• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to classify three-Kan hipped and gable-roofed Buddhist temples with the construction of their eave curve of part chunyeo and examine the characteristics and causes. The conclusions have been drawn as follows: First, there are largely three ways to secure symmetry in eave curve of part chunyeo. One is to obtain symmetry in eave curve of part chunyeo by making the size of eaves curves on well sides the same and forming symmetric curves in the front section along with the side roof and then forming the straight line in the central part (hereinafter referred to as the long straight line section method). The second is a method to enlarge eaves curves in the front and form eaves curves on the roof section to be symmetric (hereinafter referred to as the front is larger than side eaves curves method). The third is the method to make eaves curves in the roof section to be symmetric by adjusting the roof length and making difference between the front and side roof's length minimum (hereinafter referred to as the roof length-controlling method). Second, there are 16 cases applying two or more methods, and they are the mainstream. Third, there are 12 cases applying the front is larger than side eaves curve method and roof length-controlling method both, which seems to be the most universal. To sum up, they secured symmetry in roof edges considering the construction of seonjayeon and pyeongyeon according to the size of the structure, recognition on the directions of entrance into the area of the building, forms of planes, harmony with structures around, recognition on roof curves in accordance with the size, and also structural faults in the chunyeo part.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.28.1-28.7
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to present three-dimensional (3D) structural characteristics of the mandible in the hemifacial microsomia. The mandible has six distinct functional units, and its architecture is the sum of balanced growth of each functional unit and surrounding matrix. Methods: In order to characterize the mandibular 3D architecture of hemifacial microsomia, we analyzed the mandibular functional units of four hemifacial microsomia patients using the 3D reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images. And we compared the functional unit size between affected and non-affected side. Results: The length of condyle and angle showed significant differences between affected and non-affected sides. However, the length of mandibular body showed insignificant differences. The size differences between affected and non-affected side were observed at the condyle, angle, and body in descending order. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that the main etiopathogenic units are condyle and angle in the hemifacial microsomia mandible. Further investigation with the increased number of subjects will be helpful to establish treatment modality by etiopathogenic targeting of hemifacial microsomia.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.109-115
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• 2017

Purpose: This study analyzed the effects of digastric muscle injury on mandibular growth in young rats. Methods: Fourteen 4-week-old Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups; experimental group A (n=6) with unilateral (right) shortening of the posterior digastric muscle, experimental group B (n=6) with bilateral shortening of the posterior digastric muscles, and control group C (n=2) who underwent a sham operation. Eight weeks after the operation all animals were sacrificed and the outcomes were compared using body weight evaluation, mensurations on lateral radiograph of hemimandibles and histological evaluation. Results: There was no significant difference between groups A and B in body weight gain. Comparison of the mean values of hemimandible distance on radiograph was performed. The difference in group mean value of mandible-related distances was analyzed using the Wilcoxon test (rank sum test) and a comparison of the homonymous distances of group A and B was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. There were differences between sides in mandibular length in group B and mandibular ramus height and transverse width of the condyle in group A (all, p<0.05). There were differences in condylar height and mandibular length on the left side between groups A and B (p<0.05). Histologic examination of temporomandibular joint showed similar findings in all specimens. Conclusions: Injury of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle during the rat growth period induced shortening of mandibular ramus height and transverse width of the condyle. It can be inferred that trauma to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle affects horizontal and vertical growth of the mandible.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.45-55
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• 2012

In Korea, the parcel delivery service was launched officially in 1992, and the market has grown to 13.2 billion units, or 3.5 trillion won, as of 2011. The service companies accept small packages under 30 kg and deliver them on the next day in most domestic areas. This service plays an important role in business and personal activities. The parcel service companies have themselves designed the tariff for the delivery service based on two criteria: weight and the sum of three side lengths. Further, the tariff is graded in steps of three or four rate structures based on size (small, medium, large, and extra-small). However, the basic freight rate is generally decided according to the cargo's weight or measurement size, and an extra rate is added according to some factors (handling, stowability, liability, and so on). The parcel service tariff adopted by the companies is illogically designed, and this study was carried out to assess the need for redesigning the tariff structure. The cargo volume cannot be logically reflected by three side lengths. For example, two parcels measuring 160 cm based on three side lengths may have different volumes, one measuring 0.152 cbm (53.33 cm × 53.33 cm × 53.34 cm) and the other 0.05 cbm (100 cm × 50 cm × 10 cm). A small package of less than120 cm (sum of three side lengths) may have a volume of as much as 0.064 cbm (40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm). Sample comparison showed that 17% of medium-size parcels (based on the sum of three side lengths) are small-volume packages, 24% of large-size parcels are small- or medium-volume packages, and 40% of extra-big-size parcels are big- or under-size packages. Therefore, if parcel service companies rate their services for volume cargo based on the three side lengths standard, users may have to pay higher than normal rates, particularly because a large percentage of parcels are volume cargo. According to this study, the average weight per 1 cbm is less than 300 kg. Therefore, users face an increasing risk of paying higher than logical freight charges. Generally, transportation companies are called "public interest enterprises," and parcel service companies operate as postal services. Public interest enterprises must provide the delivery service to all customers without discrimination at a reasonable service level and logical service charges. Therefore, parcels service tariffs must be designed and adopted logically. In this study, freight theories and prior research findings were used to consider the importance of freight rates, and distortion of parcel service rates based on the three side lengths system was verified through regression analysis of a parcel sample and sample comparison. In conclusion, volume sizes based on three side lengths have a higher correlation to the rate level than does the sum of three side lengths. Further, compared to the sum of three side lengths, volume size has a higher correlation to cargo weight, which is the most basic factor determining transportation cost. Therefore, the existing parcel service tariff should be changed to weight- and volume-based rates, and the tariff must be graded in steps of 8 to 10 higher rate structures for a logical freight schedule based on service cost.