCR-RFLP or Sequencing(A vs. G: OR=1.361, 95%CI: 1.201,1.540, p=0.000; AA vs. GG: OR=2.236, 95%CI: 1.674,2.986, p=0.000), but CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphism was not associated with the risk of malignant bone tumors in diagnosis, genotype method, and sample size (all p>0.05). Conclusions: CTLA-4 +49A/G variant was associated with an increased risk of developing the malignant bone tumors, such as Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma. However, it failed to show the association between CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphism and the risk of malignant bone tumors. Future large-scale studies remain to be done to confirm our conclusions.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.421-434
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• 2008

This study was carried out to estimate the selection of appropriate forage crops, proper application levels of livestock manure, and carrying capacity per unit area for organic livestock, as influenced by livestock manure application levels compared with chemical fertilizer to corn and sorghum $\times$ sorghum hybrid, in order to produce organic forages by utilizing livestock manure. For both corns and sorghum $\times$ sorghum hybrids, no fertilizer plots had significantly (p<0.05) lower annual dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields than those of other plots, whereas the N+P+K plots ranked the highest yields, followed by 150% cattle manure plots and 100% cattle manure plots. Dry matter, CP and TDN yields of cattle manure plots were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of no fertilizer and P+K plots. In applying cattle manure, the yields of cattle slurry plots tended to be a little higher than those of composted cattle manure plots. Assuming that corns and sorghum $\times$ sorghum hybrids produced from this trial were fed at 70% level to 450kg of Hanwoo heifer with 400g of average daily gain, livestock carrying capacity (head/year/ha) ranked the highest in N+P+K plots of the case of corns (mean 6.7 heads), followed by 150% cattle slurry plots (mean 5.6 heads), 150% composted cattle manure plots (mean 4.8 heads), 100% cattle slurry plots (mean 4.4 heads), 100% composted cattle manure plots (mean 4.3 heads), P+K plots (mean 4.1 heads), and no fertilizer plots (mean 3.1 heads). Meanwhile, in case of sorghum $\times$ sorghum hybrids, N+P+K plots (mean 5.7 heads) ranked the highest carrying capacity, followed by $100{\sim}150%$ cattle slurry plots (mean $4.8{\sim}5.2$ heads), 150% composted cattle manure plots (mean 4.7 heads), 100 % composted cattle manure plots (mean 4.3 heads), P+K plots (mean 3.8 heads), and no fertilizer plots (mean 3.4 heads). The results indicated that replacing chemical fertilizer by livestock manure application to cultivation soil for forage crops could enhance not only DM and TDN yields, but also organic stock carrying capacity. In conclusion, it was conceived that organic forage production by reutilizing livestock manure might contribute to reduced environmental pollution and the production of environment friendly agricultural products through resources recycling.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2018

