• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.248-257
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 규칙파동장에 있어서 인장계류된 원형부유체의 파랑응답해석에 2차원 Navier-Stokes solver에 기초한 새로운 수치파동수조모델을 제안하였다. 본 수치파동수조모델에서는 이동구조물과 유체와의 상호작용을 해석하기 위하여 직각좌표계에서 임의형상의 불투과경계를 갖는 구조물과 유체와의 연성해석이 가능한 IBM(Immersed Boundary Method)과 자유수면 추적을 위한 VOF(Volume of Fluid)법을 결합하였다. 부유체운동에 대한 수치결과를 기존의 FAVOR(Fractional Area Volume Obstacle Representation)법에 의한 계산결과 및 수리실험과 비교하였다. 게다가, 수치모델의 보다 자세한 검증을 위하여 원형부유체의 동요 및 자유수면변동에 관한 수리모형을 추가로 실시하였고, 제안된 수치모델의 범용성과 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 직사각형부유체에 대한 수치 및 수리실험도 병행하였다. 이로부터 추정된 수치계산결과는 실험결과를 잘 재현하고 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.266-272
• /
• 2021

Mooring systems are among the most important elements employed to control the motion of floating offshore structures on the sea. Considering the use of polymer material, a new method is proposed to address the creep characteristics rather than the method of using a tension load cell for measuring the tension of the mooring line. This study uses a synthetic mooring rope made from a polymer material, which usually consists of three parts: center, eye, and splice, and which makes a joint for two successive ropes. We integrate the optical sensor into the synthetic mooring ropes to measure the rope tension. The different structure of the mooring line in the longitudinal direction can be used to measure the loads with the entire mooring configuration in series, which can be defined as SMART (Smart Mooring and Riser Truncation) mooring. To determine the characteristics of the basic SMART mooring, a SMART mooring with a diameter of 3 mm made of three different polymer materials is observed to change the wavelength that responds as the length changes. By performing the longitudinal tension experiment using three different SMART moorings, it was confirmed that there were linear wavelength changes in the response characteristics of the 3-mm-diameter SMART moorings. A 54-mm-diameter SMART mooring is produced to measure the response of longitudinal tension on the center, eye, and splice of the mooring, and a longitudinal tension of 100 t in step-by-step applied for the Maintained Test and Fatigue Cycle Test is conducted. By performing a longitudinal tension experiment, wavelength changes were detected in the center, eye, and splice position of the SMART moorings. The results obtained from each part of the installed sensors indicated a different strain measurement depending on the position of the SMART moorings. The variation of the strain measurement with the position was more than twice the result of the difference measurement, while the applied external load increased step-by-step. It appears that there is a correlation with an externally generated longitudinal tensional force depending on the cross-sectional area of each part of the SMART mooring.

• 방송공학회논문지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.269-282
• /
• 2021

증강현실과 가상현실 같은 3차원 콘텐츠 보급이 증가함에 따라 실시간 컴퓨터 애니메이션 기술의 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 하지만 컴퓨터 애니메이션 제작 과정은 대부분 수작업 혹은 마커를 부착하는 모션캡쳐 방식으로 이루어져 있다. 때문에 사실적인 영상을 얻기 위해서는 숙련된 전문가에게도 매우 오랜 시간이 필요하다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 최근에는 딥러닝 모델과 센서를 기반으로 하는 애니메이션 제작 시스템과 알고리즘이 나오고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 딥러닝과 Kinect 카메라 기반 FBX 형식의 애니메이션 제작 시스템에서 자연스러운 인체 움직임을 구현하는 4가지 방법에 대해 연구했다. 각 방법은 환경적 특성과 정확도를 고려하여 선택된다. 첫 번째 방법은 Kinect 카메라를 사용한다. 두 번째 방법은 Kinect 카메라와 보정 알고리즘을 사용한다. 세 번째 방법은 딥러닝 모델을 사용한다. 네 번째 방법은 딥러닝 모델과 Kinect를 사용한다. 제안 방법을 오차와 처리 속도를 실험한 결과, 네 번째 딥러닝 모델과 Kinect를 동시에 사용하는 방법이 다른 방법에 비해 가장 좋은 결과를 보였다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.63-71
• /
• 1999

