• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Current Trends in Toxicological Sciences
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• pp.115-115
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• 2002

The anti-diarrhea and spasmolytic activities of Soonkijangquebo (SKJQB), a Korean herbal anti-diarrhea formulation, were subjected to pharmacological evaluation. SKJQB, at a dose of 50\ulcorner200 mg/kg, inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. The median effective dose (ED50) of the anti-diarrhea effect was 93 mg/kg.(omitted)

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2005

Chloral hydrate는 소아환자 진정요법 시 hydroxyzine과 함께 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 약물임에도 불구하고 협조도가 불량한 어린 환아들의 행동조절을 위한 적절한 용량에 대한 의견이 분분한 실정이며, 또한 chloral hydrate를 제조사의 추천 용량으로 사용 시 적절한 진정수준을 제공하는데 있어 잦은 실패를 초래하는 경우를 볼 수 있었다. 지금까지도, chloral hydrate를 사용함에 있어 약물의 용량에 따른 진정의 효과와 안전성 측면에서 많은 의견들이 존재한다. 본 연구는 소아환자 진정요법에서 chloral hydrate의 용량에 따른 진정의 효과와 안전성 측면에서 적절한 용량을 제시하고자, 소아환자 진정요법 시 제조사의 추천용량인 chloral hydrate 50mg/kg와 더 높은 용량인 70mg/kg을 hydroxyzine 2mg/kg와 50% $N_2O$와 함께 투여하고, 진정의 효과와 안전성을 비교, 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 수면, 울음, 움직임, 전체적인 행동양상에 대한 두 군 간의 비교, 평가에서 II군(70mg/kg)이 I군(50mg/kg)에 비해 네 가지 항목 모두에서 유의하게 더 높은 평균값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 2. 진정요법의 성공률에 대한 두 군 간의 평가에서 I군은 38.7%, II군은 71.0%의 성공률을 나타내었으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 3. 저산소증의 발생률에 대한 두 군 간의 평가에서 I군은 22.6%, II군은 19.4%의 발생률을 나타내었으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2011

Red ginseng (RG, the extract of Panax ginseng Meyer) has various biological and psychological activities and may also alleviate fatigue-related disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate what kind of fatigue red ginseng alleviate. Animals were orally administered with 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of RG for 7 days. Before experiments were performed. Physiological stress (swimming, rotarod, and wire test) are behavioral parameters used to represent physical fatigue. Restraint stress and electric field test to a certain degree, induce psychological fatigue in animals. Plasma concentration of lactate and corticosterone (CORT) were also measured after these behavioral assays. RG supplementation (100 mg/kg) increased movement duration and rearing frequency of restrainted mice in comparison with control. 100 and 200 mg/kg of RG increased swimming time in cold water ($8{\pm}4^{\circ}C$) while at 100 mg/kg, RG increased electric field crossing over frequencies. 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg RG prolonged running time on the rotarod and at 100 mg/kg, it increased balancing time on the wire. RG at those doses also reduced falling frequencies. RG supplementation decreased plasma CORT levels, which was increased by stress. Lactate levels were not significantly altered. These results suggest that RG supplementation can alleviate more the damages induced by psychological than physical fatigue.

• 셀메드
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.20.1-20.7
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• 2014

Ethanolic leaf extract of Bauhinia variegata has been tested for its possible antioxidant potentials against sodium arsenite induced toxicity in mice. Mice were randomized into two groups of five and fifty mice. Group I consisting of 5 mice without any treatment with food and water ad libitum which served as normal control. Group II mice were fed with sodium arsenite in drinking water at 100 ppm concentration for two monthsthen they were segregated into five groups which were treated differently. Group II a mice received only arsenic as sodium arsenite with drinking water, Group II b were fed chronically 1 : 20 alcohol to distilled water (vehicle), Group II c, d, e mice were orally fed 50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of B. variegata leaf extract of once daily for 15 and 30 days respectively along with arsenic. Several toxicity marker enzymes such as gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, catalase and superoxide dismutase along with haematological variables such as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, creatinine, bilirubin, haemoglobin and sugar in different groups of treated and control mice were studied. Results obtained from the in vivo experiment revealed that administration of sodium arsenite caused a significant increase in some enzymes while decrease in some. A similar trend was also observed with haematological variables. In contrast B. variegata treatment at 150 mg/kg favourably modulated these alterations and maintained the antioxidant status than other two doses i.e. 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg thereby making it a good candidate to be used as supportive palliating measures in arsenic induced toxicity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.555-560
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• 1996

