• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of the aspiration trap method for collection of sputum by comparing with the conventional method which was collecting specimens at canular cap swab. In this study, the author tested by two methods to collect specimens from 46 patients who were cared with tracheostomy and intubation at the intensive care unit of an university hospital in Pusan, and investigated the incidence of the lower respiratory tract infection, the consistency between the two methods, the level of specimen contamination. Major results were as follows: Among the patients, 35 were cared with tracheostomy and 11 were cared with intubation. In clinical diagnosis we were classified the subjects in to two group, 17 of pneumonia group and 29 of non-pneumonia group. A total of 247 strains were isolated. Among them, most three strains were Serratia marcescens (62 strains; 25.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52 strains; 21.1%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (19 strains; 7.8%). Out of total, 188 (76.1%) strains were Gram negative bacilli. The isolated strains by the aspiration trap method were the average 2.1 strains, but by the canular cap swab method were 1.6 strains. In spite of the high contaminated possibility from the incision site and the oral cavity swab, the low isolated rates of the canular cap may be the dried environment of the canular of cap area. But the contamination rates were 57.2% of the canular cap, 51.5% of the oral swab and 50.5% of the incision site swab, respectively. The consistency of predominant microorganisms according to collection method were 86.7% of aspiration, 78.3% of canular, 74.3% of incision, and 63.6% of oral. In conclusion, the aspiration trap method fur the sputum collection from the patients with intubation of tracheostomy showed the lower contamination rate of the specimens and it was helpful for rapid, accurated interpretation of the lower respiratory tract infection and hospital infection.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.5
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• pp.430-435
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• 2009

Background: Thus far, research studies on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have focused on its clinical severity. Recently, it has been determined that procalcitonin (PCT) level is correlated with severity of CAP. A retrospective study conducted at our hospital used risk predictability and PCT to determine whether or no PCT is useful in assessing the severity of CAP. Methods: This study covered 92 CAP cases that were admitted to the respiratory department at Changwon Fatima Hospital between July 1, 2008 and June 30, 2009. All enrolled subjects were measured for infection markers and risk predictability. Results: Based on hospital admission data, enrolled subjects had Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) scores serving as risk predictors showed that both PCT and white blood cell (WBC) were statistically significant as infection markers (p=0.001, 0.037). Thus, this study used ROC curves in PSI for data analysis. As a result, it was determined that the area under curve (AUC) of PCT and WBC was 0.694 and 0.593 respectively, indicating that PCT has a higher test value for WBC, when PCT was higher than 0.745 ng/mL. In addition, it was found that PCT levels higher than 0.745 ng/mL had higher PSI scores than the group with PCT lower than 0.745 ng/mL (p=0.032). Conclusion: In order to predict risk of pneumonia cases admitted due to symptoms of CAP, it is important to consider PCT as well as PSI, and follow-up monitoring of PCT cases.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2012

Two strains Pleurotus eryngii KNR2312 and A8B10 (Na) which have good traits in cap quality and speedy growing were selected to breed a new strain carrying the two traits. KNR2312-2636-$10{\times}18$ (Ga) with 45.2 cap lightness and 6.5 quality was breeded by a consecutive inbreeding between KNR2312-derived monokaryons. $Ga5{\times}Na5$ came from outcrossing between Ga and Na was backcrossed with KNR2312-derived monokaryons twice to improve quality in cap color and shape. Therethrough Ga5NaKNR2312-47KNR2312-$12{\times}38$ carrying lightness of 49.5, quality of 7.3 and weight of 95.1 g was selected. The selected strain possesses good quality and dark color of cap. Especially its edge is 24 mm thick, therefore it is not likely damaged during processing and distribution.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

This study was carried out to estimate the emission reduction rates for the regional allowable emissions by special measures to achieve the target air quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). A modeling system was designed to validate the details in enforcement regulations set up by local governments based on the current status and plans for air quality improvement. Modeling system was composed of meteorological model (MM5), emission model (SMOKE), and air quality model (CMAQ). Predicted results by this system show quiet well not only daily air pollutants concentration but also the tendencies of wind direction, wind speed and temperature. To achieve the target air quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), emission allowances are estimated by seasons and regions. Referring to the base year 2002, it was estimated that emission reduction rates to achieve the intermediate goal in 2007 were 14.2% and 16.6% for NOx and $PM_{10}$, respectively. It was also estimated that 52% of NOx and 48% of $PM_{10}$ reductions from the base year 2002 would be required to accomplish the air quality improvement goal of 22 ppb for $NO_2$, and $40mg/m^3$ for $PM_{10}$ in year 2014. To improve $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ concentration through emissions reduction policies, it was found that emissions reduction for the on-road mobile sources would be the most effective in SMA.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2011

