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A study of joint properties of Sn-Cu-(X)Al(Si) middle-temperature solder for automotive electronics modules (자동차 전장부품을 위한 Sn-0.5Cu-(X)Al(Si) 중온 솔더의 접합특성 연구)

  • Yu, Dong-Yurl;Ko, Yong-Ho;Bang, Junghwan;Lee, Chang-Woo
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.19-24
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    • 2015
  • Joint properties of electric control unit (ECU) module using Sn-Cu-(X)Al(Si) lead-free solder alloy were investigated for automotive electronics module. In this study, Sn-0.5Cu-0.01Al(Si) and Sn-0.5Cu-0.03Al(Si) (wt.%) lead-free alloys were fabricated as bar type by doped various weight percentages (0.01 and 0.03 wt.%) of Al(Si) alloy to Sn-0.5Cu. After fabrications of lead-free alloys, the ball-type solder alloys with a diameter of 450 um were made by rolling and punching. The melting temperatures of 0.01Al(Si) and 0.03Al(Si) were 230.2 and $230.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. To evaluation of properties of solder joint, test printed circuit board (PCB) finished with organic solderability perseveration (OSP) on Cu pad. The ball-type solders were attached to test PCB with flux and reflowed for formation of solder joint. The maximum temperature of reflow was $260^{\circ}C$ for 50s above melting temperature. And then, we measured spreadability and shear strength of two Al(Si) solder materials compared to Sn-0.7Cu solder material used in industry. And also, microstructures in solder and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were observed. Moreover, thickness and grain size of $Cu_6Sn_5$ IMC were measured and then compared with Sn-0.7Cu. With increasing the amounts of Al(Si), the $Cu_6Sn_5$ thickness was decreased. These results show the addition of Al(Si) could suppress IMC growth and improve the reliability of solder joint.

Dosimetric Evaluation of Plans Converted with the DVH-Based Plan Converter

  • Chun, Minsoo;Choi, Chang Heon;Kim, Jung-in;Yoo, Jeongmin;Lee, Sung Young;Kwon, Ohyun;Son, Jaeman;An, Hyun Joon;Kang, Seong-Hee;Park, Jong Min
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.157-163
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    • 2018
  • Plans converted using dose-volume-histogram-based plan conversion (DPC) were evaluated by comparing them to the original plans. Changes in the dose volumetric (DV) parameters of five volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for head and neck (HN) cancer and five VMAT plans for prostate cancer were analyzed. For the HN plans, the homogeneity indices (HIs) of the three planning target volumes (PTV) increased by 0.03, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively, after DPC. The maximum doses to the PTVs increased by 1.20, 1.87, and 0.92 Gy, respectively, after DPC. The maximum doses to the optic chiasm, optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, lenses, and parotid glands increased after DPC by approximately 4.39, 3.62, 7.55, 7.96, 1.77, and 6.40 Gy, respectively. For the prostate plans after DPC, the HIs for the primary and boost PTVs increased by 0.05 and 0.03, respectively, and the maximum doses to each PTV increased by 1.84 and 0.19 Gy, respectively. After DPC, the mean doses to the rectum and femoral heads increased by approximately 6.19 and 2.79 Gy, respectively, and those to the bladder decreased by 0.20 Gy when summing the primary and boost plans. Because clinically unacceptable changes were sometimes observed after DPC, plans converted by DPC should be carefully reviewed before actual patient treatment.

Health Approaches for Weight Perception and Weight Loss Efforts in Hypertensive Patients with Obesity: The 2016-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  • Sang-Dol, Kim;Young-Ran, Yeun
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.101-110
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    • 2023
  • This study was conducted to identify factors influencing weight loss efforts in hypertensive patients with obesity in Korea using data from the 2016-2019 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Weight perception, weight loss efforts, and weight control methods were investigated for 1,910 subjects. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, cross-tabulation analysis and logistic regression. Among obese hypertensive patients, 12.6% perceived their weight as normal. Weight loss efforts were 2.03 times (95% CI: 1.48 to 2.78) higher in people with overweight perception than those with normal weight perception, and 1.74 times (95% CI: 1.33 to 2.26) higher in women than in men. In addition, those with class 1 obesity were 1.50 times (95% CI: 0.85 to 2.65) higher than those with class 3 obesity, and those with class 2 obesity were 2.16 times (95% CI: 1.16 to 4.00) higher than those with class 3 obesity. These results suggest that weight management approaches for hypertensive patients with obesity should be individually designed according to weight perception, gender, and obesity class.

