• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.153-175
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to find out the current status of smart phone usage, differences of developmental characteristics and time diaries between high- and low- usage groups. The study also tried predicting variables among children's personal and family environment factors in order to classify four year old children in the fifth year Panel Study on Korean Children into the two groups. Data was collected from 435 smart phone users and 157 of them who had started to use a phone before age 3.Frequency analysis, t-test and logistic regression were performed. The results showed that most 4 year old children started to use a phone in their fourth year and used it frequently. The low level groups of girls and all participants showed lower levels of behavior problems, and the low level group of all participants had a longer sleep times than the high level group had. Children's activity and social temperament were identified as predicting variables for classifying children into the two groups. The results suggested the necessity of measures preventing children from excessive smart phone usage in their early years and to consider children's temperament first.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.74-83
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to extract information of lower body type's classification on pre-school children. To this end, 325 younger children living in the capital area and aged from 4 to 6 were sampled to be subject to the measurement of their somatotypes. The results are as follows. 1. The changes in the physical types of pre-school children, as they growing older, show the following tow peculiarities, first, in terms of vertical change, the height grows so rapidly that the proportion of the lower part of the body gets longer. And second, in terms of horizontal change, their growth is more distinctive in the width and the girth than in the thickness, which transforms their body into more or loss a dumpy form. 2. The analysis of the lower body of pre-school children allows us to distinguish two types of group. The first type has a smaller body, short in every part of body, which represents the body of four year-old children. On the contrary, the second type show much bigger body, especially the lower part of the body having a longer proportion, and it represents the body of six year-old children. the physical type and the gender have no relation, which means that we cna fidn both male and female children uniformly in both types.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Children with cleft palate children may be imparied in articulation and resonance. This study examined the phonological process usage of 3-, 4- and 5- year old children with cleft palate. Materials and Method : Twenty seven children with cleft palat participated 3-, 4- and 5-year old children with cleft palate. The authors performed speech evaluation using picture consonants test for children with cleft palate. Percentage of consonants correct(PCC), mean value of each phoneme depends on articulation site and manner were evaluated. Results : In place of articulation, ommission of velar consonants were the most frequent. In manner of articulation, ommission of nasal consonants were the most frequent. Backing, glottal stop, was the most prominent phonological process children with cleft palate. Conclusion : These results may indicate that articulation disorder with cleft palate. and other articulation disorders differences should be considered in the interpretation of speech evaluations.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.97-113
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• 2008

In order to examine the antecedents of socially reticent, solitary passive and solitary active behaviors in preschoolers, 38 2 year olds were observed in Kagan's(1989) traditional behavioral inhibition paradigm and thereafter, at age four, in a same age, same sex quartet of peers. Correlation analysis revealed the independent and unique nature of solitary passive, solitary active and reticence behaviors at age 4 suggesting the heterogeneity of the three forms of solitude during the preschool period. Regression analysis indicated that associations between 2 year old inhibition and shyness and 4 year old reticence were positive when mothers demonstrated a high frequency of over protectiveness; similarly, associations between 2 year old inhibition and shyness and 4 year old solitary active behavior were significant and positive when mothers demonstrated high frequencies of authoritarian behavior.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2020

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a rare disease in healthy people but a potentially fatal opportunistic infection by Pneumocystis jirovecii in immunocompromised patients with organ transplantation. We present three cases of PCP after kidney transplantation in pediatric patients. First case was a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with Denys-Drash syndrome and received living-donor kidney transplantation from his mother at age of 1. Second case was a 19-year-old male, with polycystic kidney disease, who received kidney transplantation from his mother at the age of 18. Third case was a 19-year-old female with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, who received kidney transplantation from her father at age of 15. These three patients who were on immunosuppressive therapy and completed of routine PCP prophylaxis for 6 months had presented with cough and dyspnea more than 1 year after transplantation. Chest x-ray all showed diffuse haziness of both lung fields, and bronchoalveolar lavage from bronchoscopy revealed Pneumocystisjirovecii infection. All patients showed clinical resolution with intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy for at least 3 weeks and had continued secondary prophylaxis for another 6-12 months. This report suggests that clinicians should have suspicion for the possibilities of opportunistic infection such as PCP after kidney transplantation in children.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.229-252
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• 2013

In this study, WSS developmental checklist and nursery maladaptive test were conducted and applied to 203 multicultural children and non-multicultural children. The children were 3-5years old and were attending 34 kindergartens located in Gimpo-si and Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do to investigate the developmental level and status of adaptation to the nursery in multicultural children. The result shows that there is no difference in the development of scientific thinking and mathematical thinking while developmental level is lower in personality, sociality, language, reading and writing area in multicultural children compared to non-multicultural children. According to age, there is no difference in the development between 4~5-year-old multicultural children and non-multicultural children while there is a difference in the development between 3-year-old multicultural and non-multicultural children. It also shows that there are no significant differences in nursery adaptation between multicultural children and non-multicultural children.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2001

