• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

This paper describes the radiation doses to human and non-human biota in the Republic of Korea, as a result of the Fukushima nuclear accident. By using the measured airborne activity and ground deposition, the effective and thyroid doses of five human age groups (infant, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years and adult) were estimated by the ECOSYS code, and the whole body absorbed dose rate of the eight Korean reference animals and plants (RAPs) was estimated by the K-BIOTA (the Korean computer code to assess the risk of radioactivity to wildlife). The first-year effective and thyroid human doses ranged from 5.7E-5 mSv in the infant group to 2.0E-4 mSv in the 5 years group, and from 5.0E-4 mSv in the infant group to 3.4E-3 mSv in the 5 years group, respectively. The life-time (70 years) effective and thyroid human doses ranged from 1.5E-4 mSv in the infant group to 3.0E-4 mSv in the 5 years group, and from 6.0E-4 mSv in the infant group to 3.5E-3 mSv in the 5 years group, respectively. The estimated maximum whole body absorbed dose rate to the Korean RAPs was 6.7E-7 mGy/d for a snake living in soil (terrestrial biota), and 2.0E-5 mGy/d for freshwater fish (aquatic biota), both of which were far less than the generic dose criteria to protect biota from ionizing radiation. Also, the screening level assessment for ERICA's (Environmental Risks from Ionizing Contaminants: Assessments and management) limiting organisms showed that the risk quotient (RQ) for the estimated maximum soil and water activity was significantly less than unity for both the terrestrial and freshwater organisms. Conclusively, the radiological risk of the radioactivity released into the environment by the Fukushima nuclear accident to the public and the non-human biota in the republic of Korea is considered negligible.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.108-112
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• 1997

중부지방(中部地方)에서 패모(貝母)의 적정 재배년수(栽培年敎)를 구명(究明)코자 품종(品種)을 청주(淸州) 일원에서 재배(栽培)되고 있는 평패모(平貝母)를 수집, 공시(供試)하여 재배년수(栽培年敦)를 1년(年), 2년(年), 3년(年) 재배후(裁培後) 생육(生育) 특성(特性) 및 수량(收量) 구성(構成) 요소(要素)와 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 초장(草長), 경수(莖數)은 출현후(出現後) 42일(日)에 최고(最高)에 달하였고 재배년수(栽培年數)가 연장(延長)될수록 증가폭(增加幅)이 켰다. 2. 구(球)의 비대(肥大)는 출현후(出現後) 32일(日)부터 62일(日) 사이에 급격(急激)히 진행(進行)되어 출현후(出現後) 72일(日)에 완성(完成)되었다. 3. 재배년수별(栽培年敎別) 구(球)의 건물(乾物) 비율(比率)은 $27.2{\sim}30.3%$로 2年 재배(栽培)에서 가장 높았다. 4. 시장(市場) 출하(出荷) 가능(可能)한 5g 이상(以上) 종구(種球)는 1년(年) 재배(栽培) 89%, 2년(年) 재배(栽培) 87%, 3년(年) 재배(栽培) 77%이었으나 단위수량(單位收量)은 1년(年) < 2년(年) < 3년(年) 재배순(栽培順)이었다. 5. 10a당(當) 수량(收量)은 1년(年) 재배(栽培)(638kg/10a)에 비하여 2년(年) 재배(栽培) 88%, 3년(年) 재배(栽培) 189% 증수(增收)되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.289-299
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• 1987