입체조형 치료와 전신 방사선 수술에의 이용을 목적으로 3차원 전신 정위 방사선 치료 장치를 개발하였다. Couch 위에 놓을 수 있는 전신 정위 치료판을 제작하여 방사선 비투과성 카테타 선을 이용하여 치료판 위에 좌표계를 설치하고, MeV-Green(전성 물산, 한국)으로 고정틀을 만들어 환자 자세를 고정시키고, 플라스틱 봉과 봉 지지판을 이용하여 고정틀을 고정하였다. 이러한 설계, 제작으로 입체 조형 치료 등에서 갠트리 회전에 의한 기하학적 제약을 최소화하고 방사선 조사 투과율 이 특정한 방향에서 영향을 받는 문제점을 해소하였다. CT 영상을 통해 치료 표적의 위치를 파악하고 치료판 기준점에 대하여 좌표화하여 모의 치료시와 방사선 치료시의 환자 자세 변화 오차를 줄였다. 3대의 CCTV 카메라를 사용하여 환자 자세 변화를 감지, 수정함으로써 체표변의 외곽선으로 부터 setup 오차를 최소화 할 수 있었다. 치료 효용성을 높이기 위해 이러한 과정을 모니터를 보면서 실시간으로 처리 할 수 있도록 하였고, IDL(Interactive Data Language, RSI, U.S.A.)을 사용하여 image subtraction 방식으로 환자 자세 변화를 가시화하여 오차를 줄이도록 하였다. 내부 장기 움직임에 따른 표적의 움직임을 추적할 목적으로 rotating X-ray 장치를 제작하였다. Landmark 나사를 표적주위 뼈나 표적중심에 삽입하여 이 rotating X-ray 장치를 이용해서 anterior, lateral 두 방향에서 얻은 영상 정보로부터 marker 에 대한 표적의 위치 변화를 가시화 하여 내부 표적의 움직임에 따른 setup 오차를 줄였다. CT 모의치료를 할 수 있도록 IDL 을 이용하여 PC용 모의치료 프로그램을 GUI 환경에서 구현하였고 이 프로그램을 통해서 치료 계획을 위해 CT 에서 수집된 영상정 보를 이용하여 표적을 포함한 장기들의 그래픽 처리, 편집, 전송 등의 작업을 수행하도록 하였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.391-396
• /
• 1995

목적 : 컴퓨터의 발달에 힘입어 3-D Conformal Radiotherapy(3-D CRT)가 가능하게 되었고 3-D CRT를 위해서는 다엽콜리메이터(MLC)가 필수적인 장치이다. 이에 본 저자들은 MLC 사용시 반그림자(Penumbra)의 크기와 그 특성을 알아보고 기존의 합금납(lead alloy block)을 사용할 때의 반그림자와 차이를 비교 분석하여 임상에서 다엽콜리메이터(MLC)의 이용에 도움이 되고자 본 연구를 계획하였다. 방법 : MLC와 합금납의 반그림자를 측정하기 위해 6MV 와 10MV 에너지의 방사선을 이용하여 필름선량분석을 시행하였다. 필름에 각에너지의 dmax와 10cm 두께의 폴리스탈린 판톰을 올려 놓고 측정하였고, MLC의 종단면과 조사면의 y축과 이루는 각도를 변화시키면서 Effective penumbra($20{\%}-80{\%}$)와 $10{\%}-90{\%}$ 반그림자를 측정하였다. 결과 : MLC의 각도가 0o에서 75o로 증가함에 따라 반그림자의 크기가 증가 하였고, 반그림자 영역에서 등선량곡선의 부채살모양이 심화 되었다. dmax에서 보다 10cm 깊이에서 반그림자의 크기가 약간 증가하였고, 에너지가 증가 하면서 약간 반그림자가 커지는 경향성만 보였다. 합금납을 사용할 경우의 반그림자보다 MLC를 사용할경우 최대 4.8mm가 더 크게 측정되었다. 결론 : 3-D CRT를 시행함에 있어서 반그림자 영역에서는 기존의 합금납 차폐물을 대신하여 MLC를 사용하여도 무방하리라는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국결정성장학회 1996년도 The 9th KACG Technical Annual Meeting and the 3rd Korea-Japan EMGS (Electronic Materials Growth Symposium)
• /
• pp.179-200
• /
• 1996

