• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2012

Purpose: (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects in periodontitis. However, its exact mechanism of action has yet to be determined. The present in vitro study evaluated the anti-in-flammatory effects of EGCG on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) and human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) affected by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: hPDLFs and hPDLSCs were extracted from healthy young adults and were treated with EGCG and/or P. gingivalis LPS. After 1, 3, 5, and 7 days from treatment, cytotoxic and proliferative effects were evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and bromodeoxyuridine assay, respectively. And then, the gene expressions of hPDLFs and hPDLSCs were observed for interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and RANKL/OPG using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after treatment. The experiments were performed with the following groups for hPDLFs and hPDLSCs; 1) No treat, 2) EGCG alone, 3) P. gingivalis LPS alone, 4) EGCG+P. gingivalis LPS. Results: The 20 ${\mu}M$ of EGCG and 20 ${\mu}g/mL$ of P. gingivalis LPS had the lowest cytotoxic effects, so those concentrations were used for further experiments. The proliferations of hPDLFs and hPDLSCs increased in all groups, though the 'EGCG alone' showed less increase. In real-time PCR, the hPDLFs and hPDLSCs of 'EGCG alone' showed similar gene expressions to those cells of 'no treat'. The gene expressions of 'P. gingivalis LPS alone' in both hPDLFs and hPDLSCs were highly increased at 6 hours for IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, RANKL, and RANKL/OPG, except the RANKL/OPG in hPDLSCs. However, those increased gene expressions were down-regulated in 'EGCG+P. gingivalis LPS' by the additional treatment of EGCG. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that EGCG could exert an anti-inflammatory effect in hPDLFs and hPDLSCs against a major pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis LPS.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2010

Purpose : The aim of this study was to examine whether hypercapnia during the first seven days of life was associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation. Methods : A matched pair analysis was performed for 19 preterm infants with severe IVH(grade$\geq$3) and 38 infants with no severe IVH (normal or grade 1), who required mechanical ventilation for more than seven days. The univariate and multivariate analysis of severe IVH with maximal and minimal $PaCO_2$, averag $PaCO_2$, SD of $PaCO_2$, and difference in the $PaCO_2$ were assessed. The major perinatal factors and maximal ventilator index (VI) were also compared. Results : Infants with severe IVH had a higher maximal $PaCO_2$ (86.1$\pm$18.4 mmHg vs. 60.1$\pm$ 11.6 mmHg, P <0.001) and mean $PaCO_2$ (47.5$\pm$5.6 mmHg vs. 41.2$\pm$6.3 mmHg, P=0.004) and a larger SD or difference in $PaCO_2$ (14.0$\pm$4.4 mmHg vs. 9.0$\pm$2.4 mmHg; 60.3$\pm$20.9 mmHg vs. 35.5$\pm$11.8 mmHg, P <0.001). However the minimal $PaCO_2$ values did not differ between the groups. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, pulmonary hemorrhage, and the air leak syndrome were more frequent in the IVH group than in the controls. The maximal VI on each day was higher in the IVH group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis after controlling for bleeding tendency showed that the air leak syndrome, maximal VI, and maximal $PaCO_2$ were independently associated with severe IVH [OR, 1.324 (95% CI, 1.011-1.733; P=0.041)]. Conclusion : Extreme hypercapnia was significantly associated with severe IVH in preterm infants, after adjustment for major perinatal risk factors. Frequent monitoring of the $PaCO_2$ may be important for early detection of inadvertent hypercapnia and prompt correction of high PaCOS levels.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.663-672
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• 2015

The study was performed to investigate the effects of enzyme treated garlic (EG) and its natural resources composites on lipid levels in serum and liver of rats fed a high fat diet. Four different types of EG-composite extracts prepared: EG and EG + grape peel (EGG), EG + Persimmon (EGP) and EG + Catechu (EGC) by mixed 9.5:0.5, 9:1 and 8:2 (w/w) ratios, respectively. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity in vitro, show the highest in EG + Catechu (EGC) composite by mixed 8:2 (w/w). EG and EG-composites extracts (8:2, w/w) were administered orally to SD-male rats at a concentration of 2.5 g/kg/day for 5 weeks. Total lipid and cholesterol contents in serum were significantly lower in EGC group than control group, and triglyceride content was the lowest in EGP group by 54.29 mg/dL. HDL-cholesterol contents were significantly higher in EGP and EGC groups. LDL-cholesterol content was lower in EG group than EG-composite groups, and VLDL cholesterol content was the lowest in EGP group. GOT, GPT and ALP activity was significantly lower in EGP group. Total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride contents in liver were significantly lower in EGP and EGC group than control group. Antioxidant activity in serum was the highest in EGC groups by 50.86%, in liver was the highest in EGP groups. TBARS content in serum and liver was the lowest in EGP group. In these results, we suggest that EGP composites could have hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects in rats fed a high fat diet.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.405-411
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• 2009

