• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.781-786
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• 2004

None of the currently available strategies for diagnosis and management of the pleural effusion are ideal. We tried to evaluate the validity of VEGF in differential diagnosis of the pleural effusion and find out if VEGF were correlated with the established markers. Material and Method: 35 patients with pleural effusion were divided into malignant effusion (n=10), benign effusion (n=5), infectious effusion (n=10), and pneumothorax (n=10), respectively. The pleural fluids from each group were examined for differential cell count, chemistry (glucose, protein, LDH, and ADA), and VEGF. Result: Glucose level was lower in infectious effusion compared with benign effusion (60.5$\pm$36.09 mg/dL vs. 162.0$\pm$19.80 mg/dL, p=0.011). ADA level in infectious effusion was higher compared with malignant effusion (87.9$\pm$42.62 IU/L vs. 27.7$\pm$31.04 IU/L, p=0.024). Malignant effusion (p=0.026) and infectious effusion (p=0.048) showed significantly higher level of VEGF than that of pneumothorax. VEGF level was substantially higher in malignant effusion compared with benign effusion (364.38$\pm$433.83 pg/dL vs. 53.3$\pm$22.20 pg/dL, p=NS). The pleural VEGF level did not correlate with the other markers. Conclusion: The measuring pleural VEGF may be helpful in diagnosing malignant and infectious pleural effusion that increase angiogenesis and vascular permeability, but it can not discriminate between the two. The pleural VEGF may not be correlated with the established markers. The measurement of pleural VEGF might discriminate between malignant and benign effusion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.763-771
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary sodium intake and prevalence of abdominal obesity in Korean adults. We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V-1 and analyzed data on 4,475 Koreans (${\geq}30$ years old). Subjects were divided into three groups according to fasting plasma glucose (FPG): 1) normal (FPG <100 mg/dL), 2) pre-diabetes ($100mg/dL{\leq}FPG{\leq}125mg/dL$), and 3) diabetes (FPG ${\geq}126mg/dL$ or subjects diagnosed with diabetes). The subjects in each category were stratified by dietary sodium intake as well as index of abdominal obesity. We found that dietary sodium intake was positively correlated with waist circumference (WC) (P=0.002) and was particularly high in the pre-diabetes group. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the normal and diabetes groups showed no association between dietary sodium intake and WC, whereas the pre-diabetes group with a high sodium intake exhibited a significant association (odds ratio (OR)=1.479, P=0.029) between dietary sodium intake and WC. Further, the OR for abdominal obesity in the high sodium intake group with pre-diabetes was 1.590 after adjusting for age and sex (P=0.012). In addition, the ORs for the prevalence of abdominal obesity with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were significantly higher in the pre-diabetes group with high sodium intake compared with low sodium intake. Moreover, these associations were significant even after adjusting for confounding variables (model 2: age and sex; model 3: age, sex, and total energy intake). Our results suggest a strong association between sodium intake and abdominal obesity in pre-diabetes Korean adults.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.29-46
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• 2014

For circular rigid footings with a rough base on sand, combined vertical - horizontal loading capacity was studied by three-dimensional numerical modelling. A numerical model was implemented to simulate the swipe loading and the probe loading methods and an interpretation procedure was devised in order to eliminate the numerical error from the restricted mesh density. Using the Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model, the effect of friction angle was studied under the associated flow-rule condition. The swipe loading method, which is efficient in that the interaction diagram can be drawn with smaller number of analyses, was confirmed to give similar results with the probe loading method, which follows closely the load-paths applied to real structures. For circular footings with a rough base, the interaction diagram for combined vertical (V) - horizontal (H) loading and the inclination factor were barely affected by the friction angle. It was found that the inclination factors for strip and rectangular footings are applicable to circular footings. For high H/V ratios, the results by numerical modelling of this study were smaller than the results of previous studies. Discussions are made on the factors affecting the numerical results and the areas for further researches.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.115-119
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• 2009

