• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.219-223
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• 1995

Rectal absorption of opeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, from suppositories was studied in rabbits. The suppositories were prepared by the conventional melting method with two types of bases, water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and oil-soluble Witepsol H15 bases, and administered intractally (ir) to rabbits at a dose of 10 mg omeprazole/kg. The plasma omeprazole concentration-time profiles of the two suppositories were compared with those following intravenous 9iv) administration of the same dose. There were no significant differences between the two suppositories in bioabailabilities and peak plasma concentrations $(C_{max})$. Bioavaiabilities and $C_{max}$ of PEG- and Witpsol suppositories were 30.3 and 33.9%, and 7.0 and $5.6\mug/ml$, resepectively. However, PEG suppository showed significantly (p<0.05) shorter time to reach peak plasma concentration $(T_{max})$ mean absorption time (MAT) and mean residence time in the plasma (MRT) than Witepsol suppository. The $T_{max}$ MRT nad MAT were 25.0, 83.0 and 38.5 min for PEG syppository, but were 90.0, 122.5 and 78.0 min for Wiepsol supposiotory, respectively. These differences between thw two suppositories could be explanined by the difference in the in vitro dissolution rates between the suppositories. The dissolution of omeprazole form PEG suppository was reportedly much faster than that from Witepsol suppository. It suggests that plasma profiles of omeprazole, especially $C_{max}$ MAT and MRT, could be controlled by modifying the in vitro dissolution rate of the drug from the suppositories. Above results suggest that rectal suppository is worth developing as an alternative dosage form of omeprazole to the conventional oral preparations which need sophisticated treatments, such as enterix coating, to prevent acid degradation of the drug in the stomach fluid.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.340-345
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• 1995

A nebumetone tablet in development $(Navuton^R)$ was tested for its bioequivalence to the erference tablet $(Uniton^R)$. Seventeen healthy Korean male subjects participated in this study. Each subject received a 1-g dose of nabumetone (2tables each) in an unbalanced, randomized, two-way crossover investigation. Serum concentrations of 6-methoxy-2-na-phthylacetic acid (6-MNA), a major metabolite of nebumetone, were measured over 120 hr interval by a high-performance liquid chromatography. The maximum serum concentration $(C_{max})$ and time to reach the maximum concentration$(T_{max})$ were read directly, but area under the serum concentration time curve from time 0 to 120 hr (AUC) and mean residence time serum curves showed multiple peaks of 6-MNA in most subjects, and the $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were read from the highest serum peaks. calculated bioavailability parameters for test and reference tablets were 148.6 : 1377.9 $\mug \cdot hr/ml$ for AUC; 25.2:23.1 $\mu/ml$ for $C_{max}$; 11.8:16.4 hr for $T_{max}$, and 42.6 : 43.8 hr for MRT, respectively. The paired t-test revealed no significant differences in all the parameters between the two tablets. Analysis ofl variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences between groups and formulations in all the parameters ($C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, AUC and MRT) indicating the crossover design of the experiment was properly performed. But significant differences (p<0.05) between subject/groups and periods were found for all the parameters indicating substantial intersubject and interperiodic variations for these parameters.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2018

Background: Lower-limb varicose veins (VVs) are common and known to have a higher prevalence among people who work in occupations requiring prolonged standing. In the Republic of Korea, however, VV-related occupational factors have seldom been examined. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of VVs among nurses, an occupational group considered to be at high risk of VVs, and determine the occupational risk factors of prolonged standing. Methods: Between March and August 2014, a questionnaire survey coupled with Doppler ultrasonography was conducted on the nurses working at a university hospital. Results: A total of 414 nurses participated in the survey and diagnostic testing. From the survey analysis and test results, the prevalence of VVs in nurses was estimated to be 16.18%. Significant factors for venous reflux were age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.10], pregnancy (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.17-3.94), and delivery (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.08-3.78). The statistical significance of these factors was verified after risk adjustment for sociodemographic factors (OR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.27-9.09). Conclusion: Factors significantly associated with venous reflux were increasing age and prolonged working hours (${\geq}4hours$) in a standing position (OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.08-7.25), even after risk adjustment for sociodemographic factors. This study is significant in that an objective diagnosis of VVs preceded the analysis of the risk factors for VV incidence, thus verifying objectively that VVs are associated with occupations requiring prolonged hours of working in a standing position.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2000

This survey was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw beef and pork products from January to December in 1999. A total of 107 beef and 157 hog carcasses were collected from two abattoirs located in Seoul. The result showed that beef carcasses had an average bacterial loading around 139,000 bacteria/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of carcass surface, indicating a little bit higher count than the results reported in USA and Australian meat. However, overall hygienic status was found to be acceptable for all examined carcasses because 84.4% of product rated excellent, good or acceptable comparable to USA of 91.6% and Australia of 88%. The analysis of data on overnight-chilled to weekend-chilled carcasses indicated that the microbiological growth occurred in the chiller during the weekend chill with increases in total viable count from 130,000cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$ to 400,000cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Qualitative testing for escherichia coli, EC + MUG was used as a most probable number (MPN) method along with the petrifilm method. The average of MPN/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of E coli biotype 1 was 29MPN/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for beef carcasses and 1,100 MPN/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for hog carcasses, respectively. However, 41% of beef and 16.3% of hog carcasses were shown to be less than < 3 MPN/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in E coli biotype 1 examination. Although salmonella enteritis, S typhimurium and E coli O157:H7 were all negative, listeria monocytogenes was recovered from only one hog surface samples of the 89 carcasses tested.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.466-478
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• 2020

