• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2009

We conclude the following with air pollution data measured from city measurement net administered and managed in Gwangju for the last 7 years from January in 2001 to December in 2007. In addition, some major statistics governed by Gwangju city and data administered by Gwangju as national official statistics obtained by estimating the amount of national air pollutant emission from National Institute of Environmental Research were used. The results are as follows ; 1. The distribution by main managements of air emission factory is the following ; Gwangju City Hall(67.8%) > Gwangsan District Office(13.6%) > Buk District Office(9.8%) > Seo District Office(5.5%) > Nam District Office(3.0%) > Dong District Office(0.3%) and the distribution by districts of air emission factory ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%). That by types(Year 2004~2007 average) is also following ; Type 5(45.2%) > Type 4(40.7%) > Type 3(8.6%) > Type 2(3.2%) > Type 1(2.2%) and the most of them are small size of factory, Type 4 and 5. 2. The distribution by districts of the number of car registrations is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%) and the distribution by use of car fuel in 2001 ; Gasoline(56.3%) > Diesel(30.3%) > LPG(13.4%) > etc.(0.2%). In 2007, there was no ranking change ; Gasoline(47.8%) > Diesel(35.6%) > LPG(16.2%) >etc.(0.4%). The number of gasoline cars increased slightly, but that of diesel and LPG cars increased remarkably. 3. The distribution by items of the amount of air pollutant emission in Gwangju is the following; CO(36.7%) > NOx(32.7%) > VOC(26.7%) > SOx(2.3%) > PM-10(1.5%). The amount of CO and NOx, which are generally generated from cars, is very large percentage among them. 4. The distribution by mean of air pollutant emission(SOx, NOx, CO, VOC, PM-10) of each county for 5 years(2001~2005) is the following ; Buk District(31.0%) > Gwangsan District(28.2%) > Seo District(20.4%) > Nam District(12.5%) > Dong District(7.9%). The amount of air pollutant emission in Buk District, which has the most population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the highest. On the other hand, that of air pollutant emission in Dong District, which has the least population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the least. 5. The average rates of SOx for 5 years(2001~2005) in Gwangju is the following ; Non industrial combustion(59.5%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(20.4%) > Road transportation(11.4%) > Non-road transportation(3.8%) > Waste disposal(3.7%) > Production process(1.1%). And the distribution of average amount of SOx emission of each county is shown as Gwangsan District(33.3%) > Buk District(28.0%) > Seo District(19.3%) > Nam District(10.2%) > Dong District(9.1%). 6. The distribution of the amount of NOx emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(59.1%) > Non-road transportation(18.9%) > Non industrial combustion(13.3%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(6.9%) > Waste disposal(1.6%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of NOx emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(30.7%) > Gwangsan District(28.8%) > Seo District(20.5%) > Nam District(12.2%) > Dong District(7.8%). 7. The distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(82.0%) > Non industrial combustion(10.6%) > Non-road transportation(5.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(1.7%) > Waste disposal(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(33.0%) > Seo District(22.3%) > Gwangsan District(21.3%) > Nam District(14.3%) > Dong District(9.1%). 