The intrinsic instabilities of fluid flow occurred in the melt of the Czochralski crystal growth system Czochralski method, asymmetric flow patterns and temperature profiles in the melt have been studied by many researchers. The idea that the non-symmetric structure of the growing equipment is responsible for the asymmetric profiles is usually accepted at the first time. However further researches revealed that some intrinsic instabilities not related to the non-symmetric equipment structure in the melt could also appear. Ristorcelli had pointed out that there are many possible causes of instabilities in the melt. The instabilities appears because of the coupling effects of fluid flow and temperature profiles in the melt. Among the instabilities, the B nard type instabilities with no or low crucible rotation rates are analyzed by the visualizing experiments using X-ray radiography and the 3-D numerical simulation in this study. The velocity profiles in the Silicon melt at different crucible rotation rates were measured using X-ray radiography method using tungsten tracers in the melt. The results showed that there exits two types of fluid flow mode. One is axisymmetric flow, the other is asymmetric flow. In the axisymmetric flow, the trajectory of the tracers show torus pattern. However, more exact measurement of the axisymmetrc case shows that this flow field has small non-axisymmetric components of the velocity. When fluid flow is asymmetric, the tracers show random motion from the fixed view point. On the other hand, when the observer rotates to the same velocity of the crucible, the trajectory of the tracer show a rotating motion, the center of the motion is not same the center of the melt. The temperature of a point in the melt were measured using thermocouples with different rotating rates. Measured temperatures oscillated. Such kind of oscillations are also measured by the other researchers. The behavior of temperature oscillations were quite different between at low rotations and at high rotations. Above experimental results means that the fluid flow and temperature profiles in the melt is not symmetric, and then the mode of the asymmetric is changed when rotation rates are changed. To compare with these experimental results, the fluid flow and temperature profiles at no rotation and 8 rpm of crucible rotation rates on the same size of crucible is calculated using a 3-dimensional numerical simulation. A finite different method is adopted for this simulation. 50×30×30 grids are used. The numerical simulation also showed that the velocity and flow profiles are changed when rotation rates change. Futhermore, the flow patterns and temperature profiles of both cases are not axisymmetric even though axisymmetric boundary conditions are used. Several cells appear at no rotation. The cells are formed by the unstable vertical temperature profiles (upper region is colder than lower part) beneath the free surface of the melt. When the temperature profile is combined with density difference (Rayleigh-B nard instability) or surface tension difference (Marangoni-B nard instability) on temperature, cell structures are naturally formed. Both sources of instabilities are coupled to the cell structures in the melt of the Czochralski process. With high rotation rates, the shape of the fluid field is changed to another type of asymmetric profile. Because of the velocity profile, isothermal lines on the plane vertical to the centerline change to elliptic. When the velocity profiles are plotted at the rotating view point, two vortices appear at the both sides of centerline. These vortices seem to be the main reason of the tracer behavior shown in the asymmetric velocity experiment. This profile is quite similar to the profiles created by the baroclinic instability on the rotating annulus. The temperature profiles obtained from the numerical calculations and Fourier transforms of it are quite similar to the results of the experiment. bove esults intend that at least two types of intrinsic instabilities can occur in the melt of Czochralski growing systems. Because the instabilities cause temperature fluctuations in the melt and near the crystal-melt interface, some defects may be generated by them. When the crucible size becomes large, the intensity of the instabilities should increase. Therefore, to produce large single crystals with good quality, the behavior of the intrinsic instabilities in the melt as well as the effects of the instabilities on the defects in the ingot should be studied. As one of the cause of the defects in the large diameter Silicon single crystal grown by the

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.175-184
• /
• 2018

In this paper, comparative analysis of the 9.12 Gyeongju and 11.15 Pohang earthquakes was conducted in order to provide probable explanations and reasons for the damage observed in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake from both earthquake and structural engineering perspectives. The damage potentials like Arias intensity, effective peak ground acceleration, etc observed in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake were generally weaker than those of the 9.12 Gyeongju earthquake. However, in contrast to the high-frequency dominant nature of the 9.12 Gyeongju earthquake records, the spectral power of PHA2 record observed in the soft soil site was highly concentrated around 2Hz. The base shear around 2 Hz frequency was as high as 40% building weight. This frequency band is very close to the fundamental frequency of the piloti-type buildings severely damaged in the northern part of Pohang. Unfortunately, in addition to inherent vertical irregularity, most of the damaged piloti-type buildings had plan irregularity as well and were non-seismic. All these contributed to the fatal damage. Inelastic dynamic analysis indicated that PHA2 record demands system ductility capacity of 3.5 for a structure with a fundamental period of 0.5 sec and yield base shear strength of 10% building weight. The system ductility level of 3.5 seems very difficult to be achievable in non-seismic brittle piloti-type buildings. The soil profile of the PHA2 site was inversely estimated based on deconvolution technique and trial-error procedure with utilizing available records measured at several rock sites during the 11.15 Pohang earthquake. The soil profile estimated was very typical of soil class D, implying significant soil amplification in the 11.15 Pohang earthquake. The 11.15 Pohang earthquake gave us the expensive lesson that near-collapse damage to irregular and brittle buildings is highly possible when soil is soft and epicenter is close, although the earthquake magnitude is just minor to moderate (M 5+).

