• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2003

지중강판 구조물은 강판부재 내에 발생하는 휨모멘트에는 매우 취약하기 때문에 그 주변을 양질의 흙으로 뒷채움하여 주변 흙과의 상호작용에 의하여 상부에 작용하는 하중을 지지한다. 그러나, 구조물 측면을 뒷채움할 때나 최소토피고를 확보하지 못한 상태에서 활하중이 작용할 때에는 강판부재내에 과도한 모멘트가 발생할 수 있다. 현재 설계기준에서는 허용변형량을 제시하여 시공 중에 과도한 변형이 발생하는 것을 방지하고 있으며 Duncan(1979)과 McGrath 등(2001)은 강도해석법을 제안하여 시공 중에 발생하는 모멘트를 강판의 소성강도 이내로 제한하고 있지만, 허용변형량은 경험적으로 규정한 값이고 강도해석에 의한 구조 안정성 검토는 유한요소 해석결과를 바탕으로 제안되었기 때문에 이들에 대하여 실험적 검증이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 높은 아치형 구조물에 대한 실규모 현장시험을 실시하여 시공 중 거동과 활하중에 대한 하중지지 거동을 분석하였다. 시험결과를 바탕으로 시험시공 구조물의 허용변형량을 '높이의 1.45%' 로 추정할 수 있었는데 이는 설계기준의 허용값인 '높이의 2%' 보다 작은 값이었다. 또한, 계측결과를 Duncan과 McGrath 등이 제안한 강도해석결과와 비교하여 Duncan은 성토하중에 의한 모멘트는 과소평가하고 활하중 모멘트는 과대평가 하지만 McGrath 등은 두 값을 모두 실제와 근접하게 예측함을 알 수 있었다. 그러나, 두 방법에 의한 소성힌지에 대한 안전율은 실제 안전율과 잘 일치하여 두 방법 모두 시공 중에 작용하는 활하중에 대한 구조 안정성을 적절히 평가할 수 있음을 확인하였다.나 길항력(6.4 ㎜)은 남아있었다. 또한 분자량 10kDa 이하의 분획에서는 chitinase 활성은 없으나 길항력(5.2㎜)은 나타내었고, 80℃에서 열처리하여도 길항력(5.0mm)이 남아있어 효소 이외 다른 생리활성물질이 존재함을 확인하였다.rin, (+)-taxifolin 3-O--$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside, (+)-catechin 및 benzoic acid의 함량은 건조 및 처리 온도가 증가할 수록 감소하는 양상을 나타내었다.tier taste and the Doenjang with P. japonica Powder had the least sweet taste. In the flavor and overall Preference, the Doenjang with P. japonica powder was the lowestEX>로 측정되었고, 계사내 지붕의 표면 온도는 최고 $29^{\circ}C$가 측정되었다. 계사 내 표면 온도 및 닭의 표면 온도는 계사내 공기온도의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다.ill in a good agreement with those predicted by Rohsenow's formula, which was based on nucleate boiling. For the condenser, the wall temperatures were practically uniform, and the measured values of condensation heat transfer coefficient were 1.7 times

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.98-102
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• 1983

양평(楊坪) 산간계곡(山間溪谷)의 수도(水稻) 및 산야초(山野草)의 피해(被害)는 현지(現地)의 피해상황(被害狀況), 피해증상(被害症狀)과 식물체중(植物體中)의 불소함량(弗素含量) 및 무기성분량(無機成分量)의 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 수도(水稻)의 엽피해정도(葉被害程度)는 100m 지점(地點)까지는 95%, 500m 지점(地點)에서는 65%, 2㎞ 지점(地點)에서는 5%정도(程度)였다. 2) 피해증상특미(被害症狀特微) ${\cdot}$ 수도(水滔) : 심(甚)한 것은 백색(白色)으로 고사(枯死)하고 경미(輕微)한 것은 엽선단부위(葉先端部位)에 백색(白色)이나 적갈색(赤褐色)이 발견(發見) ${\cdot}$ 잡초(雜草) : 심(甚)한 것은 적갈색(赤褐色)으로 고사(枯死)하고 경미(輕微)한 것은 엽선단(葉先端)이 적갈색(赤褐色)으로 고사(枯死) 3) 식물체중(植物體中) 불소함량(弗素含量) ${\cdot}$ 수도(水稻) : 엽중(葉中) 불소함량(弗素含量)은 $170{\sim}3,225ppm$이고 근(根)에서는 $68.8{\sim}3,000ppm$이었으나 엽선단(葉先端)의 피해부위(被害部位)가 엽중심부(葉中心部) 보다 불소함량(弗素含量)이 $3{\sim}20$배(倍)많았다. ${\cdot}$ 잡초(雜草) : 무피해엽중(無被害葉中) 불소함량(弗素含量)은 $10{\sim}15ppm$이고 피해엽(被害葉)은 $130{\sim}242.5ppm$이였고, 엽선단(葉先端)의 피해부위(被害部位)는 중심부보다 $1.2{\sim}7$배정도(倍程度) 많았다. 4) 피해엽(被害葉)의 선단부위(先端部位)에 CaO, $K_2O,\;SiO_2$ Fe, 및 Mn 등(等)이 축적(蓄積)되었다. 5) 피해(被害)가 가장 적은 식물(植物)은 댕댕이덩굴이며 피해(被害)가 심(甚)한 식물(植物)은 산딸기, 두릅나무 등(等)이었다. 이상(以上)의 조사결과(調査結果) 본(本) 피해(被害)는 피해지(被害地) 린근(隣近)에서 불화수소산(弗化水素酸)을 리용(利用)한 세멘트 경화제(硬化劑) 제조시(製造時) 발생(發生)한 불화수소(弗化水素)가스에 의(依)한 피해(被害)로 판단(判斷)되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.418-428
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• 2007

본 연구는 골재 부산물의 용토재로서 활용을 위한 기초 특성 분석으로서 전국 21개소의 골재 업체를 대상으로 골재 생산시 생하는 슬러지나 석분 등 골재 부산물의 화학성과 물리성 및 광물 조성을 알아 보는데 있다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 골재 부산물의 pH는 전라도 지역의 JH, DA 업체를 제외하고 모두 8.41~10.97 정도로 높았으며, EC는 평균 $167.9{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$ 이고 전라도 지역은 대부분 $33.0{\sim}122.4{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$ 정도로 상대적으로 낮은 수치를 보였으나, 경상도 지역은 $169.5{\sim}639.0{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$ 정도로 상대적으로 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 2. 유기물 함량은 대부분 $2.9{\sim}5.0g\;kg^{-1}$ 이며, 강원도 지역의 GG 업체의 경우 $11.27g\;kg^{-1}$ 로 상대적으로 높았다. T-N의 경우, 0.01~0.11 % 정도이고 $NH_4{^+}-N$의 경우, 대부분 지역은 $14.0{\sim}67.