8. The distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission in Gwangju is shown as Solvent utilization(69.5%) > Road transportation(19.8%) > Energy storage & transport(4.4%) > Non-road transportation(2.8%) > Waste disposal(2.4%) > Non industrial combustion(0.5%) > Production process(0.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission from each county is the following ; Gwangsan District(36.8%) > Buk District(28.7%) > Seo District(17.8%) > Nam District(10.4%) > Dong District(6.3%). 9. The distribution of the amount of minute dust emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(76.7%) > Non-road transportation(16.3%) > Non industrial combustion(6.1%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.7%) > Waste disposal(0.2%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of minute dust emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(26.0%) > Seo District(19.5%) > Nam District(13.2%) > Dong District(8.5%). 10. According to the major source of emission of each items, that of oxides of sulfur is Non industrial combustion, heating of residence, business and agriculture and stockbreeding. And that of NOx, carbon monoxide, minute dust is Road transportation, emission of cars and two-wheeled vehicles. Also, that of VOC is Solvent utilization emission facilities due to Solvent utilization. 11. The concentration of sulfurous acid gas has been 0.004ppm since 2001 and there has not been no concentration change year by year. It is considered that the use of sulfurous acid gas is now reaching to the stabilization stage. This is found by the facts that the use of fuel is steadily changing from solid or liquid fuel to low sulfur liquid fuel containing very little amount of sulfur element or gas, so that nearly no change in concentration has been shown regularly. 12. Concerning changes of the concentration of throughout time, the concentration of NO has been shown relatively higher than that of $NO_2$ between 6AM~1PM and the concentration of $NO_2$ higher during the other time. The concentration of NOx(NO, $NO_2$) has been relatively high during weekday evenings. This result shows that there is correlation between the concentration of NOx and car traffics as we can see the Road transportation which accounts for 59.1% among the amount of NOx emission. 13. 49.1~61.2% of PM-10 shows PM-2.5 concerning the relationship between PM-10 and PM-2.5 and PM-2.5 among dust accounts for 45.4%~44.5% of PM-10 during March and April which is the lowest rates. This proves that particles of yellow sand that are bigger than the size $2.5\;{\mu}m$ are sent more than those that are smaller from China. This result shows that particles smaller than $2.5\;{\mu}m$ among dust exist much during July~August and December~January and 76.7% of minute dust is proved to be road transportation in Gwangju.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 휘발성유기화합물의 일종인 아이소프로필 알코올(IPA) 산화에 촉매-플라즈마 반응 시스템을 이용하였다. ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$로 이루어진 다공성 세라믹에 산화구리를 0.5% (w/w) 담지하여 촉매로 사용하였으며, 촉매상에 직접 플라즈마를 생성시켜 표면이 바로 플라즈마에 노출되도록 하였다. 촉매-플라즈마 공정의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 방전전압 및 온도 변화에 따른 IPA 및 분해부산물의 농도를 측정하였다. 촉매-플라즈마 반응기를 단열시키지 않았을 경우, 전압 17 kV (방전전력 : 28 W)에서 반응기 온도가 $120^{\circ}C$까지 증가하였으며, 유량 $1L\;min^{-1}$ (산소 : 10% (v/v); IPA : 1000 ppm) 조건에서 IPA가 모두 제거되었다. 그러나 $120^{\circ}C$ 이하의 온도에서는 바람직한 생성물인 이산화탄소 이외에도 아세톤, 포름알데하이드, 일산화탄소와 같은 유해 분해 부산물이 생성되었다. 반면 촉매-플라즈마 반응기 외부를 단열했을 때는 같은 조건에서 반응기 내부 온도가 $265^{\circ}C$까지 증가하였으며, IPA가 대부분 이산화탄소로 산화되었다. 다공성 세라믹에 산화구리를 담지하지 않았을 때는 촉매-플라즈마 반응기를 단열해도 이산화탄소와 일산화탄소가 유사한 비율로 생성되었다. 한편, 플라즈마를 생성시키지 않고 촉매만 단독으로 사용했을 때는(반응온도 : $265^{\circ}C$), 분해된 IPA의 70% 이상이 또 다른 휘발성유기화합물인 아세톤으로 전환되었으며, 이를 통해 촉매 단독공정보다 촉매-플라즈마 복합 공정이 IPA 산화에 더 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2016

