• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.44-54
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to evaluate the allowable welding heat input range for high strength steels manufactured by various processes and to compare the weldability of TMCP steel for high heat input welding with that of conventional Ti-added normalized steel. The allowable welding heat input ranges for conventional 50kg/$mm^2$ steel to guarantee D or E grade of ship structural steel were below 150 and 80kJ/cm respectively. Such a limit in welding heat input was closely related with the formation of undesirable microstructures, such as grain boundary ferrite and ferrite side plate in the coarse grain HAZ. In case of 60 and 80kg/$mm^2$ quenched and tempered steels, for securing toughness in weldments over toughness requirements for base metal, each welding heat input had to be restricted below 60 and 40kJ/cm, that was mainly due to coarsened polygonal ferrite in weld metal and lower temperature transformation products in coarse grain HAZ. The TMCP steel could be appropriate as a grade E ship hull steel up to 200kJ/cm, but the Ti-added normalized steel could be applied only below 130kJ/cm under the same rule. This difference was partly owing to whether uniform and fine intragranular ferrite microstructure was well developed in HAZ or not.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.74-78
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• 2008

The laser welding of the car body and components has been spread in the automotive industry. The Nd:YAG laser welding system could be used in 3D welding with robot. However, this system cannot efficiently reduce the welding cycle time according to various welding sequences because the robot's moving time is same that of the resistant spot welding system. But the remote welding system with high power $CO_2$ laser and scanner makes it possible welding cycle time much faster than the robot laser welding system. In the $CO_2$ laser remote welding system, laser beam can be rapidly transferred to a workpiece by moving mirrors of scanner system. So, it makes reducing the cycle time of welding process and shaping various welding patterns easily. Therefore, in this paper, the characteristic of weld strength according to patterns of weld bead on $CO_2$ laser welding was investigated. Also, the relationship between shape of weld bead and value of tensile load was studied. Finally, the optimum remote welding condition for car bumper was investigated.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2010년도 춘계학술발표대회 초록집
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• pp.75-75
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• 2010

3D 패키징 기술은 전기소자의 소형화, 고용량화, 저전력화, 높은 신뢰성등의 요구와 함께 그 중요성이 대두대고 있다. 이러한 3D 패키징의 연결방법은 와이어 본딩 또는 플립칩등의 기존의 방법에서 TSV(Through Silicon Via)를 이용하여 적층하는 방법이 주목받고 있다. TSV는 기존의 와이어 본딩과 비교하여 고집적도, 빠른 신호전달, 낮은 전력소비 등의 장점을 가지고 있어 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. TSV의 세부 공정 중 비아필링(Via filling)기술은 I/O수 증가와 미세피치화에 따른 비아(Via) 직경의 감소 및 종횡비(Via Aspect Ratio)증가로 인해 기존 필링 공정으로는 한계가 있다. 기존의 비아 홀(Via hole)에 금속을 필링하기 위한 방법으로 전기도금법이 많이 사용되고 있으나, 전기도금법은 전기도금액 조성, 첨가제의 종류, 전류밀도, 전류모드 등에 따라 결과물에 큰 차이가 발생되어, 최적공정조건의 도출이 어렵다. 또한 20um이하의 비아직경과 높은 종횡비로 인하여 충진시 void형성등의 문제점이 발생하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 용융솔더와 진공을 이용하여 비아를 필링시켰다. 이 방법은 관통된 비아가 형성된 웨이퍼 양단에 압력차를 주어, 작은 직경을 갖는 비아 홀의 표면장력을 극복하고, 용융상태의 솔더가 관통된 비아 홀 내부로 필링되는 방법이다. 관통 비아홀이 형성 된 웨이퍼 위에 솔더페이스트를 $250^{\circ}C$이상 온도를 가해 용융상태로 만든 후 웨이퍼 하부에 진공을 형성하여 필링하는 방법과 용융솔더를 노즐을 통하여 위쪽으로 유동시켜 그 위에 비아홀이 형성된 웨이퍼를 접촉하고 웨이퍼 상부에 진공을 형성하여 필링하는 방법으로 실험을 각각 실시하였다. 이 때, 웨이퍼 두께는 100um이하이며 홀 직경은 20, 30um, 웨이퍼 상부와 하부의 진공차는 약 0.02~0.08Mpa, 진공 유지시간은 1~3s로 실시하여 최적 조건을 고찰하였다. 각 조건에 따른 필링 후 단면을 전자현미경(FE-SEM)을 통해 관찰하였다. 실험 결과 0.04Mpa 이상에서 1s내의 시간에 모든 비아홀이 기공(Void)없이 완벽하게 필링되는 것을 관찰하였으며 이 결과는 기존의 방법에 비하여 공정시간을 감소시켜 생산성이 대폭 향상 될 수 있는 방법임을 확인하였다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1993년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국제학술편); Seoul National University, Seoul; 20-22 Oct. 1993
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• pp.446-450
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• 1993