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ 수준이었으나 전라도 지역은 $1.03{\sim}3.00mg\;kg^{-1}$ 수준을 보였다. $NO_3{^-}-N$의 경우, 대부분 지역은 $14.0{\sim}67.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ 수준이었으나 전라도 지역은 $1.0{\sim}3.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ 수준을 보였다. $P_2O_5$ 의 경우, 강원도의 $10.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서 전라도 $24.8mg\;kg^{-1}$ 까지 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다. $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ 및 $Na^+$ 의 각 평균은 $2.299cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, $0.472cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, $0.021cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, $0.055cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 이며 $Ca^{2+}$의 경우, 최고값인 경상도 DE 업체의 $6.385cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 부터 최저값인 전라도 JH 업체의 $0.742cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 범위를 보였다. $Mg^{2+}$의 경우 최고값인 전라도 YS 업체의 $1.850cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 부터 최저값인 충청도 JK 업체의 $0.006cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 범위를 보였다. 양이온교환용량은 평균 $7.6cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$으로 경상도에서 $17.3cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$으로 가장 높았으며, 전라도에서 $2.2cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 으로 가장 낮았다. 3. 중금속 함량은 모든 항목에서 환경부에서 고시한 농경지 오염 우려 기준을 초과하지 않았다. Cd의 경우, 평균 $0.011mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이며 최저 값인 강원도 DM 업체의 $0.003mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 경상도 DH 업체의 $0.062mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. $Cr^{6+}$의 경우, 평균 $0.068mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이며 최저 값인 강원도 DM 업체와 SS 업체의 $0.037mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 경기도 KG 업체의 $0.169mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. Cu의 경우, 평균 $0.419mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이며 최저 값인 강원도 DM 업체와 SS 업체의 $0.000mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 충청도 SB 업체의 $1.072mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. Ni의 경우, 평균 $3.513mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이며 최저 값인 전라도 DA 업체의 $0.045mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 강원도 GG 업체의 $11.980mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. Zn의 경우, 평균 $0.588mg\;kg^{-1}$이며 최저 값인 경상도 SU 업체의 $0.014mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 충청도 SB 업체의 $1.086mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. Pb의 경우, 평균 $0.467mg\;kg^{-1}$이며 최저 값인 강원도 DM 업체의 $0.008mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 충청도 SB 업체의 $1.261mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. Fe의 경우, 평균 $33.815mg\;kg^{-1}$이며 최저 값인 경상도 SU 업체의 $0.805mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 경기도 KG 업체의 $106.400mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. Mn의 경우, 평균 $18.427mg\;kg^{-1}$이며 최저 값인 강원도 SS 업체의 $0.703mg\;kg^{-1}$ 에서부터 최고 값인 충청도 SB 업체의 $49.140mg\;kg^{-1}$ 사이의 값을 보였다. 4. 골재 부산물의 토성은 평균적으로 대부분 모래가 50 % 이하이며 미사가 50 % 이상인 미사질양토(SiL)인데 비해 전라도의 경우, 양토(L)였다. 유효수분은 평균 2.58 % 로 매우 낮은 수준이며, 액성한계의 경우, 최저 값인 전라도 JS 업체의 5.9 % 에서 최고 값인 경상도의 DH 업체의 39.1 % 사이의 값을 보이며 평균 24.4 %로 일반 밭 토양의 액성한계와 유사한 수치를 보였다. 대부분 시료에서 점착성 및 가소성 모두 그 성질이 약하거나 없는 C나 D 등급이었다. 5. 골재 부산물의 투수성은 경기도 KG 업체의 경우, $2.8{\times}10^{-6}m\;sec^{-1}$, 강원도 CC 업체의 경우, $0.4{\times}10^{-6}m\;sec^{-1}$, 그리고 전라도 KS 업체의 경우, $1.4{\times}10^{-6}m\;sec^{-1}$ 로 상당히 느린 투수성을 보여준다. 6. 골재 부산물의 X선 회절분석 결과, 석영(Quartz)과 단사녹니석(Clinochlore)이나 금운모(Phlogopite)가 주요 피크로 대부분 시료에서 화강암 또는 화강 편마암 지역의 광물 조성을 보였으며, 강원도 지역의 DM 업체에서 석회암을 모암으로 하는 방해석(Calcite)과 백운석(Dolomite)이 주요 피크였다. 7. 골재 부산물의 화학 조성 분석 결과(X선 형광분석), 대부분 시료는 원암을 화강암이나 화강편마암으로 하고 있기에 대표적인 원소는 $SiO_2$이며 그 다음으로 $Al_2O_3$가 대부분을 차지한다. 강원도의 SS, DM 업체의 $SiO_2$의 함량은 30 %이하로 낮은 반면에 CaO의 함량은 45 % 이상으로 높은 수치를 보여준다. 골재 부산물의 규반비는 1.70~3.42 이며, 이는 골재 부산물이 화학적 풍화 보다는 원암에서 기계적인 파쇄에 의한 단순 입자 크기의 축소로 보이며, 원암 가루, 즉 1차 광물로서 2차 광물이 거의 없기 때문이라 판단된다. 8. 골재 부산물의 시차 열분석 결과, 열변화 곡선이 안정적이며 주요 천이점이 $550^{\circ}C$에서 $610^{\circ}C$ 부근에 석영의 천이를 보이는 것과 열변화 곡선이 불안정적이며 여러 천이를 보이는 것으로 나뉘며, 골재 부산물의 경우는 흡 발열피크를 검토할 때 점토광물이 거의 없는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.4-14