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the generating characteristics of VOCs and the exposure effect to chemicals among laundry workers and to identify the current status of occupational safety and health through health check-ups. Methods: During the six-month period from April to September 2015, this study quantitatively measured seven VOCs in ten laundries and carried out health examinations on 35 workers. Results: Comparing the monitoring results for the ten laundries, they were classified into three groups by ventilation system, dry-cleaning and size of shop. The average concentration of toluene, chlorobenzene, xylene, ethylbenzene, benzene, styrene and TCE were 23.9, 15.6, 5.5, 2.8, 0.9, 0.3 and $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. During dry-cleaning, VOC concentrations were 1.3-8.9 times higher than usual. On the other hand, at night the concentrations of toluene, chlorobenzene, xylene, ethylbenzene, benzene, styrene and TCE were 64.3, 41.5, 12.2, 6.3, 1.1, 1.2 and $6.6{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The health checkup results for the 35 workers showed that 13 workers were diagnosed as normal, while 22 workers were diagnosed as requiring continuous monitoring or re-checkup of liver and hematogenous functions. Conclusions: Although the results of exposure evaluation to VOCs did not exceed reference value and items had a low correlation with health checkup items, it is necessary to improve indoor air quality due to VOC volatilization from clothes.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.519-525
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• 2008

생물살수여과법을 이용하여 대표적인 휘발성 유기물질인 toluene, styrene과 악취물질인 $H_2S$를 운전조건에 따른 제거 특성에 대해 실험적 고찰을 중심으로 진행하였다. $H_2S$ 제거 특성 고찰을 위한 autotroph과 mixotroph 조건하에서는 $H_2S$ 부하율이 낮은 조건($10g/m^3{\cdot}hr$)에서는 두 조건에서 모두 제거율이 99% 이상을 나타냈다. 부하율이 증가하면서 제거율이 감소하였으며, mixotroph 조건하에서 제거율이 다소 높았다. 방향족 휘발성 유기화합물질인 toluene과 styrene 농도변화에 따른 부하율과 제거용량 관계에서 toluene 부하율이 $40g/m^3{\cdot}hr$ 이하에서는 농도에 관계없이 제거율이 거의 99%를 나타내나 부하율이 증가함에 따라서 제거율은 감소하며 부하율이 증가해도 제거용량이 더 이상 증가하지 않는 최고제거용량을 나타내고 있으며 toluene 농도가 0.2, 0.5과 $1.0g/m^3$일 때 최고제거용량은 각각 40, 45, $60g/m^3{\cdot}hr$으로 나타내고 있다. toluene으로 순응된 살수여과탑에 styrene을 주입하여 순응시킨 후 styrene 제거 실험결과는 toluene 실험결과와 유사한 경향을 나타내었으나 전체적으로 제거효율이 낮게 나타났다. 순환살수액 유량 등의 적정 운전조건은 탑내 미생물의 활성도, 반응기 물리/화학적 특성에 따라 물질전달, 탑내 주입된 공기의 분배, 살수액 통과 경로, 미생물 분포도, 공극율 등에 따라 제거효율이 달라지므로 이를 고려한 적정 운전조건이 결정되어야 한다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2000

PC/Monitor 제품 및 구성 화학부품들로부터 방출되는 휘발성 유기화합물(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)의 종류와 시간에 따른 방출경향을 분석하였다. 잔류가스 분석기(residual gas analyzer, RGA)와 GC-MS를 이용하여 monitor제품 및 화학부품들로부터 방출되 는 VOCs를 정성분석 하였으며, 정성분석된 VOCs중 toluene,cylclohexanone, benzofuran 및 xylene에 대하여 GC-MS로 정량분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 고무제품인 wedge rubber은 60 $^{\circ}C$에서 80$^{\circ}C$로 상승할 때 xylene의 발생율(%)이 2.5배 가량 증가하였지만, 나머지 화학부품들은 VOCs의 방출이 온도의 영향을 별로 받지 않는 것으로 평가되었다. RGA와 GC-MS의 화학부품들에 대한 정성분석 결과는 다소 다르게 나타났으나, 정량분석결과는 cabine의 xylene 농도가 6029.3${\mu}g/m^3$(1.3ppm)으로 최고치를 나타내었고, monitor 제품에서 방출된 toluene,xylene 및 benzofuran의 농도 또한 각각 10.25${\mu}g/m^3$, 690${\mu}g/m^3$, 180${\mu}g/m^3$으로 건강상의 장해를 일으킬 수 있는 수준인 비교적 높은 수치로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.245-252
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• 2004