Evaluation of Emulsion Stability for Cosmetic Facial Cream Emulsion Using Mixed Nonionic Emulsifier (비이온성 혼합유화제를 이용한 화장용 크림 유화액의 유화안정성 평가)

  • Hong, In Kwon;Kim, Su In;Park, Bo Ra;Choi, Junho;Lee, Seung Bum
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.527-531
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    • 2016
  • Emulsification is a fundamental process of cosmetics manufacture which produces stabilized emulsion by dispersing the liquid from the one side to the other by adding an emulsifier in an immiscible liquid. Various types of emulsifiers can produce various cosmetics. In this study, we evaluated the stability of emulsifier by measuring variations in the viscosity, particle size and particle size distribution. HLB values of nonionic emulsifiers which are used in this paper are 12.9, 12.9, 12.6 and 12.5 for EMU-01, EMU-02, EMU-03 and EMU-04, respectively. All types of emulsions showed an increase in the particle size and a decrease in the viscosity with the time. Also they showed a decrease in the particle size and an increase in the viscosity with respect to increasing the stirring speed. However, the stability of emulsions up to 56 days was secured by observing the non-separation of emulsions. In addition, the viscosity of the emulsions was measured in the order of EMU-01 > EMU-02 > EMU-03 > EMU-04 while the size of particles was measured in the order of $EMU-01{\approx}EMU-02$ > $EMU-03{\approx}EMU-04$. This indicates that our emulsion can be potentially used for preparing a cosmetic facial cream.

Development of Tetraploid Watermelon Using Chromosome Doubling Reagent Treatments (염색체 배수화제를 이용한 4배체 수박품종 개발)

  • Oh, Sang A;Min, Kwang Hyun;Choi, Yong Soo;Park, Sang Bin;Kim, Young Cheol;Cho, Song Mi
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.656-664
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    • 2015
  • To produce high quality watermelon, three tetraploid watermelon breeding lines (‘SA03-1’, ‘SA06-1’ and ‘SB01-1’) were developed by treatment with different chromosome doubling reagents. To identify the optimal tetraploid inductive conditions, the three watermelon breeding lines were selected by counting the number of doubled chloroplasts in guard cells. Tetraploid induction rates differed depending on the genotypes and treatment with doubling reagents. However, the highest induction rate occurred with 1.0% colchicine (82.2%). These putative tetraploid lines were re-confirmed for ploidy using flow cytometric analysis and chromosome counting. The internode length of the tetraploid breeding lines was different when the leaf size was larger in all three tetraploid lines compared to their diploids. The fruit weight of the tetraploid fruits for ‘SA03-1’ and ‘SB01-1’ was lower than for their diploid, and the rind thickness and total sugar content (°Brix) of tetraploid SB01-1 were significantly different from those of its diploid. Tetraploid lines were sterile, yielded a lower number of seeds per fruit for ‘SA03-1’ (21), ‘SA06-1’ (62), and ‘SB01-1’ (34.7), and the seeds were larger and thicker than those of their diploids. These tetraploid breeding results will be useful for breeding new seedless watermelon cultivars.

Wide Bandwidth Circularly Polarized Aperture Coupled Microstrip Antenna using Cross-slot (십자 슬롯을 이용한 광대역 원형편파 적층 개구결합 마이크로스트립 안테나)

  • 양태식;이범선
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.748-754
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    • 2000
  • A novel single feed wide band CP stacked microstrip antenna using crossed slots has been designed, fabricated and measured. For the single rediating element the designed 10dB return loss bandwidth is 34.5%99.45~13.54 GHz), 3dB axial ratio bandwidth is 18.7%(11.17~13.39GHz), and 6 dB gain bandwidth is 29%(10.21~13.64GHz). For the 2$\times$2 array designed using a sequential rotation method, the 10dB return loss bandwidth is 35.9%(9.69~13.94GHz), 3dB axial ratio bandwidth is 34.6GHz (9.93~14.03GHz), and 6dB gain bandwidth is 27.4%(10.35~13.6GHz). For the fabricated 8$\times$8 array antenna, the 10dB return loss bandwidth is 27.3%(10.17~13.41GHz), 3dB axial ratio bandwidth is 27.9GHz(10.1~13.4GHz), and the radiation pattern is good agreement with theory. This antenna can be used for broadband applications for communications or broadcasting in Ku band.

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국방획득관리규정 개정 소개(6차 개정, '03. 2)

  • Kim, Jong-Cheon
    • Defense and Technology
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    • no.2 s.288
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    • pp.16-25
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    • 2003
  • 국방회기득관리규정의 주요 개정내용을 제시하였다. 국방획득관리제도가 기준면에서 아무리 합리적이고 절차면에서 구체화되었다고 하더라도 이해가 미흡하여 준수되지 않거나 또는 활용되지 않는다면 그 효용이 저하될 것이다. 무기체계 획득관련 기관.부서 담당자 및 방위산업에 종사하는 관계관들은 해당분야의 개정내용을 숙독해 주기를 바란다. 앞으로도 획득제도 시행상에 도출되는 문제점은 지속적으로 발굴하여 개선해 나갈 예정이다.