A total of 1,239 patients had cardiac valve replacement using 1,514 substitute valves at Seoul National University Hospital from 1968 to 1986. Of the total substitute vales, 84.9% were the glutaraldehyde-treated xenograft valves. Six hundred ninety-four patients who had 820 bioprosthetic tissue valves were studied for their clinical characteristics. They were a total and consecutive cases to the end of the study. Four hundred sixty-four patients had the lonescu-Shiley pericardial valves: MVR 291, AVR 66 and MVR+AVR 107; 163 had the Hancock porcine valves; 46 had the Angell-Shiley porcine valves; and 21 had the Carpentier-Edwards porcine valves. Five hundred forty patients underwent single valve replacement: MVR 460, AVR 76 and TVR 4; 154 had multiple valve replacement: MVR+AVR 141, MVR+TVR 12 and one triple valve replacement. Additional surgery was necessary in 22.3% of the cases. Operative mortality rate within 30 days of surgery was 6.77% for the total patients: 5.2% and 4.2% with MVR, 13.6% and 12.5% with AVR, and 7.5% and 7.4% with MVR+AVR using the lonescu and the Hancock valves respectively. A linealized annual late mortality rate was 2.56%/patient-year. Six hundred forty-three operative survivors were followed up for a total of 1482.7 patient-years [a mean 27.7 months], and the follow-up rate was 67.7%. The Idealized complication rates were: 2.02% emboli/patient-year, 0.94% bleeding/patient-year, 1.21% endocarditis/patient-year, and 3.84% overall valve failure/patient-year. A linealized rate of primary tissue failure was 0.87%/patient-year. Actuarial survival rates including the operative mortality were: 87.8*2.6%, 82.3*4.9% and 82.2*4.7% with MVR, AVR and MVR+AVR using the lonescu valves at 4 years after surgery respectively; and they were 88.0*4.1% with MVR at 8 years, 82.3*4.9% with AVR at 4 years and 84.9*7.0% with MVR+AVR at 6 years after surgery using the Hancock valves respectively. Probabilities of freedom from thromboembolism were 89.8*6.3% with MVR using the lonescu valves at postoperative 5 years and 89.2*3.8% with MVR using the Hancock valves at postoperative 7 years, and 93.3*3.9% with AVR using the lonescu valves at postoperative 5 years. None had embolic complication after AVR using the Hancock valves. Probabilities of freedom from valve failure [according to the Stanford criteria] were 81.0*7.1% with MVR using the lonescu valves at postoperative 4 years and 57.4*12.5% with MVR using the Hancock valves at postoperative 9 years. These clinical results prove the excellent antithrombogenicity of the glutaraldehyde-treated xenograft substitute valves and confirm the previously speculated rate of tissue failure. At the present situation, it may be concluded that there is a room for the further development of more durable bioprosthetic valves.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.26-31
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• 1994

To provide further information for reutilization of the waste wood obtained after cultivating oak mushroom in Kangwon-do, the crystal structures of the waste wood were investigated and compared to those of normal woods by a series of x-ray diffraction analysis. The results obtained are as follows: 1. An x-ray diffraction diagram of cultivated wood for 5 years was same as that of typical cellulose with some orientation of cellulose crystallites, but that of cultivated wood for 8 years a random. 2. Crystallinity indices in normal and cultivated woods for 5 years ranged from 57% to 60%. In the cultivated wood for 8 years, however, the value showed about 40%. 3. Crystallite widths of cultivated woods for 5 years and for 8 years were 3 nm and 2.5 nm, respectively. 4. Intensity ratios of equatorial and meridional layers did not show any significant differences. From the above results, it is clear that the waste wood obtained after cultivating oak mush room for 5 years showed basically same crystal structures with normal wood. Therefore, we think that the waste wood may be used available for cellulosic material instead of normal wood.

• Near Infrared Analysis
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.41-44
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• 2000

The objectives of this study are to discriminate the geographical origin and cultivation years of ginseng based on the near-infrared(NIR) reflectance spectroscopic analysis. Korea and China ginseng samples were prepared for discrimination of geographical origin. 4, 5 and 6 years-old ginseng samples from Korea were prepared for discrimination of cultivation years. Used spectrometer were InfraAlyzer 500, InfraAlyzer 400 and Fiber optic. Sample type of ginseng was 3, whole ginseng radix, slide section and powder type. The accuracy was affected by sample types and instruments. The accuracy for discrimination geographical origin was 97% in calibration model using IA 500 and ginseng powder. For discrimination of cultivation years, the model with slide selection using IA500 were relative accurate. The accuracy was 96.7% for 4-year, 91.3% for 5-year and 89.3% for 6-year old ginseng. The study shows that NIR spectroscopic analysis can be used to discriminate the geographical origin and cultivation years of ginseng with acceptable accuracy.