실제 규모(pilot-scale)의 바이오필터 시스템에 대한 연구가 진행되었으며, 각기 다른 운영 여건하에서 두번에 걸친 바이오필터 테스트가 행하여졌다. 첫 번째 실험은 페인트 부스에서 발생하는 휘발성유기화합물질 처리에 맞추어져 행하여졌다. 바이오필터의 미디어 자체 부피는 4.3 $m^3$이다. 첫 번째 실험에서는 바이오필터를 30일 동 안 운영하였는데, VOC제거효율이 99.9%에 이르렀다. 바이오필터 미디어 내부의 각 단계(stage)에서 측정한 온 도의 범위는 $34^{\circ}C$-$73^{\circ}C$였다. 미디어 각 단계에서 측정된 온도는 실험 초기에는 급격히 상승하였고 이후에 점차 로 낮아짐이 관찰되었다. 두 번째 실험에서는 바이오필터를 14일간 운영하였는데, 반응기가 실외에 설치되었고 실험이 겨울에 행해짐에 따라 바이오필터의 온도 조절이 필요하였다. 7 cm 두께의 단열재와 $150^{\circ}C$의 스팀이 온 도조절을 위해 이용되었다. 본 연구에서, 겨울철 바이오필터 운영상에 발생할 수 있는 온도조절 문제에 대하여 단열재와 스팀이 훌륭한 대안이 될 수 있음을 보였다. 미디어 내부의 온도는 단계 5(stage # 5)에서 가장 높았 으며, 단계 1(stage # 1)에서 가장 낮았다. 두 차례에 걸친 실험에서, 실제 규모(pilot-scale)의 바이오필터 내부의 높이 위치별, 단계별 온도변화에 대한 밀도있는 연구가 이루어졌다. 하중이 바이오필터의 운영에 미치는 영향이 본 실험들을 통해 관찰되어졌고, 바이오필터에 대한 최대 하중 결정 과정에는 추가적인 적응시간 및 실험기간이 요구되었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.97-97
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• 2013

Recently, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSS), which is one of the In- and Ga- free absorber materials, has been attracted considerable attention as a new candidate for use as an absorber material in thin film solar cells. The CZTSS-based absorber material has outstanding characteristics such as band gap energy of 1.0 eV to 1.5 eV, high absorption coefficient on the order of 104 cm-1, and high theoretical conversion efficiency of 32.2% in thin film solar cells. Despite these promising characteristics, research into CZTSS based thin film solar cells is still incomprehensive and related reports are quite few compared to those for CIGS thin film solar cells, which show high efficiency of over 20%. I will briefly overview the recent technological development of CZTSS thin film solar cells and then introduce our research results mainly related to sputter based process. CZTSS thin film solar cells are prepared by sulfurization of stacked both metallic and sulfide precursors. Sulfurization process was performed in both furnace annealing system and rapid thermal processing system using S powder as well as 5% diluted H2S gas source at various annealing temperatures ranging from $520^{\circ}C$ to $580^{\circ}C$. Structural, optical, microstructural, and electrical properties of absorber layers were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Hall-measurement, TRPL, etc. The effects of processing parameters, such as composition ratio, sulfurization pressure, and sulfurization temperature on the properties of CZTSS absorber layers will be discussed in detail. CZTSS thin film solar cell fabricated using metallic precursors shows maximum cell efficiency of 6.9% with Jsc of 25.2 mA/cm2, Voc of 469 mV, and fill factor of 59.1% and CZTS thin film solar cell using sulfide precursors shows that of 4.5% with Jsc of 19.8 mA/cm2, Voc of 492 mV, and fill factor of 46.2%. In addition, other research activities in our lab related to the formation of CZTS absorber layers using solution based processes such as electro-deposition, chemical solution deposition, nano-particle formation will be introduced briefly.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2022