This study investigates, the physicochemical characteristics of Sengmaksan (SM) prepared with Liriope platyphylla (LP) that had been roasted for different times (0, 30, 60, and 90 min, denoted as S-0, S-30, S-60, and S-90, respectively) The Hunter's color values such as lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) were the highest in S-0, while the lowest was found in S-90. The amount of soluble solid and reducing sugar content of S-60 were higher than the others. None of the samples exhibit significant differences in, their pH and acidity. The total content of phenolic compounds increased with the LP roasting time, but the total flavonoid and total anthocyanin contents of the SM decreased at the same time. The total ginsenoside (Ro, Rb2, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2) content did not show significant differences. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased according to the concentration, as well as with the LP roasting time. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed trends similar to the radical scavenging activity, but it was more sensitive to the LP roasting time. From these results, the active ingredient in S-60 was higher, and the antioxidant activities of SM increased along with the roasting time of LP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.838-844
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true amino acids digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in China. Twenty five sources of corn DDGS was collected from 8 provinces of China. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine TMEn and amino acids digestibility with 35 adult cecectomized roosters, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (30 g). The average content of ash, crude protein, total amino acid, ether extract, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were 4.81, 27.91, 22.51, 15.22, 6.35 and 37.58%, respectively. TMEn of DDGS ranged from 1,779 to 3,071 kcal/kg and averaged 2,517 kcal/kg. Coefficient of variation for non-amino acid crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and TMEn were 55.0, 15.7, 15.9 and 17.1%, respectively. The average true amino acid digestibility was 77.32%. Stepwise regression analysis obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = -2,995.6+0.88${\times}$gross energy+$49.63{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 248.8; RMSE = 190.8; p<0.01). Removing gross energy from the model obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = 57.88${\times}$ether extracts+$87.62{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 254.3, RMSE = 223.5; p<0.01). No correlation was found between color scores and lysine true digestibility (p>0.05). These results suggest that corn DDGS produced in China has a large variation in chemical composition, and gross energy and $a^*$ value can be used to generate TMEn predict equation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1147-1152
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary habits and health-related behaviors in elderly people aged over 85 years residing in Namhae-gun Kyungnam. The subject group of this study was composed of 24 males and 76 females, the average age being 88.9$\pm$4.0 years old. The mean age of their parents' death were 67.3$\pm$15.9 years for the father and 68.1$\pm$16.6 years for the mother. Most of the subjects had a regular meal pattern consuming three meals a day, and the female (89.5%) had more regular meals than the male (66.7%). Most of the subjects showed to have no taboo foods (77.1%) and health foods or supplements (90.5%). The rates of alcohol drinking and smoking showed to be 46.8% and 31.1%, respectively, and the quantities of them were a little. Of the subjects, 65.6% spend 6∼8 hours for sleeping and 57.6% spend 4∼5 hours for activity. Most of the subjects recognized to be healthy (88.7%) and happy (62.7%).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2001

Azelastine, a phthalazinone derivative, is an antiallergic agent which demonstrates histamine $H_1-receptor$ antagonist activity and also inhibits histamine release from mast cells following antigen and non-antigen stimuli. Thus, azelastine may be useful in the management of both asthma and allergic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two azelastine hydrochloride tablets, $Azeptin^{TM}$ (Bu Kwang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and $Azela^{TM}$ (Kyung Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Eighteen normal male volunteers, $22.44{\pm}2.01$ years in age and $61.99{\pm}6.18\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 1 mg of azelastine hydrochloride per tablet were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of azelastine in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were -6.45%, -2.60% and -7.14%, respectively, when calculated against the $Azeptin^{TM}$ tablet. The powers $(1-{\beta})$ for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ were 96.65% and 88.47%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta})$ at ${\alpha}=0.05$ and $1-{\beta}=0.8$ were less than 20% (e.g., 14.40% and 17.65% for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were within ${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-14.87{\sim}1.97$ and $-12.92{\sim}7.72$ for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Azela^{TM]$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Azeptin^{TM}$ tablet.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.571-579
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• 2010