In this paper we propose an arc welding robot system, where two robots works coordinately and employ the vision sensor. In this system one robot arm holds a welding target as a positioning device, and the other robot moves the welding torch. The vision sensor consists of two laser slit-ray projectors and one CCD TV camera, and is mounted on the top of one robot. The vision sensor detects the 3-dimensional shape of the groove on the target work which needs to be weld. And two robots are moved coordinately to trace the grooves with accuracy. In order to realize fast image processing, totally five sets of high-speed parallel processing units (Transputer) are employed. The teaching tasks of the coordinated motions are simplified considerably due to this vision sensor. Experimental results reveal the applicability of our system.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.214-220
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• 2003

In the case of hollow cylinder extrusion using porthole die, the effects of extrusion parameters-temperature, the speed of extrusion, the shape of the die and mandrel-on metal flow in porthole die extrusion of aluminum have been investigated. There have been few studies about condenser tube extruded by porthole die. This study was designed to evaluate metal flow, welding pressure, extrusion load, tendency of mandrel deflection according to variation of chamber length in porthole die. The welding chamber height in condenser tube was calculated by using finite element method. Forming analysis results for condenser tube would provide useful information for the optimal design of porthole die.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

SPPH강의 응력부식 균열과 용접 결함의 AE 신호의 특성을 살펴보았다. 고압배관 용접부의 결함 진전을 유도하기 위하여 부식용액(NaOH)과 국부가열 후 급랭 등의 기법을 적용하여 시험체를 제작하였다. AE 신호분석 결과, 결함으로 의심되는 영역에서 발생되는 AE 신호의 진폭은 $60{\sim}75\;dB$로 나타났으며 누적 진폭 분포 특성 조사에서 용접결함만이 존재하는 시험체는 0.034, 0.034, 0.035의 기울기를 나타내며 부식을 가한 시험체는 용접결함 기구와 부식기구가 합해져 새로운 기울기인 0.040, 0.039, 0.041로 그 차이는 적으나 기울기의 증가가 확인되었다. 가압 3분 이후 각 구간에서 응력부식결함에 의한 AE신호의 검출이 용이하였고 본 실험을 통하여 급작스런 취성파괴를 일으키는 특성을 가지고 있는 응력부식균열(SCC)의 발생 예측과 피해 예방이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

This Study is to investigate the influence of weld residual stresses on the fatigue crack growth behaviors in pressure ves-sel reinforcement. In order to perform this study, the automatically welded specimens are prepared. The material is ASTM A516 grade 60 steel used in pressure vessel mainly. For pad-on-plate of skip welding continuous welding and PWHT specimen, fatigue crack initiation is generally initiat-ed at weld starting and end toe zone, and ruptured at weld starting toe zone, Fatigue life if pad-on-plate continuous speci-men is increased more than that of pad-on-plate skip fillet welding specimene about 85% under low load, about 20% under high load, and decreased than that of two-pad continuous welding specimen about 85%. In da/dN-$\Delta$ Κ curve under low load, pad-on-plate skip fillet welding specimen showed retardation on the initial crack, and the fatigue crack growth rate at the low region of $\Delta$Κ greater specimene E(3.8{\times}10^{-6}$mm/cycle). And the fatigue life of welding specimen was smaller than that of PWHT specimen.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2011

CP steel was developed to reduce the weight and increase the strength of car body. When it was welded using state-of-the-art disk laser welding, the effected of boron on the microstructure and hardness were investigated. Welding power was fixed at 3.5kW and welding speeds were 4,8 and 12m/min. Full penetration occurred in welding speed of 12m/min and weld bead was almost unchanged with boron contents. But the welding speed increased, the upper and lower bead were narrowed. In a welding speed of more than 8m/min, underfill defects were formed on the bead bottom. The hardness of weld zone was somewhat fluctuation in fusion zone and HAZ showed the highest hardness values. The hardness of each region showed little change with the boron contents, and softening phenomenon occurred in the HAZ near the base metal regardless of the boron contents.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2004

There have been continuous efforts on automating welding processes. This automation process could be said to fall into two categories, weld seam tracking and weld quality evaluation. Recently, the attempts to achieve these two functions simultaneously are on the increase. For the study presented in this paper, a vision sensor is made, a vision system is constructed and using this, the 3 dimensional geometry of the bead is measured on-line. For the application as in welding, which is the characteristic of nonlinear process, a fuzzy controller is designed. And with this, an adaptive control system is proposed which acquires the bead height and the coordinates of the point on the bead along the horizontal fillet joint, performs seam tracking with those data, and also at the same time, controls the bead geometry to a uniform shape. A communication system, which enables the communication with the industrial robot, is designed to control the bead geometry and to track the weld seam. Experiments are made with varied offset angles from the pre-taught weld path, and they showed the adaptive system works favorable results.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2001

This paper describes how to make tailored blanks of front side member that were composed of high strength steel and TRIP(TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steel for weight reduction and improvement of crash load. Tailored blanks made by laser and mash-seam welding were compared with non-tailored blanks made by spot welding. Static compression tests were performed for performance comparison of each sample. Front side members made by tailored blank were superior to those made by spot welding in the initial, but those results were inverse in the last. Average load of tailored blank in six-angle type was better than that of rectangular type.