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• 1974

The total forest land area in Korea accounts for some 67 percent of the nation's land total. Its productivity, however, is very low. Consequently, forest production accounts for only about 2 percent of the gross national product and a minor proportion of no more than about 5 percent versus primary industry. In this case, however, only the direct income from forestry is taken into account, making no reference to the forestry output induced by other industrial sectors. The value added Or the induced forestry output in manufacturing the primary wood products into higher quality products, makes a larger contribution to the economy than direct contribution. So, this author has tried to analyze the structure of forestry and compute the repercussion effect and the induced output of primary forest products when utilized by other industries for their raw materials, Hsing the input-output table and attached tables for 1963 and 1966 issued by the Bank of Korea. 1. Analysis of forestry structure A. Changes in total output Durng the nine-year period, 1961-1969, the real gross national product in Korea increased 2.1 times, while that of primary industries went up about 1. 4 times. Forestry which was valued at 9,380 million won in 1961, was picked up about 2. 1 times to 20, 120 million won in 1969. The rate of the forestry income in the GNP, accordingly, was no more than 1.5 percent both in 1961 and 1962, whereas its rate in primary industries increased 3.5 to 5.4 percent. Such increase in forestry income is attributable to increased forest production and rise in timber prices. The rate of forestry income, nonetheless, was on the decrease on a gradual basis. B. Changes in input coefficient The input coefficient which indicates the inputs of the forest products into other sectors were up in general in 1966 over 1963. It is noted that the input coefficient indicating the amount of forest products supplied to such industries closely related with forestry as lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture, showed a downward trend for the period 1963-1966. On the other hand, the forest input into other sectors was generally on the increase. Meanwhile, the input coefficient representing the yolume of the forest products supplied to the forestry sector itself showed an upward tendency, which meant more and more decrease in input from other sectors. Generally speaking, in direct proportion to the higher input coefficient in any industrial sector, the reinput coefficient which denotes the use of its products by the same sector becomes higher and higher. C. Changes in ratio of intermediate input The intermediate input ratio showing the dependency on raw materials went up to 15.43 percent m 1966 from 11. 37 percent in 1963. The dependency of forestry on raw materials was no more than 15.43 percent, accounting for a high 83.57 percent of value added. If the intermediate input ratio increases in any given sector, the input coefficient which represents the fe-use of its products by the same sector becomes large. D. Changes in the ratio of intermediate demand The ratio of the intermediate demand represents the characteristics of the intermediary production in each industry, the intermediate demand ratio in forestry which accunted for 69.7 percent in 1963 went up to 75.2 percent in 1966. In other words, forestry is a remarkable industry in that there is characteristics of the intermediary production. E. Changes in import