Purpose: This study has been conducted to know the relation among accommodative amplitude, response, and facility. Methods: 61 subjects were students without any ocular diseases and presbyopia in a university, Korea. After far distance visual acuity was fully corrected, the amplitude was measured through Push-Up test, the response was measured through Jackson crossed cylinder ${\pm}$0.25D and the facility was measured through +2.00/ -2.00D flipper. Results: The relation among accommodative facility, response and amplitude had not indicate significant level in monocular and binocular. In binocular, 12 eyes (19.6%) had a difference in amplitude, 9 eyes (14.7%) had a difference in response, 2 eyes (3.2%) had a difference in facility from norm which would be expected from their age. 4 eyes (6.5%) had difference in both amplitude and response. 2 eye (3.2%) had difference in both amplitude and facility. In all three of the amplitude, response, facility had not difference. Conclusions: The evaluation of accommodative functions and a patients accommodative dysfunction is examined all facets of amplitude, response, and facility.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.288-290
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• 2010

PAM이나 QAM과 같은 변조 방식을 이용한 비이진 채널은 BPSK 변조 방식을 사용한 이진 채널과는 다르게 심볼 정보를 이진 확률 정보로 marginalization 하는 과정에서 비이진 심볼을 구성하는 비트 정보 사이의 상관관계 정보가 손실되어 성능 저하를 야기한다. 본 논문은 차세대 3D-HDTV 시스템이 요구하는 높은 전송 효율을 확보하기 위해 사용되는 비이진 채널에 적합한 LDPC 부호화 및 복호화 알고리즘을 소개한다. 또한 GF(q)에서 정의된 비이진 BP 알고리즘이 이진 BP 알고리즘에 비해 보이는 배의 복호 복잡도를 개선하기 위한 대안으로 Coded Marginalization 기법을 제안하고 시뮬레이션을 통해 그 성능을 분석한다.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.181-187
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 3D 텍스쳐 매핑 하드웨어(texture mapping hardware)하에서 OpenGL를 이용하여 빠른 추출(classification) 및 음영처리(shading)를 가능하게 하는 직접 볼륨 렌더링(direct volume rendering) 방법을 제안한다. 추출과정을 위해 lookup table을 통해서 볼륨 데이터의 밀도값(density)으로부터 불투명도(opacity)값을 얻어내고, 법선 벡터 블렌딩(normal blending)방법을 제안하여 볼륨 크기에 상관없이 최종 이미지에서만 음영 처리 연산을 수행한다. 본 논문에서 제시된 볼륨 렌더링의 전과정이 그래픽스 하드웨어(graphics hardware)에서 이뤄지면, 음영처리 연산의 복잡도 감소로 인하여 상호 대화적인 볼륨 렌더링이 가능하다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.155-155
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• 2011

그래핀(graphene)은 모든 탄소 원자가 표면에 존재하는 이차원 결정이기 때문에 다른 고체 표면에 고착될 때 인장 및 압축 변형(tensile & compressive strain)과 전하 도핑(charge doping)에 취약하다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 산화실리콘(SiO2/Si) 기판 위에 기계적으로 박리된 그래핀에 혼재되어 나타나는 기계적 변형과 전하 도핑 현상을 분석할 수 있는 라만 분광법 기술을 개발하고자 하였다. 대부분의 시료에서 기계적 변형으로 인해 라만 G-band와 2D-band의 진동수(${\omega}$)가 특별한 상관관계(${\Delta}{\omega}2D/{\Delta}{\omega}G$ = 2.0 ${\pm}$ 0.2)를 가진다는 사실을 확인하였다. 전자 친화도가 큰 F4-TCNQ (tetrafluorotetracianoquinodimethane)를 증착하여 화학적으로 p-형 전하 도핑을 유도한 그래핀에서는 기계적 변형과는 분명히 구별되는 상관관계(${\Delta}{\omega}2D/{\Delta}{\omega}G$ = 1.0 ${\pm}$ 0.3)가 관찰되었다. 본 연구는 라만 분광법을 통해 그래핀의 기계적 변형과 전하 도핑 정도를 정량적으로 분리해서 분석할 수 있는 방법을 제시해 준다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2008