Jeupjang has long been considered only a local delicacy. So, it has gradually been forgotten because its name and definition have not been established. This study was performed in order to provide some basic data by comparing the general components, color, free amino acids, free sugar, organic acids and antioxidant activities between commercial Jeupjang(GG, GD, JM, NJ, NS). Moisture contents, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents of Jeupjang were 48.07~61.77%, 4.08~10.53%, 3.92~4.64%, and 3.63~9.95%. pH, titrable acidity and salt in Jeupjang were 4.32~5.50, 9.37~14.82 mL(1N-NaOHmL), and 3.27~8.90%. Amino-type nitrogen content is 42.05~ 138.83mg%. Lightness(L), redness(a) and yellowness(b) values in color of Jeupjang were10.04~21.89, 18.92~28.80, and 17.16~37.56. The total content of free amino acids in commercial Jeupjang ranged from 35.22mg% to 306.02mg% in which it showed wide variation among samples. The major free amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and proline. The major free sugars were fructose(0.31~1.60%), glucose(6.20~ 13.61%) and maltose(7.34~10.01%). The major organic acids were succinic acid(29.08~ 103.62 mg%) and citric acid(3.08~108.69 mg%). Total polyphenol contents were from 1.16 mg/g to 1.78 mg/g, DPPH radical scavenging activity is from 0.57 AEAC to 1.53 AEAC and ABTS radical scavenging activity is from 1.58 AEAC to 2.85 AEAC. This result might cause the differences of soybean composition, processing methods and brewing periods. For the succession of traditional fermented food such as Jeupjang, quality standards are required. To this end, the standardization of manufacturing processes must be followed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.726-733
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school girls in Korea. One hundred thirty-five female students residing in Ulian metropolitan city in Korea diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency participated in this study. One or two tablets of iron medicine(80-160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to all participants for 3 months. Subjects were evaluated with a questionaire, measurement of hematological indices before and after iron supplementation. The average height and weight of respondents were 161.62 $\pm$ 4.68 cm and 53.87 $\pm$ 6.10 kg, respectively. Daily intakes of energy were 1597.8 $\pm$ 302.35 kcal(76.0% RDA). Iron intakes were 13.72 $\pm$ 4.17 mg (76.3% of RDA) and calcium intakes were 580.74 $\pm$ 177.21(72.5% of RDA) before iron supp]ementation. At baseline, 63% of all participants had depleted store(serum ferritin 12 ug/ml and/or transferrin saturation(TS) < 14%). After iron supplementation, this proportion declined to 19.3%. 55.6% of subjects had 12 ug/m1 of basal ferritin concentration before iron supplementation, and this proportion declined to 16.3% after iron supplementation. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentrations were 12.13 $\pm$ 1.01 g/dl and they increased to 12.79 $\pm$ 0.81 g/dl, which showed significant difference artier iron supplementation(p < 0.001). The basal ferritin and TS(%) were 13.24 $\pm$ 11.66 ng/ml, 18.42 $\pm$ 10.12% and they significantly increased to 32.95 $\pm$ 21.14 ng/ml, 33.53 $\pm$ 16.64%, respectively(p < 0.001). The basal total iron binding protein(TIBC) were 467.81 $\pm$ 97.24 ug/dl and they significantly decreased to 325.05 $\pm$ 48.89 ug/dl(p < 0.001) after iron supplementation. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with serum iron(t = 0.553, p < 0.01), serum ferritin(t = 0.557, p < 0.01), TS(%)(t = 0.588, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with TIBC(t= -0.409, p <0.01). The anemia symptoms such as ‘Shortening of breath when going upstairs(p < 0.01)’, ‘Tired out easily(p < 0.01)’, ‘Feeling blue(p < 0.001)’, ‘Decreased ability to concentrate(p < 0.01)’, and ‘Poor memory(p < 0.001)’improved significantly after iron supplementation. In this study, daily iron supplementations were efficacious in improving the iron status and anemic symptoms of female high school students. Regular check-ups and nutrition education for adolescents are necessary because of their vulnerability to iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum effective dose of iron and to examine the adverse effect of long-term iron supplementation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.297-306
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• 1997

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine on the change of blood chemistry components in the serum of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female). The experimental groups were divided into 7 groups according to the time lapsed after a single oral administration of 100mg/kg caffeine(that is control, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hrs lapsed group) to the rats. The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The concentrations of serum glucose were significantly higher($\rho$<0.01) between 4 (143.0 mg/dl) and 8 hrs(138.0mg/dl) in comparison to the control(101.1mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). Whereas there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio in comparison to the control. 2. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were significantly higher ($\rho$<0.01) between 4(77.4mg/dl, total cholesterol) and 8 hrs(64.7mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol) in comparis to the control(62.8, 46.7mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100 mg/kg). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum were significantly lower($\rho$<0.01) after 8 hrs(38.8mg/dl) in comparison to the control(66.5mg/dl). 3. The activities of AST in serum was significantly higher($\rho$<0.05) from 2 hrs(149 U/L) to 8 hrs(178 U/L) in comparison to the control(112 U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100mg/kg). The activities of ALT in serum were significantly higher($\rho$<0.01) at 4(45.5 U/L), 24(49.3 U/L), 48(46.8 U/L) and 72 hrs(42.3 U/L) in comparison to the control (39.7 U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100mg/kg) On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the activities of ALP in comparison to the control.