Background: Job training influences the overall working environment and worker's well-being. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between job training and subjective well-being in accordance with occupations and understand the influence of task characteristics-work creativity and task variety (WCTV)-on the effect of training. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey was conducted on 50,205 workers in the Republic of Korea. The World Health Oorganization-5 well-being index was used to measure their subjective well-being. The relationship between job training and subjective well-being was divided in accordance with the level of WCTV. Results: Training paid for by employer showed a negative effect on subjective well-being when received for more than 3 days (OR 0.88, p<0.01) in the last 12 months. Training paid for by oneself showed a positive linkage with well-being when the level of training was 1-3 days (Odds ratio = 1.55, p<0.001). This result showed different aspects in accordance with the level of WCTV. For the high WCTV group, the aforementioned results were reaffirmed, but for the group with low WCTV, job training did not show a statistically significant result on well-being. On-the-job training was not related to subjective well-being regardless of the level of WCTV. Conclusion: Job training had different effects on subjective well-being depending on the type and frequency of training, as well as the WCTV. It is imperative to comprehensively apply different types of job training in accordance with the characteristics of occupations to uplift workers' well-being.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2001

Aconitine has much Heat and Toxicity in its property, so many consideration is needed during its use. And there are many contraindications of its use. In the book of Dongyisusebowon, it has to be used when Soeumin has extreme Cold accompanied by Heat of deficiency type. In this case report, a 84 year-old male patient who had taken drugs containing Aconitine had severe Yin-Deficiency-Midday-Fever(陰虛午熱). And he had been treated with Sukjiwhanggosamtang(熟地黃苦參湯) and Dokwhaljiwhangtang(獨活地黃湯). Four conclusions can be made through this case. 1. Soyangin(少陽人) patients may have many side effects or adverse effects when they take drugs containing Aconitine even at a little volume. 2. Soyangin may have chest discomfort when they are constipated. This patient also complained chest discomfort after stroke and toxicosis of Aconitine. 3. Between Sukjiwhanggosamtang(熟地黃苦參湯) and Dokwhaljiwhangtang(獨活地黃湯), Sukjiwhanghosamtang is more effective for this patient who has been skin psoriasis and lower diabetes(下消) for a long time. 4. Although Sukjiwhanghosamtang does not include any antidote drug of Aconitine, it may be used only when defferenciation of symdrome is proper on Sasang Constituional Medicine.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 1982

대기중의 암모니아가스와 암모늄염의 필터포집법에 관하여 연구하였다. 표준가스 발생장치로 발생시킨 암모니아가스를 3% 붕산-25% 글리세린 혼합액이 스며든 유리섬유 필터에 포집하였다. pH조절법으로 발생시킨 암모니아가스와 대기중의 암모니아를 5회씩 포집하여 측정한 결과 포집효율은 각각 96.4${\pm}$ 2.15%와 97.4${\pm}$1.06%였다. 시판되는 유리섬유 필터 및 Polycarbonate 필터에 대하여 암모니아가스의 흡착 및 탈리현상을 검토한 결과 유리섬유 및 석영 섬유 필터에서는 암모니아가스의 흡착과 약간의 암모늄염이 탈리되었으나, Polycarbonate 필터는 대기중의 암모늄염을 포집하는데 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 지름 47mm의 필터에 20l/min의 유량으로 60분동안 대기를 포집하여 인도페놀법에 의한 분광광도법으로 측정 할 경우, 측정가능한 암모니아가스의 최저농도는 0.83ppb (약 0.63$\mug$/$m^3$)이다. 이 방법은 종래의 용액포집법에 의한 분광광도 측정법에 비하여 감도가 20배나 높으므로 대기중의 암모니아 농도의 변화를 단시간(약 60분)내에 측정할 수 있다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 1997