Dental caries causes the majority of tooth loss among Koreans. Korea is experiencing an increase in dental caries. And it shows a high prevalence of caries in preschool children, which contrasted with the much-improved situation in developed countries. So, it is important to control caries from preschool periods in Korea. Recently, inspections of the teeth of preschool children for evidence of dental disease became a legislative duty in Korea following Oral Health Act(2000). But, standardized oral health programs in preschool children is not yet proposed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an community based oral health program in preschool children. The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data for the development of community based oral health program in preschool children of Sungnam city. Oral health status in primary dentition were surveyed in 862 2-6 year-old preschool children of Sungnam city by WHO criteria. From the data, df rate, percentage of preschool child ren with active caries, dft index, dt rate, percentage of preschool children with pit and fissure sealant of each age were calculated, and discussed. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The experience of dental caries in primary dentition showed a tendency to increase quickly between 2 and 3 year old children. So, the oral health program in preschool children should be developed to prevent dental caries and control their oral health under three years of age. 2. In 5 year-old children, the percentage with active caries was 60.8% and dft index was 5.06. The dt rate showed a tendency to decrease as proportion to age, but even though 6 year-old children, the dt rate was 47.7%. Therefore, the annual screening dental examination and oral health education programs at the institution for preschool children should be developed to detect and treat dental caries in primary dentition at early stage. 3. The percentage of preschool children with pit and fissure sealant at six years of age was 10.2%. So, pit and fissure sealant and professional fluoride application programs in Public Health Center should be developed to prevent dental caries. 4. Also, it is necessary to establish oral health goals in preschool children and develop water fluoridation program 10 improve and preserve oral health of preschool children in Seongnam city, effectively.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.285-300
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• 2006

Social skills and behavior problems of 90 4- and 5-year-old children were analyzed by children's negative emotionality(sadness, anger, and fear). The instrument for measurement of social skills(cooperation, self-control, assertion, and responsibility) was the Preschool Level of the Korean Version of the Social Skills Rating System(Suh, Mee-Ock, 2004). Measures of behavior problems included internalizing(anxiety, immaturity, withdrawal, physical symptoms) and externalizing(hyperactivity, aggression) problems. Results showed that girls were higher in negative emotionality(sadness) than boys, and 5-year-olds were higher in social skills than 4-year-olds. Children with lower levels of negative emotionality were higher in social skills and lower in behavior problems than children with higher levels of negative emotionality.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.241-262
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to explore four-year old children's peer culture. During free choice play time, various activities and interaction patterns were observed and analyzed to understand the characteristics of peer culture. The results of this study showed two main peer culture patterns. First of all, peaceful peer culture in which children maintained close relationships based on mutual respect were found. Also conflictive peer culture in which children had negative relationships with other children, such as vertical, discriminative and neglected relationships were observed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.710-721
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the body weight status (by WLI: Weight-Length Index) and dietary habits and to assess the nutritional status among preschool children in the Daegu area. Dietary habits including dietary attitude and behavior were investigated using questionnaire answered by mothers of 680 subjects aged 4 to 6 years old (508 completed). Also, dietary intake survey using 24-hour recall method was performed by mothers of the children. According to WLI, the underweight, normal, overweight and obesity level of subjects were 9.1, 62.0, 19.5, and 9.4%, respectively. As well, the number of girls was higher than boys in underweight, overweight, and obese group. There were significantly different on overeating, eating fast, and preferring eating-out by body weight status, and overweight group got higher score than underweight or normal-weight group (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). As well, there was significantly different on not moving around during mealtime by body weight status, and underweight group have lower score than obese group (p < 0.001). From the 24-hour recall survey, it was found that intakes of all the nutrients were higher than the %KDRI except energy, calcium and folate. The energy intake of underweight group of 4~5-year old (1338.2 kcal) and 6-year old was lower than Koreans %DRI for those age group. Folate and dietary fiber intakes of obese group were significantly lower than underweight (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). For 4~5-year old, vitamin $B_6$ intakes of obese group were significantly higher than obese group (p < 0.05). For 6-year old, obese group showed that intake of vitamin $B_1$ was significantly higher than the other three groups, and intake of vitamin $B_1$ of overweight group was significantly higher than the other three groups. Taken together, these results indicate that there were significant differences in the nutrient intake level and dietary habits of preschool children by body weight status in Daegu area. Therefore, parents (family) and caregivers should be aware of the prevalence of obesity and nutritional status of preschool children, and start nutrition education as soon as possible.