• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 2009

Purpose: This study is to analyze the prevalence of various intra-articular lesions in patients with traumatic recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder over 40 years and suggest clinical implications for treatment. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied 16 cases that underwent surgical treatment for recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder from January 2001 to May 2009. There were 9 males and 7 females, and the mean age was 52.7years. We carried out arthroscopic exam for all patients based on standard protocol, which included labrum, capular lesion, cuff, bony lesions. Results: All 16 cases showed Hill-Sachs lesion, 3 patients (19%) had bony Bankart lesion, 6 patients (38%) had labral tear. Capsular tear were found 15 patients (94%). Twelve (75%) had ruptured supraspinatus and 5 (31%) had subscapularis tear. Only one (6%) had SLAP lesion. Conclusion: There was relatively higher incidence of capsular and rotator cuff tears in patients over age 40 years. Preoperative planning to address these lesions is highly recommended.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2011

We have evaluated an usefulness and association between serum levels of gamma-glutamyltranspeptiase (GGT) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in 40-year-old men and women. The prevalence of MS in men (11.8%) was higher than that of women (4.0%). Serum levels of GGT were higher in men and women with MS than in them without MS. In the prevalence of higher serum GGT, men group with MS (35.8%) was greater than women group with MS (22.7%). In the relative risk of MS to an increased level of GGT, women group was higher than men group (about 3 times) (female, OR=7.48 vs male, OR=2.46). The present study reveals that routine check of serum GGT in health examination can be useful for the prevention and management of MS including cardiovascular and/or liver diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study is to report the results of extracorporeal fixation in patients with mandibular condylar fractures and compare them with the clinical results of conservative treatment. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 92 patients (73 male [M] : 19 female [F], age 13-69 years, mean 33.1 years) treated for condylar fractures at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Sun Dental Hospital (Daejeon, Korea) from 2007 to 2012 were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups: group A (23 patients; M : F=18 : 5, age 21-69 years, mean 32.6 years), treated with extracorporeal fixation; group B (30 patients; M : F=24 : 6, age 16-57 years, mean 21.1 years), treated by conventional open reduction; and group C (39 patients; M : F=31 : 8, age 16-63 years, mean 34.4 years), treated with the conservative method ('closed' reduction). Clinical and radiographic findings were evaluated and analyzed statistically. Results: Occurrence of postoperative condylar resorption correlated with certain locations and types of fracture. In this study, patients in group A (treated with extracorporeal fixation) did not demonstrate significant postoperative complications such as malocclusion, mandibular hypomobility, temporomandibular disorder, or complete resorption of condyle fragments. Conclusion: In superiorly located mandibular condyle fractures, exact reconstruction of condylar structure with the conventional open reduction technique can be difficult due to the limited surgical and visual fields. In such cases, extracorporeal fixation of the condyle using vertical ramus osteotomy may be a better choice of treatment because it results in anatomically accurate reconstruction and low risk of complications.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.28-37
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• 2015

Despite the sharp decline of students in our country it has been a surge in new school needs. First, 88 elementary schools survey results, 80 percent plunge and students, and the school was very serious caused by an empty classroom. Second, Students period leading to utilization peaks were consuming on average 5.7 years. Third, Period average reception rate with more than 90% is 5.7 years, more than 80% is 9.1 years, more than 70% was 12.3 years, 60% or more was 14.6 years, 50% or more is 16.6 years, at least 40% is 18.4, 30 % to 18.9 years, 20% or more was found to take is 20.5 years. Therefore, separated by urban and rural areas, urban areas are re-city redevelopment, renovation areas, separated by the old downtown areas and large-scale land development district, Newtown areas such as the restructuring of the school establishment or enlargement of a building and renovation, before relocation, consolidation the overall review will be made.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.717-720
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• 2001

Chemical compositions and physiological activities of Platycodon grandiflorum roots grown for 4 and 24 years were investigated. Chemical compositions of P. grandiflorum roots grown for 24 years were moisture 82.7%, crude protein 1.6%, crude lipid 2.1% crude ash 0.7%. total sugar 6.0% total dietary fiber 2.3% crude saponin 3.4mg% and ascorbic acid 3.0 mg%. Contents of each components in 24 years old roots were higher than that in 4 years old roots and the most abundant mineral was potassium being 879.9mg/kg. Physiological activities of solvent extract from P. grandiflorum roots grown for 4 and 24 years were high in order of ethanol methanol and water extract. The electron-donating abilities and nitrite-scavenging effect of solvent extract of 24 years were high in order of ethanol methanol and water extract. The electron-donating abilities and nitrite-scavenging effect of solvent extract of 24 years old roots were higher than those of 4 years of old roots in the range of 10~40% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.389-413
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• 2012