coefficient The import coefficient which denotes the relation between the production activities and imports, recorded at 4.4 percent in 1963, decreased to 2.4 percent in 1966. The ratio of import to total output is not so high. F. Changes in market composition of imported goods One of the major imported goods in the forestry sector is lumber. The import value increased by 60 percent to 667 million won in 1966 from 407 million won in 1963. The sales of imported forest products to two major outlets-lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture-increased to 343 million won and 31 million won in 1966 from 240million won and 30 million won in 1963 respectively. On the other hand, imported goods valued at 66 million won were sold to the paper products sector in 1963; however, no supply to this sector was recorded in 1963. Besides these major markets, primary industries such as the fishery, coal and agriculture sectors purchase materials from forestry. 2. Analysis of repercussion effect on production The repercussion effect of final demand in any given sector upon the expansion of the production of other sectors was analyzed, using the inverse matrix coefficient tables attached to the the I.O. Table. A. Changes in intra-sector transaction value of inverse matrix coefficient. The intra-sector transaction value of an inverse matrix coefficient represents the extent of an induced increase in the production of self-support products of the same sector, when it is generated directly and indirectly by one unit of final demand in any given sector. The intra-sector transaction value of the forestry sector rose from 1.04 in 1963 to 1, 11 in 1966. It may well be said, therefore, that forestry induces much more self-supporting products in the production of one unit of final demand for forest products. B. Changes in column total of inverse matrix coefficient It should be noted that the column total indicates the degree of effect of the output of the corresponding and related sectors generated by one unit of final demand in each sector. No changes in the column total of the forestry sector were recorded between the 1963 and 1966 figures, both being the same 1. 19. C. Changes in difference between column total and intra-sector transaction amount. The difference between the column total and intra-sector transaction amount by sector reveals the extent of effect of output of related industrial sector induced indirectly by one unit of final demand in corresponding sector. This change in forestry dropped remarkable to 0.08 in 1966 from 0.15 in 1963. Accordingly, the effect of inducement of indirect output of other forestry-related sectors has decreased; this is a really natural phenomenon, as compared with an increasing input coefficient generated by the re-use of forest products by the forestry sector. 3. Induced output of forestry A. Forest products, wood in particular, are supplied to other industries as their raw materials, increasng their value added. In this connection the primary dependency rate on forestry for 1963 and 1966 was compared, i. e., an increase or decrease in each sector, from 7.71 percent in 1963 to 11.91 percent in 1966 in agriculture, 10.32 to 6.11 in fishery, 16.24 to 19.90 in mining, 0.76 to 0.70 in the manufacturing sector and 2.79 to 4.77 percent in the construction sector. Generally speaking, on the average the dependency on forestry during the period 1963-1966 increased from 5.92 percent to 8.03 percent. Accordingly, it may easily be known that the primary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries increased from 16, 109 million won in 1963 to 48, 842 million won in 1966. B. The forest products are supplied to other industries as their raw materials. The products are processed further into higher quality products. thus indirectly increasing