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2017

Recently, flexible cages have been introduced in an attempt to absorb and reduce the abnormal load transfer along the anterior parts of the spine. They are designed to be used with the pedicle screw systems to allow some mobility at the index level while containing ROM at the adjacent level. In this study, a finite element (FE) study was performed to assess biomechanical efficacies of the flexible cage when combined with pedicle screws with flexible rods. The post-operated models were constructed by modifying the L4-5 of a previously-validated 3-D FE model of the intact lumbar spine (L2-S1): (1) Type 1, flexible cage only; (2) Type 2, pedicle screws with flexible rods; (3) Type 3, interbody fusion cage plus pedicle screws with rigid rods; (4) Type 4, interbody fusion cage plus Type 2; (5) Type 5, Type 1 plus Type 2. Flexion/extension of 10 Nm with a compressive follower load of 400N was applied. As compared to the Type 3 (62~65%) and Type 4 (59~62%), Type 5 (53~55%) was able to limit the motion at the operated level effectively, despite moderate reduction at the adjacent level. It was also able to shift the load back to the anterior portions of the spine thus relieving excessively high posterior load transfer and to reduce stress on the endplate by absorbing the load with its flexible shape design features. The likelihood of component failure of flexble cage remained less than 30% regardless of loading conditions when combined with pedicle screws with flexible rods. Our study demonstrated that flexible cages when combined with posterior dynamic system may help reduce subsidence of cage and degeneration process at the adjacent levels while effectively providing stability at the operated level.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.195-215
• /
• 2016

Rehabilitation of historical unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is a priority in many parts of the world, since those buildings are a living part of history and a testament of human achievement of the era of their construction. Many of these buildings are still operational; comprising brittle materials with no reinforcements, with spatially distributed mass and stiffness, they are not encompassed by current seismic assessment procedures that have been developed for other structural types. To facilitate the difficult task of selecting a proper rehabilitation strategy - often restricted by international treaties for non-invasiveness and reversibility of the intervention - and given the practical requirements for the buildings' intended reuse, this paper presents a practical procedure for assessment of seismic demands of URM buildings - mainly historical constructions that lack a well-defined diaphragm action. A key ingredient of the method is approximation of the spatial shape of lateral translation, ${\Phi}$, that the building assumes when subjected to a uniform field of lateral acceleration. Using ${\Phi}$ as a 3-D shape function, the dynamic response of the system is evaluated, using the concepts of SDOF approximation of continuous systems. This enables determination of the envelope of the developed deformations and the tendency for deformation and damage localization throughout the examined building for a given design earthquake scenario. Deformation demands are specified in terms of relative drift ratios referring to the in-plane and the out-of-plane seismic response of the building's structural elements. Drift ratio demands are compared with drift capacities associated with predefined performance limits. The accuracy of the introduced procedure is evaluated through (a) comparison of the response profiles with those obtained from detailed time-history dynamic analysis using a suite of ten strong ground motion records, five of which with near-field characteristics, and (b) evaluation of the performance assessment results with observations reported in reconnaissance reports of the field performance of two neoclassical torsionally-sensitive historical buildings, located in Thessaloniki, Greece, which survived a major earthquake in the past.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.227-233
• /
• 2010

This study analyzed performance according to kick point and stiffness of Soft-$golf^{TM}$ shaft. This research team developed soft-$golf^{TM}$ as a new fusion sports with similar motions with golf and it can be learned safely for all age groups in 2002. The head of Soft-$golf^{TM}$ club is made of zinc alloy and has a mesh or a grid structure, and shaft uses carbon graphite to reduce the total weight of the club. To improve carry distance and to assure consistency of a ball during Soft-$golf^{TM}$ swing, this study manufactured shaft with various kick points (low, middle and high) and stiffness (stiff, regular, lady, morelady) and analyzed a swing motion with characteristics of each shaft presented in a dynamic condition such as a ball's speed, a head's torsion angle and a ball's deviation with ProAnalyst program through a high-speed camera taking pictures using a swing machine robot system(Robo-7). From all of the results, this study determined an appropriate shaft of Soft-$golf^{TM}$.