This study investigated the differential interactive effects of the combination of driving confidence and sensation-seeking on driving anger among different age groups, by using correlation analysis, a hierarchical regression and ANOVAs for the data gathered through the questionnaires administrated in a form of face-to-face interview. The results showed the followings. First, males tended to show higher level in driving anger than females. Second, whereas sensation-seeking was positively correlated with driving anger, age and driving experience were negatively correlated with driving anger, respectively. Third, although there was no significant relationship between driving confidence and driving anger among the drivers aged under 40 years, the drivers aged over 40 years showed higher level of driving anger as their driving confidence increased. Forth, level of sensation-seeking was found to be a strong predictor of driving anger in all age groups. Fifth, driving confidence and sensation-seeking appeared to affect the level of driving anger interactively among drivers aged under 40 years or over 65 years, resulting in higher driving anger only when both the levels of driving confidence and sensation-seeking were high. In contrast, driving confidence and sensation-seeking affected driving anger independently among the drivers aged 30-49 years. Implication and suggestion were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to measurement real Accommodative response amount using both eyes open-view autorefractometer. Compared each Accommodative response amount to distinction of sex, age, kind of ametropia, amount of astigmatism and kind of astigmatism. The subjects were 153 healthy men and women between the age of 20~80 years. Age comparison, 20 years 1.15D, 30 years 1.23D and above 40 years 0.60D. It was no difference between 20 to 30 years old. But, is decrescent remarkably above 40 years old. Ametropia examined by hypermetropia 1.78D, emmetropia 1.51D, low myopia 1.08D, middle myopia 0.72D, high myopia 0.643D. Myopia increased, Accommodative response amount was expose that decrease. Astigmatism examined by non astigmatism 1.13D, low astigmatism 1.12D, middle astigmatism 0.85D, high astigmatism 0.83D. Astigmatism increased, Accommodative response amount was expose that decrease. The sex and astigmatism type difference appeared with the fact that the result is not a difference.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2009

Tree-ring width analysis has been used to assess the effects of air pollution on tree growth around industrial complexes. Our study was conducted to elucidate the effect of air pollutants on annual ring growth in black pines (Pinus thunbergii) of age 41$\sim$48 years around Ulsan Metropolitan City. The growth data were analyzed by multiple regression and the results are as follows: 1. The annual ring increment of black pines increased with tree age until age 40 years and then decreased gradually after age 40 years. 2. The increment of annual ring width of black pines was affected more by precipitation and evapotranspiration than air temperature. An annual ring decline appeared in the years 1968$\sim$1983, when annual ring indices below zero were observed. Decreased annual ring growth during this period may have been due to air pollution. 3. The heavy metal with the strongest effect on annual ring growth of black pines in the experimental stand was lead (Pb). The concentration of lead in the stand was estimated as over 6 ppm. 4. The technique of tree-ring width analysis may be useful for estimation of the extent of pollution in forest areas near industrial complexes.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.138-141
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to diagnose the fertility of a female western lowland gorilla kept in Seoul Zoo, in accordance with age by analyzing the fecal sex hormone metabolites. The study was conducted in two period of times, when the animal was from 35 to 37 years old and when the animal was from 40 to 42 years old. Non-invasive method by using fecal samples was used for safe and efficient fertility diagnosis. We collected the feces from the enclosure at least three times a week. Then $17{\beta}$-estradiol and progesterone, which are fecal sex hormone metabolites, were measured by time-resolved fluoro-immunoassay to compare the menstruation cycle and the annual reproductive cycle. For the duration of the primary study (when the animal was 35~37 years old), irregular menstruation and high concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were observed. However, menstruation was hardly observed and the concentrations of both hormones were statistically very low in the period of secondary study (when the animal was 40~42 years old). This observed phenomenon in our study was very comparable to menopause in adult women; therefore, it was confirmed that our female gorilla has reached menopause because of the natural aging, as they become older.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-23
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the obsolescence of documents according to their dates, types and locations of publication. The main results are as follows : The half-life of monographs is 12.09 years while those of articles and research papers are 9.68 and 8.93 years, respectively. Moreover, documents are most often cited by researchers within two years since their publication. Lastly, but not the least, the estimated weeding points for monographs, articles, and research papers, assuming that their weeding points have been realized when their accumulated citation rates reach 90%, are 40.15, 32.15, and 29.65 years, respectively.