• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.231-241
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• 2008

Indole glucosinolates (IG) play important roles in plant defense, plant-insect interactions, and stress responses in plants. In an attempt to metabolically engineer the IG pathway flux in Chinese cabbage, three important Arabidopsis cDNAs, CYP79B2, CYP79B3, and CYP83B1, were introduced into Chinese cabbage by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of CYP79B3 or CYP83B1 did not affect IG accumulation levels, and overexpression of CYP79B2 or CYP79B3 prevented the transformed callus from being regenerated, displaying the phenotype of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) overproduction. However, when CYP83B1 was overexpressed together with CYP79B2 and/or CYP79B3, the transformed calli were regenerated into whole plants that accumulated higher levels of glucobrassicin, 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin than wild-type controls. This result suggests that the flux in Chinese cabbage is predominantly channeled into IAA biosynthesis so that coordinate expression of the two consecutive enzymes is needed to divert the flux into IG biosynthesis. With regard to IG accumulation, overexpression of all three cDNAs was no better than overexpression of the two cDNAs. The content of neoglucobrassicin remained unchanged in all transgenic plants. Although glucobrassicin was most directly affected by overexpression of the transgenes, elevated levels of the parent IG, glucobrassicin, were not always accompanied by increases in 4-hydroxy and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin. However, one transgenic line producing about 8-fold increased glucobrassicin also accumulated at least 2.5 fold more 4-hydroxy and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin. This implies that a large glucobrassicin pool exceeding some threshold level drives the flux into the side chain modification pathway. Aliphatic glucosinolate content was not affected in any of the transgenic plants.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.285-294
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• 2011

Glucosinolate (GSL) contents were investigated (i) at 1~7 days after sowing (DAS) in seed sprouts and (ii) at 3-7 weeks after sowing for the time-course. Moreover, (iii) They were compared with five different cultivars of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Seventeen GSLs were separated by HPLC analysis, and 10 GSLs among them were identified as glucoraphanin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, diglucothiobeinin, glucobrassicanapin, glucoerucin, glucobrassicin, dimeric, 4-mercaptobutyl GSL, 4-methoxy glucobrassicin, gluconasturttin by using LC-APCI-MS analysis, but 7 compounds were not identified. (i) The total GSL content in seed sprouts initially increased up to 3 DAS and then decreased according to their seedling growth. In particular, glucoraphanin known as a strong anti-cancer reagent was found the highest level (5.05 ${\mu}mol/g$ dry wt.) at 3 DAS. The most abundant GSL was glucoerucin ranged from 26.0~49.6 ${\mu}mol/g$ dry wt. (ii) In the time-course, the total GSL contents increased dramatically from 3-week (5.91 ${\mu}mol/g$ dry wt.) to 7-week after sowing (32.2 ${\mu}mol/g$ dry wt.). The major GSLs were glucoraphanin, glucoerucin and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin. (iii) By comparing GSL contents with five different cultivars, the total GSL contents increased from 4-week to 6-week after sowing, regardless of cultivar. In 4-week-old, the order with the total GSL content was "Rucola" > "Rocket Herbs" ${\geqq}$ "Odyssey" > "Takii" > "Herb", but in 6-week-old it is changed as "Takii" > "Herb" > "Odyssey" > "Rucola" > "Rocket Herbs" even there was almost no significantly difference between them.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.472-478
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• 2008

Three Arabidopsis cDNAs, MAM1, CYP79F1, and CYP83A1, required for aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis were introduced into Chinese cabbage by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The transgenic lines overexpressing MAM1 or CYP83A1 showed wild-type phenotypes. However, all the lines overexpressing CYP79F1 displayed phenotypes different from wild type with respect to the stem thickness as well as leaf width and shape. Glucosinolate contents of the transgenic plants were compared with those of wild type. In the MAM1 line M1-1, accumulation of aliphatic glucosinolates gluconapin and glucobrassicanapin significantly increased. In the CYP83A1 line A1-1, all the aliphatic glucosinolate levels were increased, and the levels of gluconapin and glucobrassicanapin were elevated by 4.5 and 2 fold, respectively. The three CYP79F1 transgenic lines exhibited dissimilar glucosinolate profiles. The F1-1 line accumulated higher levels of gluconapoleiferin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin. However, F1-2 and F1-3 lines demonstrated a decrease in the levels of gluconapin and glucobrassicanapin and an increased level of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.178-187
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light sources on the levels of glucosinolates (GSLs) in rocket salad (Eruca sativa L.). The light sources used in the study were: natural light (Control-1 or 2), red light-emitting diodes(LEDs), blue LEDs, mixed red and blue LEDs (R+B LEDs), white LEDs, fluorescent lamps (FL), and fluorescent lamps plus UV-C (FL+UV-C). Two separate experiments were conducted [Experiment I: Control-1, Red LED, Blue LED, Mix (R+B) LED and Experiment II: Control-2, White LED, FL, FL+UV-C] because of the limited number of growth chambers in our laboratory. The rate of increase in the length of rocket salad leaves was the highest under red LEDs and, FL confirming that red LED and, FL affect the growth of rocket salad. We separated and identified seven types of GSLs from the rocket salad:glucoraphanin, diglucothiobeinin, glucoerucin, glucobrassicin, dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl GSL, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin. The highest total GSL contents in Eexperiment I was found in plants grown under in red LEDs ($4.30{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;dry$ weight, DW), and the lowest under blue LEDs ($0.17{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$). The highest total GSL contents in Experiment II was found in plants grown under FL ($13.45{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$), and the lowest in FL+UV-C ($0.39{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$). Especially in Experiment II, the content of dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl, which has a strong aroma and spicy flavor in rocket salad, was higher under FL and white LEDs than in Control-2, increasing by approximately 14.9 and 3.2-fold respectively. Therefore, light sources such as red LEDs, white LEDs and FL affected the accumulation of GSLs in rocket salad.