Heritability and genetic correlation for growth traits in Duroc pig breed were estimated using Bayesian method via Gibbs sampling. The data set consisted of 3,526 performance records at National Institute of Animal Science. For estimating those parameters using Gibbs sampling, 5,000 cycles of ‘burn-in’ period were discarded among a total of 55,000 samples. Out of the remaining 50,000 samples, 5,000 estimates by each parameter were retained and used for analyses to avoid any correlation among adjacent samples. The growth traits considered in this study were average daily gain at 30kg(ADG1), average daily gain at 90kg(ADG2), backfat thickness(BF), days to 90kg(D90) and feed conversion ratio(FC). The estimated heritabilities and their standard deviation using Gibbs sampler were 0.43±0.04, 0.49±0.038, 0.31±0.040, 0.48±0.039 and 0.62±0.086, respectively. Genetic correlations were －0.02, －0.13, －0.55 and －0.15 between ADG1 with ADG2, BF, D90 and FC, respectively, 0.16, －0.73, －0.32 between ADG2 with BF, D90 and FC respectively, 0.01, －0.08 between BF with D90, FC, respectively, and 0.23 between D90 with FC.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2009

The experimental study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the point load index and the uniaxial compressive strength of inherently anisotropic shale in the laboratory. In the testing program the effects of size and the shape on the point load index were investigated both in the axial and diametral direction. In general, the point load index of the shale was constant when the length/diameter (L/D) ratio of the specimen is greater than 1.0 in the diametral direction. The point load index in axial direction shows slight decrease as the L/D ratio is increased and the corner breakage was observed when L/D ratio is greater than unity. The minimum point load index was observed in the bedding angle of $\beta=15^{\circ}{\sim}30^{\circ}$ in the axial point load tests and of $\beta=30^{\circ}$ in the uniaxial compression tests. The relationship between the point load index and the uniaxial compressive strength was linear to ${\sigma}_c=25.0 I_{s(50)}$ for the specimen with the bedding plane angle, $\beta$ at the range of $0^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}$. On the other hand, this relationship was appeared linear to ${\sigma}_c=14.4 I_{s(50)}$ when the bedding angle, $\beta$ is fixed to 90${^{\circ}}$ and this correlation is much different from ${\sigma}c=22 I_{s(50)}, which is generally applied to the rock specimen with no bedding plane in ISRM (1985). The anisotropic strength with different $\beta$ angle shows the shoulder type and this can be suitably modelled by the corrected Ramamurthy'(1993)s equation with the index value of 'n' equal to 3.0.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.187-201
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• 2017

This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of mulching materials on growth characteristics, saponin contents and antioxidant activity of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots for organic farming. Plastic film, sawdust and rice bran were treated by mulching with several different methods after transplanting P. grandiflorum Radix. In root length, when plastic film plot, sawdust plot and rice bran plot were treated, root length was recorded the highest scores (24.0~27.5 cm) in plastic film plot and sawdust plot. Root width was recorded the highest score (30.0 mm) in plastic film plot. Also, the number of fine-roots was the highest in plastic film plot (36.0). Fresh weight, which affects directly yield, was the highest in plastic film plot (130 g/plant). The contents of platycodin D3 and deapioplatycodin D were shown to 111.2 and 48.1 mg/100 g, the highest values were observed in sawdust plot. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were recorded the highest scores (11.0 and 8.6 mg/g, respectively) in plastic film plot. In this study we confirmed that there were differences among mulching materials in growth characteristics, saponin contents and antioxident activity of P. grandiflorum roots.