the value of the forest products. The ratio of the increased value added or the secondary dependency on forestry for 1963 and 1966 showed an increase or decrease, from 5.98 percent to 7.87 percent in agriculture, 9.06 to 5.74 in fishery, 13.56 to 15.81 in mining, 0.68 to 0.61 in the manufacturing sector and 2.71 to 4.54 in the construction sector. The average ratio in this connection increased from 4.69 percent to 5.60 percent. In the meantime, the secondary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries rose from 12,779 million Wall in 1963 to 34,084 million won in 1966. C. The dependency of tertiary industries on forestry showed very minor ratios of 0.46 percent and 0.04 percent in 1963 and 1966 respectively. The forestry output induced by tertiary industry also decreased from 685 million won to 123 million won during the same period. D. Generally speaking, the ratio of dependency on forestry increased from 17.68 percent in 1963 to 24.28 percent in 1966 in primary industries, from 4.69 percent to 5.70 percent in secondary industries, while, as mentioned above, the ratio in the case of tertiary industry decreased from 0.46 to 0.04 percent during the period 1963-66. The mining industry reveals the heaviest rate of dependency on forestry with 29.80 percent in 1963 and 35.71 percent in 1966. As it result, the direct forestry income, valued at 8,172 million won in 1963, shot up to 22,724 million won in 1966. Its composition ratio lo the national income rose from 1.9 percent in 1963 to 2.3 per cent in 1966. If the induced outcome is taken into account, the total forestry production which was estimated at 37,744 million won in 1963 picked up to 105,773 million won in 1966, about 4.5 times its direct income. It is further noted that the ratio of the gross forestry product to the gross national product. rose significantly from 8.8 percent in 1963 to 10.7 percent in 1966. E. In computing the above mentioned ratio not taken into consideration were such intangible, indirect effects as the drought and flood prevention, check of soil run-off, watershed and land conservation, improvement of the people's recreational and emotional living, and maintenance and increase in the national health and sanitation. F. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the forestry sector exercices an important effect upon the national economy and that the effect of induced forestry output is greater than its direct income.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3225-3262
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• 1974

The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are $14.5^{\circ}C$ and $13.1^{\circ}C$, respercively, during the irrigation period of paddy rice (From the middle of June to the end of September). In the former the temperature rises continuously from $12.3^{\circ}C$ to 16.4$^{\circ}C$ and in the latter from $12.4^{\circ}C$ to $13.8^{\circ}C$ during the same period. These temperatures are approximately the same value as the estimated temperatures. The temperature difference between the ground water and the surface water is approximately $11^{\circ}C$. 2. The results obtained from the analysis of the water quality of the "Seoho" reservoir and that of water from the tube well show that the pH values of the ground water and the surface water are 6.35 and 6.00, respectively, and inorganic components such as N, PO4, Na, Cl, SiO2 and Ca are contained more in the ground water than in the surface water while K, SO4, Fe and Mg are contained less in the ground water. 