• 건축사
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• 통권623호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2021

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was to compare the stop-smoking rate and nicotine dependency for an adult smoker after implementing the smoking cessation program. Method: Fourty-six adult smokers participated. Self report questionnaire and telephone interview were conducted at the pretest, 6 months later, 1 year later, 2 years later, 3 years later. Result: 1. Stop-smoking rate of smoking cessation program participants was 43.5% 6 months later, 35.6% 1 year later, 24.4% 2 years later, 45.5% 3 years later. 2. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 6 months later(paired-t=4.719, p=.000). 3. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 1 year later(pired-t=4.296=.000). 4. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 2 years later(paired-t=2.778. p=.000). 5. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 3 years later(paired-t=2.795. p=.000). Conclusion: The smoking cessation program was effective to induce cessation in the adult smoker, and to decrease nicotine dependency in the continuing adult smoker.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.804-810
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• 1984

Two hundred twenty one cases of open heart surgery were done in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital from July, 1981 to October, 1984. 1.There were 154 cases [73%] of congenital anomalies and 57 cases [27%] of acquired valvular heart diseases. Among the congenital cases, 128 cases were acyanotic and 26 cases were cyanotic. Among the 57 cases of acquired valvular replacement surgery, 3 cases had open heart commissurotomy, one had Kay annuloplasty. 2.The age distribution of the congenital acyanotic anomalies ranged from 5 to 32 years with mean age of 12.8 years, the congenital cyanotic anomalies from 3 to 29 years with mean age of 14.2 years and the acquired valvular diseases from 9 to 51 years with mean age of 30 years. The difference of sex distribution was no significance. 3.Three methods for debubbling process were used in our institute, in 133 cases, the vent was inserted into the left ventricular apex, in 61 cases inserted into the left atrium through right superior pulmonary vein and in 17 cases used needle aspiration only. 4.For cardioplegia, the GIK solution was infused repeatedly from 30 to 40 minutes interval and brought excellent results for myocardial protection during open heart surgery. 5.Overall mortality was 7.6%. The mortality along with each disease is 1.56% in congenital acyanotic cases, 26.9% in congenital cyanotic cases and 12.3% in acquired valvular disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 1985

The study was conducted to investigate the changes of soil physico-chemical properties between soils of preplanting fields and 2 years old ginseng fields, and compare the missing plant rate among the 2 years 016 ginseng fields. 1, The missing plant rate of 2 years old ginseng was high in sand loam while low in clay loam soil texture, soil porosity and NO3-N were remarkably increased in 2 years old ginseng field than preplanting soil, as the clay content was increased, soil porosity seemed to be increased but exchangeable nitrogen decreased. 2. The preplanting soil management methods did not significantly influenced on the missing plant rate and soil porosity in 2 years old ginseng fields, However NO3-N content and Fusarium density seemed to be decreased as the plow frequency was increased, exchangeable nitrogen content, whereas, seemed to be increased with more organic matter. 3. Differences of clay content (below 15% and above 20% of clay content) was significantly influenced on soil porosity, bulk density, total nitrogen, organic matter and P2O5 content. 4, Missing rate showed negative correlation with clay, soil moisture, and organic matter content but positive corelation with NO3-N in 2 years old ginseng fields.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2020

Objectives: Although dental hygienists have a high employment rate as professional workers, turnover and retirement rates are very high. This study analyzed the factors related to work life of dental hygienists to prepare an alternative for life extension. Methods: From August 1 to December 31, 2019, 224 dental hygienists and 446 dental hygiene students were examined. Results: The expected working years for dental hygienists were 10-14 years (25.4%) and over 31 years (22.4%) for dental hygiene students. The recognized working years for dental hygienists were 10-14 years (22.4%) and 20-24 years (26.0%) for dental hygiene students. Work values of dental hygienists and dental hygiene students averaged 3.85 and 3.86, respectively. Furthermore, the average motive for selecting a major in dental hygienists was 3.08 points and in dental hygiene students, 3.24 points. The average career identity of dental hygienists and dental hygiene students were 2.82 and 2.91 points, respectively. Conclusions: The perception difference between dental hygienists and dental hygiene students was compared, and the factors that could play a positive role in prolonging life were identified. Based on this study, further systematic comparative studies and preparation of alternatives for life extension are required.