Background: Little data is available regarding hospitalized patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP). This is unfortunate because there is an increasing number of elderly persons who are living in nursing homes in Korea. The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and treatment responses of NHAP with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: Patients with pneumonia who were admitted from eight nursing homes or from their own homes were enrolled between May 2007 and April 2009. Their clinical characteristics and treatment responses were reviewed retrospectively, and differences between the two groups were analyzed. Results: Of 110 Patients with pneumonia, 66 (60%) were from nursing homes and their median age was 84. In the NHAP group, functional performance status was significantly poorer, classical symptoms of pneumonia were less severe, and multi-lobe involvement (on chest radiographs) was more frequent than in the CAP group. Patients with NHAP more frequently showed lymphocytopenia, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoxemia, and elevated blood urea nitrogen on admission. The mean CURB-65 score was 2.2 in the NHAP group, higher than 1.7 in the CAP group (p=0.004), and multi-drug resistant pathogens were also highly identified in NHAP group (39% vs. 10%, p=0.036). The mean duration of antibiotic therapy was greater for the NHAP (12.6 days) than for the CAP group (6.6 days) (p<0.001). The mortality rate was 23% in NHAP group, which was significantly higher than 5% in the CAP group (p=0.014). Conclusion: NHAP should be more intensively investigated because of the higher frequency of multi-drug resistant pathogens and mortality than the CAP.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.528-536
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• 2016

The purpose of Total Pollution Load Control at Tributary is to obtain maximum improvement effect of water quality through finding the most impaired section of water-body and establishing the proper control measure of pollutant load. This study was implemented to determine the optimal management of reach, period, condition, watershed, and pollution source and propose appropriate reduction practices using the Load duration curve (LDC) and field monitoring data. With the data of measurement, LDC analysis shows that the most impaired condition is reach V (G4~G5), E group (flow exceedance percentile 90~100%) and winter season. For this reason, winter season and low flow condition should be preferentially considered to restore water quality. The result of pollution analysis for the priority reach and period shows that agricultural nonpoint source loads from onion and garlic culture are most polluting. Therefore, it is concluded that agricultural reuse of surface effluent (storm-water runoff with non-point sources) and low impact farming that includes reducing fertilization and controlling the height of drainage outlet are efficient water quality management for this study watershed.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.3 s.62
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• pp.404-417
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• 2006

The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to examine the shaping methods and the knitting drafts of sleeve cap in the knitwears which are currently used by the manufacturers; to study the curve forms of sleeves in knitwears by analyzing synthetically the results of investigating the problems of knit wear sleeves; to present the most suitable sleeve cap for the knitwears. As the studying methods, I collected the basic data from the working-level persons of knit wear manufacturers, examined the knitting draft in the knitwears, and from that, made three kinds of comparative experimental garments and one kind of research experimental one as 10G and 16G. In doing so, I showed the sleeve cap suitable for the knitwears with plain stitch after operating sensual evaluation with Liker's 5-point rating measure. The analysis of data was handled with statistics by using SPSS Ver. 12.0; the method of statistics was executed by Frequency Analysis, Trust Analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Duncan test according to each topic of the research. As the result of the sensual evaluation of the experimental garments produced from the study, the research experimental garment looks better than the comparative experimental one in both 10G and l6G; has less extra folds around the front part of sleeve cap; looks more natural in sleeve caps of the body part and of a sleeve. From this, I am able to figure out that the research experimental garment looks better than the comparative experimental one produced by knit wear manufacturers. In addition, I can come to know that the different knitting of the front line and the back one of armhole in the knitwears has a favorable impact on improving the appearance of a sleeve.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.66-74
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• 2014