동해안에서 고품질의 굴 양식 생산과 어업인의 안정적인 소득 향상을 도모하고저 경남 하동에서 채묘한 굴을 강원도 주문진 연안에 연승수하식으로 이식한 후 1994년 8월부터 1995년 7월까지 어장환경과 수층별 성장시험을 실시하였다. 환경요인 조사결과 수온은 8.33-$25.62^{\circ}C,\;염분\;32.84-34.28\textperthousand,\;영양염류인\;인산염은\;0.09-0.40\mug$-at/l, 용존성 무기질소(DIN)는 0.32-3.12$\mu$g-at/l로 나타났다. 굴의 성장은 상층이 각고 88.7 mm, 중층 84.9 mm, 하층 78.0 mm로 하층에 비해 상층의 성장이 더 빨랐다. 수층별 각고(SH)에 대한 각장(SL)의 상대성장식은 상층 SL=0.5403 SH+8.5486 (r=0.9959), 중층 SL=0.5813 SH+3.7775 (r=0.9869), 하층 SL=0.5159 SH+6.8736 (r=0.9961) 이였다. 육질은 상층 13.24 g, 중층 12.68 g, 하층 10.96 g으로 상층에서 높게 나타났으며, 수층별 전중량(TW)에 대한 육중량(MW)의 상대성장식은 상층 MW=0.1933 TW+0.1051 (r=0.9973), 중층 MW=0.1915 TW+0.1894 (r=0.9984), 하층 MW=0.1650 TW+0.0558 (r=0.9983)으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate laboratory workers' exposures to airborne nanoparticles at a university laboratory where acid treatment experiments were conducted on the surfaces of engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The surface area concentrations, number concentrations, and mass concentrations of airborne nanoparticles were measured at personal breathing zones (PBZs) for various tasks using direct reading instruments. For all three metrics, airborne nanoparticle concentrations during the experiments were higher than background levels measured before and after the experiments for all three metrics. Among the various tasks that were performed as part of these experiments, one task that involved filtering a mixture of acid and CNTs showed the highest concentrations in all three metrics, with concentrations of $116.6\;{\mu}m^2$/cc, 24320 pt/cc, and $9.0\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Nanoparticle surface area concentrations measured at a representative area fluctuated with those at the PBZs in the laboratory. This result indicates that nanoparticles generated during the experiments were not just limited to the PBZs of the workers but were also present throughout the room, potentially exposing co-located workers. CNTs were detected by a transmission electron microscope in an air sample collected while handling the CNTs. All the tasks were performed inside fume hoods, with the sliding sashes open to their required heights. It was noted that the capture velocities of the fume hoods were much lower than the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)'s recommendation level (0.4 to 0.6 m/s). In conclusion, this study showed that, due to inadequate control, laboratory researchers performing acid treatment experiments on surfaces of CNTs were exposed to airborne nanoparticles generated during the tasks.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.637-647
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• 1999

배경: 여러 장기의 생체 내 혹은 생체 외 실험에서 삼요드티로닌(triiodothyronine; T3)이 장기의 허혈-재관류 손상을 줄이는 효과가 있을 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 삼요드티로닌을 투여하여 폐장 이식 초기 에 이식 실패의 가장 중요한 원인인 폐장 허혈-재관류 손상을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 가정하고 폐 허혈-재관류 손상을 평가할 수 있는 동물 실험 모델을 통하여 이를 증명하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 체중 15~20 kg의 잡견 16마리를 무작위로 두 군으로 나눈 뒤, 대조군인 A군에는 식염 수를 정맥 주사하고 실험군인 B군에는 일측 폐 허혈 유발 전에 삼요드티로닌 $3.6\mu$g/kg을 정맥 주사하였으며 주사량 (ml)은 두 군에서 같게 하였다. 좌측 폐문부를 차단하여 좌측 폐 허혈을 100분간 유발시킨 후 재관류시켰고, 재관류 후 4시간 동안 우측 폐문부를 간헐적으로 차단하면서 좌측 폐의 가스 교환능, 혈역학적 변수, 호흡 역학적 변수를 측정하였다. 실 험 종료 후 폐 조직 일부를 생검하여 폐 조직 수분 함량, 지방 산화물(malonedialdehide; MDA)과 조직 내 ATP양을 측정하고, 광학 현미경 소견을 관찰하였다. 결과: 동맥혈 산소 분압은 두 군에서 모두 재관류 30분에 감소하였다가 서서히 회복하는 양상을 보였으며 재관류 30분에 A군은 $125\pm34$ mmHg, B군은 $252\pm44$ mmHg, 실험을 종료한 4시간에 A군은 $178\pm42$ mmHg, B군은 $330\pm37$ mmHg으로 전 과정을 통해 실험군인 B군에서 내내 높았다(p<0.05). 동맥혈 이산화탄소 분압, 폐혈관 저항, 기관내압 및 폐 탄성도 등 호흡 역학적 변수, 그리고 폐 조직 수분 함량은 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 조직 내 MDA양은 A군$(0.53\pm0.05mu$M)에 비해 B군$(0.40\pm0.04\mu$M)에서 낮았다 (p<0.05). ATP양은 A군에서$0.48\pm0.07\mu$M/g, B군에서 $0.69\pm0.07\mu$M/g으로 B군에서 높았다(p<0.05). 폐 생검 조직의 광학 현미경 소견은 혈관 주위 호중구 침윤, 모세 혈관 출혈과 간질 내 울혈 등이 관찰되었고 두 군간의 차이는 없었다. 결론: 이상의 결과에서 삼요드티로닌이 폐장의 허혈-재관류 손상 후 산소 교환능을 개선시키고, 조직 내 지방 산화물의 생성을 줄이며 조직 ATP를 증가시킴으로써 이식폐 보존에 유용하게 이용될 수 있음을 입증하였다.