미생물 세포벽의 독성 물질 (내독소)을 incubator, centrifuge와 UV-Vis spectrophotometer를 이용하여 추출한 후 지방산 조성을 Gas Chromatography로 분석하였으며 독성 물질의 치사 독성과 발열 활성을 측정, 그 결과를 서로 비교하였다. 지방산 조성 분석 결과 V. vulnificus의 독성 물질 (내독소)에 대해 tetradecanoic acid가, E. coli게 대 해서는 dodecanoic acid, 그리고 S. typhimurium에 대해서는 decanoic acid가 주 지방산이었으며 이들 세 지방산이 세가지 독성 물질에서 대부분을 차지하였다 (70% 이상). 지방산 조성에서 특이한 점은 tetra-decanoic acid가 V. vulnificus에 대해 주 지방산이라는 점과 세가지 독성 물질 모두 hexadecanoic acid의 양이 매우 적다는 것이다 (2% 이하). V. vulnificus의 독성 물질의 mice 에서의 치사 독성 (LD50이 52.5 mg/kg)은 E. soli(56.5mg/kg)와 비슷하였으나 S. typhimunum (37.5mg/kg) 보다는 약하였으며 V. vulnificus의 독성 물질의 rabbit에서의 발열 활성은 E. coli보다 강하였으나 5S typhimurium 보다는 약하였다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ticlopidine on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its active metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined in rats after oral administration of diltiazem (15 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) with ticlopidine (3 or 9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). The effects of ticlopidine on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activities were also evaluated. Ticlopidine inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentrationdependent manner with a 50% inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 35 ${\mu}M$. In addition, ticlopidine did not significantly enhance the cellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 in NCI/ADR-RES cells overexpressing P-gp. Compared with the control (given diltiazem alone), ticlopidine significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem. The peak concentration ($C_{max}$) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of diltiazem were significantly (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p<0.05) increased in the presence of ticlopidine. The AUC of diltiazem was increased by 1.44-fold in rats in the presence of ticlopidine (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (A.B.) of diltiazem in the presence of ticlopidine (9.3-11.5%) was signifi cantly higher (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p<0.05) than that in the control group (8.0%). Although ticlopidine significantly (p<0.05) increased the AUC of desacetyldiltiazem, the metabolite-parent AUC ratio (M.R.) in the presence of ticlopidine (9 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) was significantly decreased compared to that in the control group, implying that ticlopidine could effectively inhibit the metabolism of diltiazem. In conclusion, the concomitant use of ticlopidine significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of diltiazem in rats by inhibiting CYP3A4-mediated metabolism in the intestine and/or liver rather than by inhibiting intestinal P-gp activity or renal elimination of diltiazem.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.53-60
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• 1997

중금속에 의해 오염된 토양에 대해 토양세척기법을 적용하기 위한 최적의 조건을 도출하고자 회분식 및 실험실 규모의 파이롯트 실험을 수행하였다. 대상 중금속으로는 구리, 납, 아연을 선정하였고 각 중금속의 농도는 구리 500mg/kg dry soil, 납 1,000mg/kg dry soil, 아연 500mg/kg dry soil로 결정하였다. 세정제로는 유기산 중 citric acid와 oxalic acid를 선정하였다. 회분식 실험 결과, 구리, 납, 아연의 세정효율은 각각 79%, 72%, 72%로 나타났으며, 구리와 납에 대한 세정제의 농도와 진탕비는 citric acid 50mM과 1:5(중량/체적비)가 최적조건으로 판명되었고, 계면활성제 OA-5 및 SDS l∼2%를 첨가함으로써 세정효율을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 파이롯트 규모실험에서는 납으로 오염된 토양에 대하여 1차 토양세척시 59%의 세정효율을 얻었으며, 2차 토양세척으로 78%까지 세척할 수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2004