In this study, in order to grasp the current situation of indoor environmental pollution and indoor ventilation in one-room around the university in the post-corona era, we analyzed the experimental data and conducted a questionnaire survey on university students. By analyzing the content, the effects of formaldehyde, dust and other pollution on the human body, which are usually not easily detectable, are digitized and more easily taken into account. Among the experimental results, the concentration of VOC and HCHO, gas pollutants among indoor pollutants, exceeded the recommended criteria of the Ministry of Environment in most studio apartments. Overall, the average CO₂ concentration was lower than the Ministry of Environment's maintenance standard (1000ppm), but it was relatively high in summer and winter, and it is believed to be caused by cooling and heating in an enclosed space. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10, particulate pollutants, increased in November and December, and it is believed that ventilation defects due to degradation in external temperature. There was no clear difference between the two types, and there was a very high correlation between PM2.5 and PM10, HCHO and VOC. It was found that temperature was closely correlated with all sources except CO₂, and humidity was closely correlated with all sources except PM2.5 and PM10. Health risk assessment was conducted for formaldehyde. The average ECR of studio R2 in May was 3.91E^-4, and the ECR figure in September was 3.65E^-4, which was very high compared to other residential spaces. The R2 level was calculated as 4 people per 10,000 people in the lifetime risk of cancer of residents, exceeding the allowable risk. R8 also showed higher ECR results than other spaces after R2, especially in October, 2.01E^-4, six times higher than R7 measured in October, and 1.87E^-4 in July, four times higher than R9.

• 청정기술
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2015

휘발성 유기 화합물(volatile organic compounds, VOC)이 없는 접착제가 환경 보호 및 산업체 종사자의 건강을 보호하기위해 산업계에서 많은 관심을 받고 있으며, 본 논문에서는 에폭시 수지를 용매처럼 사용하여 유기용매를 사용하지 않아 유해 물질을 발생시키지 않으면서 상온에서 보관성이 좋은 잠재성 접착소재의 조성물 배합비에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 바인더 재료인 에폭시 수지에 다양한 경화제 함량을 사용하여 기계적 강도, 열적 특성, 충격 특성 및 전단강도 실험을 진행하여 에폭시 수지 대비 경화제의 최적 조성비를 파악하는 실험을 실시하였다. 에폭시 경화물 시험편의 탄성계수, 인장강도, 신율 등의 기계적 강도는 만능시험기(universal testing machine, UTM)로 측정하였고, 각 조성물의 충격저항성 및 접착 강도 또한 충격시험기(izod impact tester)와 UTM으로 측정하였다. 인장강도, 탄성계수, 신율 및 충격 강도에서는 화학양론비에 근접한 에폭시 수지 대비 0.9당량의 경화제 함량 조성물에서 다른 함량 조건에 비해 우수한 결과를 보여주었으며, 동역학분석기(dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA)를 통한 열적 특성 조사에서는 0.7 당량의 경화제 함량 조성물에서 가장 높은 tanδ 값이 관찰되었다. 주사전자현미경을 이용한 에폭시-경화제 경화물의 파단면 모폴로지 관찰에서는 경화제 함량증가에 따라 파단면에서 crack에 의한 물결모양의 미세한 선들이 증가함을 보여주었다. 경화물의 시험시편 실험 결과를 통해서 0.9 당량의 경화제 함량 경화물이 기계적 강도가 우수하고 0.7 당량 조성물의 경화 시험편이 열적 및 접착 강도 측면에서 뛰어남을 알 수 있었다. 또한 잠재성 경화제를 사용한 조성물의 점도 변화를 측정하여 상온에서의 저장 안정성이 뛰어남을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제23권E2호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2007

Feasibility test for a biofilter was performed to treat VOCs. The applied loading rate to the biofilter was calculated between 60 to $3,700\;kg\;COD/m^3$. Trimethyl-pentene and trimethyl-hexene were the two most dominant compounds and they occupy about 85 percent. During the acclimation period, it is desirable for a biofilter to receive relatively lower VOCs concentration and flow rate, until it can adjust to new substrate and operational environment. Temperature at various points inside the biofilter reactor was observed with more than 23 temperature sensors. With steam heating, temperatures of the top sections of the media were greater than those of bottom sections. Without steam heating, intermediate stages generally had higher temperature measurement than those of bottom and top stages. Because the pH values for different biofilter materials vary significantly, measurement of the pH for the mixture of different combinations of biofilter materials is necessary. Based on the types and brands of media, the measured pH ranged from 5.38 to 9.10. The range of measured pH of different mixtures with perlite, compost, saw dust, peat moss, limestone, vermiculite was 7.05 to 8.62.