3. The response of growth, yield and yield components of paddy rice to ground water irrigation are as follows; (l) Using ground water irrigation during the watered rice nursery period(seeding date: 30 April, 1970), the chracteristics of a young rice plant, such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers are inferior to those of young rice plants irrigated with surface water during the same period. (2) In cases where ground water and surface water are supplied separately by the gravity flow method, it is found that ground water irrigation to the rice plant delays the stage at which there is a maximum increase in the number of tillers by 6 days. (3) At the tillering stage of rice plant just after transplanting, the effect of ground water irrigation on the increase in the number of tillers is better, compared with the method of supplying surface water throughout the whole irrigation period. Conversely, the number of tillers is decreased by ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. Plant height is extremely restrained by ground water irrigation. (4) Heading date is clearly delayed by the ground water irrigation when it is practised during the growth stages or at the reproductive stage only. (5) The heading date of rice plants is slightly delayed by irrigation with the gravity flow method as compared with the standing water method. (6) The response of yield and of yield components of rice to ground water irrigation are as follows: \circled1 When ground water irrigation is practised during the growth stages and the reproductive stage, the culm length of the rice plant is reduced by 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively, when compared with the surface water irrigation used throughout all the growth stages. \circled2 Panicle length is found to be the longest on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised at the tillering stage. A similar tendency as that seen in the culm length is observed on other test plots. \circled3 The number of panicles is found to be the least on the plot in which ground water irrigation is practised by the gravity flow method throughout all the growth stages of the rice plant. No significant difference is found between the other plots. \circled4 The number of spikelets per panicle at the various stages of rice growth at which_ surface or ground water is supplied by gravity flow method are as follows; surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥ 98.5. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥62.2 Ground water at the tillering stage‥‥‥‥‥ 82.6. Ground water at the reproductive stage ‥‥‥‥‥ 74.1. \circled5 Ripening percentage is about 70 percent on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised during all the growth stages and at the tillering stage only. However, when ground water irrigation is practised, at the reproductive stage, the ripening percentage is reduced to 50 percent. This means that 20 percent reduction in the ripening percentage by using ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. \circled6 The weight of 1,000 kernels is found to show a similar tendency as in the case of ripening percentage i. e. the ground water irrigation during all the growth stages and at the reproductive stage results in a decreased weight of the 1,000 kernels. \circled7 The yield of brown rice from the various treatments are as follows; Gravity flow; Surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥514kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥428kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥430kg/10a. Standing water; Surface water at all growh stages‥‥‥‥‥‥556kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥441kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥450kg/10a. The above figures show that ground water irrigation by the gravity flow and by the standing water method during all the growth stages resulted in an 18 percent and a 21 percent decrease in the yield of brown rice, respectively, when compared with surface water irrigation. Also ground water irrigation by gravity flow and by standing water resulted in respective decreases in yield of 16 percent and 19 percent, compared with the surface irrigation method. 