가자 추출물을 취하여 사람, 돼지, 쥐 및 개 등의 3% 적혈구용액으로 응집력시험을 행한 결과 7가지 적혈구 모두에 렉틴 활성이 나타났으며 $LD_{50}$는 390 mg/kg으로 측정되었다. 생리 활성에 대한 영향을 알아보고자 생체 내외인성 요인에 의한 친전자성 물질로 생체내에서 독작용, 노화, 발암 및 면역 억제작용을 유발하는 원인 물질인 free radical생성에 관여하는 효소인 XO 및 AO의 활성을 측정 한 결과, XO 에서는 일주일간 매일 300 mg/kg의 용량으로 가자 추출물을 투여한 군이 정상군보다 5배 증가되는 결과를 나타내었고 AO에서는 정상군보다 시료 투여군이 2배 증가되는 결과를 나타내었다 glutathione은 단백질이나 DNA합성, amino acid의 이동 반응 및 thiol기의 저장 등과 같은 생물학적으로 중요한 여러 가지 반응에 직접 관여하는 물질이다[16〕. 이에 간장 조직의 glutathione농도를 측정한 결과 간장 독성의 유발로 인한 효소 활성은 정상군에 비하여 1주간 매일 300 mg/kg의 용량으로 시료 투여한 군의 효소 활성이 79% 감소됨을 볼 수 있었다. 체내의 여러 가지 해독반응과정에 관여하는 GST효소활성을 측정 한 결과 정상군에 비해 1주간 매 일 300 mg/kg의 용량으로 시료 투여한 군이 66%정도 감소된다는 결과를 볼 수 있었다. glutathione 합성에 관여하는 $\gamma$-GCS의 활성과 산화형 glutathione을 환원형 glutathione으로 환원시키는 GR의 활성을 관찰한 결과 가자 추출물 투여군이 정상군보다 GR의 활성은 80% 감소되었고, 합성에 관여하는 $\gamma$-GCS의 활성은 정상군과 비교할 때 약간의 감소만을 나타내 glutathione함량 변동에 크게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 생각된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.449-457
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• 2015

The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of MB12662, a synthetic dunnione compound, on cisplatin-induced vomiting reflexes and intestinal, renal, immune system, and hematopoietic toxicities in ferrets and mice, respectively. Male ICR mice were orally administered MB12662 (5, 10, 25 or 50 mg/kg) for 10 days, during which intraperitoneally challenged with cisplatin (3.5 mg/kg) from day 4 to 7, and sacrificed on day 10 for the pathological examination. Male ferrets were orally administered MB12662 (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg) for 7 days, subcutaneously challenged with cisplatin (5 mg/kg), and monitored for vomiting reflexes and survival of the animals. Four-day injection of cisplatin (3.5 mg/kg) to mice caused body weight loss and degeneration and atrophy of intestinal villi, reducing villi/crypt ratio to a half level of control animals. Cisplatin also induced renal and hepatic toxicities, and depletion of splenocytes and bone marrow progenitor cells. The systemic toxicities including decreased villi/crypt ratio, immune system atrophy, splenocyte depletion, and decreased cellularity in bone marrow were improved by MB12662. Cisplatin (5 mg/kg) induced retching and emetic responses of ferrets, which were remarkably attenuated by MB12662 in a dose-dependent manner. All the ferrets pretreated with MB12662 survived the challenge of cisplatin, in comparison with 40% mortality in vehicle-treated animals, and blood parameters of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity were markedly recovered. It is expected that MB12662 could be a candidate for the body protection against burden, including emesis, of chemotherapeutic agents.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2008

This study was designed to investigate the Effects of Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma(SGR) on the gout. After pretreatment of SGR(50, 500mg/kg) for 5days, the Effects of SGR was evaluated on changes Joint value increase ratio, Serum albumin, Serum globulin, glutamate dxalacetate transminase(AST), glutanate pyruvate transminase(ALT), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), Serum creatitine, Serum uric acid, xanthine oxidase activity, WBC, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR), platelet. The results were obtained as follows ; Joint valueincrease ratio was decreased in 50mg/kg, 500mg/kg SGR taken group, but changes were not significantly different with the control group. AST, ALT were not significantly different in all SGR taken groups compared with the control group. Serum BUN, creatinine were significantly decreased in 500mg/kg SGR taken group compared with control group. ESR was significantly decreased in all SGR taken groups compared with the control group. WBC, platelet were significantly decreased in 500mg/kg SGR taken group compared with control group. Serum uric acid was not significantly different in all SGR taken groups compared with the control group. Xanthine oxidase activity was significantly decreased in 500mg/kg SGR taken group compared with control group. From above results, it may be concluded that SGR can be used for treatment and prevention of gout.