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Physicochemical Characteristics of Traditional Fermented Soybean Products Manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang Region (순창 고추장민속마을에서 생산한 전통 장류의 이화학적 특성)

  • Kim, Jong-Wook;Kim, Yong-Suk;Jeong, Pyeong-Hwa;Kim, Hyung-Eun;Shin, Dong-Hwa
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.223-230
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    • 2006
  • For standardization of quality of traditional fermented soybean products manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang Region, the physicochemical characteristics of 28 Kochujang, 28 Doenjang, and 18 Chunggukjang were compared. Moisture contents of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Chunggukjang were $46.9{\pm}3.6,\;60.6{\pm}1.9,\;and\;57.0{\pm}3.10%$, respectively. On the basis of average moisture contents, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents were calculated to $6.2{\pm}0.7,\;2.0{\pm}0.5,\;and\;8.2{\pm}1.1%$ in Kochujang, $13.2{\pm}1.0,\;7.1{\pm}0.6,\;and\;15.2{\pm}1.5%$ in Doenjang, and $18.9{\pm}1.2,\;6.1{\pm}1.4,\;and\;5.1{\pm}1.7%$ in Chunggukjang, respectively. Reducing sugar, salinity, and water activities in Kochujang were $19.25{\pm}4.1%,\;7.3{\pm}1.1%,\;and\;0.790{\pm}0.003$, in Doenjang were $2.38{\pm}0.89%,\;14.2{\pm}1.4%,\;and\;0.835{\pm}0.020$, and in Chunggukjang were $0.51{\pm}0.24%,\;4.2{\pm}1.6%,\;and\;0.962{\pm}0.028$, respectively. Amino-type nitrogen contents, which affects delicate flavors of fermented soybean products, of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Chunggukjang were $114.03{\pm}19.04,\;734.32{\pm}147.70,\;and\;600{\pm}150mg%$, respectively. Lightness (l), redness (a), and yellowness (b) values in color of Kochujang were $14.49{\pm}1.44,\;15.45{\pm}1.77,\;and\;8.34{\pm}1.02$, respectively, and the redness was lower than that of other ones. Those of Doenjang were $26.69{\pm}4.33,\;7.25{\pm}1.03,\;and\;12.02{\pm}1.82$, respectively, and those of Chunggukjang were $35.62{\pm}2.05,\;6.31{\pm}0.37,\;and\;13.50{\pm}0.78$, respectively. These results indicate that the salt concentration and quality of traditional fermented soybean products manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang region must be lowered and standardized, respectively.

The Semen Property and Preservation in Shih Tzu Dogs

  • Lee, Kyung-Bon;Kim, Min-Kyu;Park, Byung-Kwon
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.121-125
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    • 2013
  • This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics of semen such as semen volume, pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the semen collected from Shih Tzu dogs (age of 24 to 48 months, weight of 4 to 8 kg) by using the method of digital manipulation of the penis. The effect of preservation temperature and time on motility of fresh semen was also investigated in the present study. Semen was collected for 16 times from 4 male Shih Tzu dogs by multiple ejaculations (four times ejaculation per dog). The average of semen volume, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the second fraction containing small volume of the initial third fraction per ejaculation were $2.11{\pm}0.31$ ml, $6.25{\pm}0.07$, $97.59{\pm}1.03%$ and $2.05{\pm}0.14{\times}10^8$ cells/ml, respectively. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the first fraction from the ejaculation were $1.12{\pm}0.15$ ml, $5.99{\pm}0.14$, $16.09{\pm}6.18%$ and $5.16{\pm}2.03{\times}10^5$ cells/ml, respectively. Those of second fraction were $2.07{\pm}0.29$ ml, $6.36{\pm}0.13$, $97.31{\pm}1.36%$ and $2.15{\pm}0.30{\times}10^8$ cells/ml, respectively. Those of third fraction were $2.60{\pm}0.29$ ml, $6.63{\pm}0.08$, $95.72{\pm}1.61%$ and $6.03{\pm}1.83{\times}10^7$ cells/ml, respectively. Sperm motility was significantly higher at $17^{\circ}C$ preservation temperature than at $5^{\circ}C$ or $36^{\circ}C$ during preservation period except 1 h preservation (P<0.05). When preservation temperature was $17^{\circ}C$, sperm motility was $96.69{\pm}1.49%$ at 1 h, $91.38{\pm}1.90%$ at 6 h, $88.38{\pm}2.34%$ at 12 h, $78.13{\pm}4.58%$ at 18 h, $58.44{\pm}8.57%$ at 24 h and $29.56{\pm}5.06%$ at 30 h, respectively.