4. Results obtained from the experiments on the improvement of ground water irrigation efficiency to paddy rice are as follows; (1) When the standing water irrigation with surface water is practised, the daily average water temperature in a paddy field is 25.2$^{\circ}C$, but, when the gravity flow method is practised with the same irrigation water, the daily average water temperature is 24.5$^{\circ}C$. This means that the former is 0.7$^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. On the other hand, when ground water is used, the daily water temperatures in a paddy field are respectively 21.$0^{\circ}C$ and 19.3$^{\circ}C$ by practising standing water and the gravity flow method. It can be seen that the former is approximately 1.$0^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. (2) When the non-water-logged cultivation is practised, the yield of brown rice is 516.3kg/10a, while the yield of brown rice from ground water irrigation plot throughout the whole irrigation period and surface water irrigation plot are 446.3kg/10a and 556.4kg/10a, respectivelely. This means that there is no significant difference in yields between surface water irrigation practice and non-water-logged cultivation, and also means that non-water-logged cultivation results in a 12.6 percent increase in yield compared with the yield from the ground water irrigation plot. (3) The black and white coloring on the inside surface of the water warming ponds has no substantial effect on the temperature of the water. The average daily water temperatures of the various water warming ponds, having different depths, are expressed as Y=aX+b, while the daily average water temperatures at various depths in a water warming pond are expressed as Y=a(b)x (where Y: the daily average water temperature, a,b: constants depending on the type of water warming pond, X; water depth). As the depth of water warning pond is increased, the diurnal difference of the highest and the lowest water temperature is decreased, and also, the time at which the highest water temperature occurs, is delayed. (4) The degree of warming by using a polyethylene tube, 100m in length and 10cm in diameter, is 4~9$^{\circ}C$. Heat exchange rate of a polyethylene tube is 1.5 times higher than that or a water warming channel. The following equation expresses the water warming mechanism of a polyethylene tube where distance from the tube inlet, time in day and several climatic factors are given: {{{{ theta omega (dwt)= { a}_{0 } (1-e- { x} over { PHI v })+ { 2} atop { SUM from { { n}=1} { { a}_{n } } over { SQRT { 1+ {( n omega PHI) }^{2 } } } } LEFT { sin(n omega t+ { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI )-e- { x} over { PHI v }sin(n omega LEFT ( t- { x} over {v } RIGHT ) + { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI ) RIGHT } +e- { x} over { PHI v } theta i}}}}{{{{ { theta }_{$\infty$ }(t)= { { alpha theta }_{a }+ { theta }_{ w'} +(S- { B}_{s } ) { U}_{w } } over { beta } , PHI = { { cpDU}_{ omega } } over {4 beta } }}}} where $\theta$$\omega$; discharged water temperature($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$a; air temperature ($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$$\omega$';ponded water temperature($^{\circ}C$) s ; net solar radiation(ly/min) t ; time(tadian) x; tube length(cm) D; diameter(cm) ao,an,bn;constants determined from $\theta$$\omega$(t) varitation. cp; heat capacity of water(cal/$^{\circ}C$ ㎥) U,Ua; overall heat transfer coefficient(cal/$^{\circ}C$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ min-1) $\omega$;1 velocity of water in a polyethylene tube(cm/min) Bs ; heat exchange rate between water and soil(ly/min)