The manufacturing process and quality properties of Lactococcus lactis-fermented yakchobugak (LFY) containing some colored agro-food products were investigated to develop a good organoleptic bugak from the leaf of the medicinal herb. The de-oiling rate of LFY by centrifugation was 37.6%, which was significantly different to the 3.5% value obtained after standing and the 8.9% value obtained with the beating method (p<0.05). Reducing power (RS) increased with addition of increasing levels of ethanol extracts from agro-food powders. The RS of green tea extract-supplemented LFY had the highest value of 0.97 at $500{\mu}g/mL$, and this was significantly different to values obtained using other extracts (p<0.05). At 83.84%, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity of green tea extract-supplemented LFY was the greatest of all samples tested, followed by LFY with woolgeom at 39.48%, LFY with black rice at 28.45%, and LFY with bokbunja at 22.24% all ethanol extracts were added at $50{\mu}g/mL$ (p<0.05). Acid values of green tea and bokbunja LFYs stored in transparent PE bags at $60^{\circ}C$ for 7 days were 1.82% and 2.03%, respectively. Textural hardness values of LFYs were less than 250.62, except for LFYs with black rice and woolgeom, but these values increased $2{\sim}3$-fold after lactic acid fermentation. Carbohydrate and protein content of LFYs were in the ranges $58.95{\sim}64.63%$ and $7.50{\sim}8.68%$, respectively. Lipid and calorie contents of woolgeom LFY had the lowest values of 22.02% and 490 Kcal, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제46권9호
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• pp.1035-1044
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of freeze-dried garlic powder (FDGP) on the lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol (HFC) diet for 4 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. The rats were divided into the following four experimental groups: normal diet group (NC), HFC diet group (HFC), HFC+FDGP 5 mg/100 g body weight (BW) group (FGT-1), and HFC+FDGP 15 mg/100 g BW group (FGT-2). Body weight gains and food efficiency ratios were significantly lower in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group, and the food intake was not significantly different in all experimental groups. Serum total lipid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group. Total lipid content of the FGT-2 group was reduced by about 9% and 12% compared to the FGT-1 group and HFC group, respectively. The FGT groups also showed about 10% reductions low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, atherogenic index (AI), and cardiac risk factor (CRF) compared to the HFC group. Liver function index (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) and lipid components were significantly lower in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content of serum and liver tissue was reduced in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group, and was lower in the FGT-2 group compared to the FGT-1 group in serum. Antioxidant activities in serum and liver tissue were in the order of FGT-2> FGT-1> HFC group, significantly. In conclusion, FDGP effectively reduced the lipid components of serum and liver tissue. Feeding FDGP did not increase high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, but reduced LDL-cholesterol content, AI and CRF, especially. This shows that FDGP, will be effective in preventing and improving cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2008

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of red-yeast-rice supplementation on cholesterol-lowering and glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We conducted a doubleblind, placebo-controlled study with 3 groups; placebo, low dose group (red yeast rice 210.0mg/capsule, 2.52g/day) and high dose group (red yeast rice 420.0mg/capsule, 5.04g/day), which were randomly assigned to subjects with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. We measured fasting serum concentrations of total-, LDL-, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA) and 2 h oral glucose tolerence test (OGTT) before and after the supplementation. Both low dose and high dose groups had significant decrease in LDL cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI) compared with placebo group (p<0.05). Additionally, total and HDL cholesterol improved significantly in high dose group compared with placebo group (p<0.05). Fasting serum glucose decreased in test groups and increased in placebo group after intervention. However, it was not significant differences. In subjects which fasting blood glucose is more than 110mg/dL, fasting glucose had a tendency to decrease in high dose group (p<0.1) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) had significant decrease in low dose group (p<0.05), while insulin and HOMA-IR had a tendency to increase in placebo group after intervention. Mean changes of glucose related parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) compared with placebo group did not show significant differences. In conclusion, subjects with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance were significantly improved in serum lipid profile by red yeast rice supplementation without serious side effects. These are more effective in the case of a high dose. The effects of red yeast rice supplementation on glucose control were insignificant.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Rice is one of the main sources for inorganic arsenic among the consumed crops in the world population's diet. Arsenic is classified into Group 1 as it is carcinogenic for humans, according to the IARC. This study was carried out to assess dietary exposure risk of inorganic arsenic in husked rice and polished rice to the Korean population health. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total arsenic was determined using microwave device and ICP-MS. Inorganic arsenic was determined by ICP-MS coupled with HPLC system. The HPLC-ICP-MS analysis was optimized based on the limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and recovery ratio to be $0.73-1.24{\mu}g/kg$, $2.41-4.09{\mu}g/kg$, and 96.5-98.9%, respectively. The inorganic arsenic concentrations of daily exposure (included in body weight) were $4.97{\times}10^{-3}$ (${\geq}20$ years old) $-1.36{\times}10^{-2}$ (${\leq}2$ years old) ${\mu}g/kg\;b.w./day$ (PTWI 0.23-0.63%) by the husked rice, and $1.39{\times}10^{-1}$ (${\geq}20$ years old) $-3.21{\times}10^{-1}$ (${\leq}2$ years old) ${\mu}g/kg\;b.w./day$ (PTWI 6.47-15.00%) by the polished rice. CONCLUSION: The levels of overall exposure to total and inorganic arsenic by the husked and polished rice were far lower than the recommended levels of The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), indicating of little possibility of risk.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.265-285
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• 2004