Background: The increasing number of outpatients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has led to a new category of pneumonia, termed healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). We determined the differences in etiology and outcomes between patients with HCAP and those with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) to clarify the risk factors for HCAP mortality. Methods: A retrospective study comparing patients with HCAP and CAP at Jeju National University Hospital. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Results: A total of 483 patients (208 patients HCAP, 275 patients with CAP) were evaluated. Patients with HCAP were older than those with CAP (median, 74 years; interquartile range [IQR], 65-81 vs. median, 69 years; IQR, 52-78; p<0.0001). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the major pathogen in both groups, and MDR pathogens were isolated more frequently from patients with HCAP than with CAP (18.8% vs. 4.9%, p<0.0001). Initial pneumonia severity was greater in patients with HCAP than with CAP. The total 30-day mortality rate was 9.9% and was higher in patients with HCAP based on univariate analysis (16.3% vs. 5.1%; odds ratio (OR), 3.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.90-6.99; p<0.0001). After adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and initial severity, the association between HCAP and 30-day mortality became non-significant (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 0.94-4.18; p=0.167). Conclusion: HCAP was a common cause of hospital admissions and was associated with a high mortality rate. This increased mortality was related primarily to age and initial clinical vital signs, rather than combination antibiotic therapy or type of pneumonia.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.466-472
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 and $\beta$-tricalcium phosphate ($\beta$-TCP) on new bone formation in a rabbit calvarium using a rapid prototype titanium cap (RP Ti cap). Materials and Methods: Eight New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Hemispherical RP Ti caps (10 mm in diameter) were implanted subperiosteally on the rabbit calvaria. $\beta$-TCP was filled in the RP Ti cap in the control group, and rhBMP-2 soaked $\beta$-TCP was used in experimental group. The rabbits were sacrificed 2 and 4 weeks after the operation. The volume and pattern of newly formed bone was analyzed by micro computed tomography (CT). Results: Macroscopically, there were no abnormal findings in any of the animals. The micro CT images revealed new bone from the calvaria that expanded gradually toward the top of the titanium cap, particularly along the inner surface of the titanium cap in the experimental group at 4 weeks after grafting. There was no significant difference in new bone volume ratio between the control and experimental groups at 2 weeks after grafting. There was a statistically significant difference in the new bone volume ratio between the experimental ($14.1{\pm}1.8\;%$) and control ($7.2{\pm}1.5\;%$) groups at 4 weeks after grafting (P<0.01). Conclusion: The RP Ti cap can effectively guide new bone formation and rhBMP-2 can induce the new bone formation.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.235-239
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the unstable plate system for the advanced balance ability. 7 male volunteers (age $33.7{\pm}1.2$ years, height $174.7{\pm}3.8cm$, weight $86.0{\pm}3.6kg$, BMI $28.2{\pm}2.0kg/m^2$) performed the partial squat motion on the shape of CAP type(${\cap}$) and BOWL type(${\cup}$) plate system. The range of motion (ROM) and muscle activation were acquired by the motion analysis system and the EMG system. Results of ROMs of the CAP type plate system were shown the widely range of the deviation in the ankle joint on the sagittal plane (sagittal plane - hip joint $10.7^{\circ}$ > $5.4^{\circ}$, knee joint $16.3^{\circ}$ > $6.4^{\circ}$, ankle joint $18.8^{\circ}$ > $6.3^{\circ}$ ; transverse plane - hip joint $3.5^{\circ}$ > $1.8^{\circ}$, knee joint $5.3^{\circ}$ > $3.4^{\circ}$, ankle joint $11.3^{\circ}$ > $5.3^{\circ}$ ; frontal plane - hip joint $0.9^{\circ}$ > $0.5^{\circ}$, knee joint $0.8^{\circ}$ > $0.6^{\circ}$, ankle joint $4.8^{\circ}$ > $3.7^{\circ}$). Muscle activation results of the CAP type plate system were indicated higher in major muscles for balance performance than the BOWL type plate system (vastus lateralis 0.90 > 0.62, peroneus longus 0.49 > 0.21, biceps femoris 0.38 > 0.14, gastrocnemius 0.11 > 0.05). These findings may indicate that the CAP type plate system would expect better effectiveness in perform the balance training. This paper is primary study for developing balance skills enhancement training device.