Objectives: The acute toxic effects of pesticide are well known. Concern has also been expressed that long-term exposure may result in damage to the central nervous system. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that central nervous system symptoms might occur due to pesticide exposure. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, first, cumulative exposure index (CEI) was estimated. Neurologic symptoms (Q-16 questionnaire) for 541 farmers (exposed to pesticides) were compared with 119 non-exposed persons in spraying season nine rural areas in Korea. Results: The pesticides poisoning rates for last 3 months were 67.2% for orchard farmers, 55.3%for dry field farmers, and 20.5% for husbandry farmers, respectively, showing significant difference (p<0.001). Compared with non-exposure group, exposure groups (especially, orchard farmers) reported significantly more neurologic symptoms and had a higher overall neurological symptoms score (p<0.001). Factors related to the positive neurological symptoms (answers "yes" to six or more of Q-16 questionnaire) adjusted for age, sex, education level, smoking and alcohol drinking were type of farming (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.50-6.30 in orchard farmers vs non-exposure group), CEI (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.12-6.78 in Q3 vs Q1), past poisoning (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.21-3.20 vs normal), current mild poisoning (OR 3.03, 9500 CI 1.47-6.22 vs normal) and current moderate poisoning (OR 6.34, 95% CI 3.03-13.25 vs normal), respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that long-term exposure to pesticides appears to be associated with subtle changes in the central nervous system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.1104-1110
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• 2009

To investigate physiochemical characteristics of Liriope platyphylla tubers by various drying process, proximate constitute, levels of free sugar, organic acid, free amino acid, crude saponin and spicatoside A were analyzed. Drying methods included hot-air drying (DLR, $60^{\circ}C$, 48 hr) and roasting after hot-air drying (RDLR, roasting at $180^{\circ}C$ for 15 min). The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash and NFE (nitrogen free extract) contents of FLR (fresh Liriope platyphylla tuber) were 69.99%, 1.85%, 0.02%, 0.79%, and 27.35%, respectively. The most abundant proximate component of DLR and RDLR was NFE, of which the contents in both sample were 80.09% and 86.07%, respectively. The major free sugars in DLR and RDLR was oligosaccharide II as 56$\sim$57% and the major organic acid was malic acid as 3.06$\sim$3.34%, respectively. In free amino acid, the major amino acid of FLR, DLR and RDLR was serine with contents of 477.41 mg%, 1394.88 mg%, and 180.33 mg%, respectively. The level of serine was significantly decreased by roasting process. The level of crude saponin in FLR, DLR and RDLR were 3.52%, 8.41%, and 10.15%, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.56-68
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• 2001

Objective : Functional brain mapping study on acupuncture stimulation using the [14C]2-deoxyglucose([14C]2-DG) autoradiography provides quantitative data and visualized pathway in central nervous system(CNS). We aimed to investigate the neural pathway and spatial distribution of metabolic activity elicited in CNS on electroacupuncture stimulation using [14C]2-DG autoradiography. Methods : The study were divided into three groups by stimulation times. 45-mins stimulation group according to Sokoloffs method, 5-mins stimulation group according to Duncun's method, and 15-mins stimulation group. ;A venous catheter was equipped into right jugular vein. The rats (Sprague-Dawley rats, 230-260g) were kept fastened loosely on a holding platform without anesthesia. Electroacupuncture stimulation (5 ms, 2 Hz, 1~3 mA) were applied on the left Zusanli (ST36) acupoint and [14C]2-DG ($25{\mu}Ci/rat$) injection was performed through the catheter. After sacrifice, the brain and the spinal cord were made to sections for film image. The film images were digitalized as the isotope concentration based upon comparison of optical densities with that of the standards and normalized by the optical density of corpus callosum. Results : 1. 15-mins stimulation group was most effective among 3 experiments. 2. On 15-mins stimulation group, medial geniculate nucleus, intetpeduncular nucleus intermedius, ventral periolivary nucleus, caudal periolivary nucleus, medial superior olive, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, including hypothalamic arcuate nucleus were increased by more than 25% (at least, p<0.05) by electroacupuncture stimulation. 3. Especially, the metabolism in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was increased by 90% (p<0.05). 4. The fact that arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus might play a role of interconnection area between ascending and descending pathway of acupuncture stimulation was demonstrated visually. Conclusions : Advanced study on electroacupuncture stimulation elicited significant increase of metabolic activity in various nuclei of hypothalamus will provide the important experimental basis in research of the relationship between electroacupuncture stimulation and internal visceral functions.